It seems to all of us that we are free to think one way or another and how we want; but, on the other hand, each of us feels and knows that there is a limit to this apparent freedom, beyond which thinking becomes madness. This is because our thinking is subject to the laws of higher world thinking. Meanwhile, our cerebral mind, which does not know any other way of thinking than its own, and is convinced by experience that it is dependent on the brain, when considering the external world, can reach such an illusion that there is no other thought in it except our own. This illusion can reach the point where it seems to us that the world’s thought simply does not exist in itself, but only as a product of our own mind. Yes, if we were not as confident in the existence of the external world as in our own, then everything that our investigation discovers in it is expedient and, as if deliberately and independently arranged, we could, perhaps, take for a work only our mind and our imagination. N. I. Pirogov
And so the question involuntarily arises: could we really not walk otherwise than with the help of our legs, or do we only walk because we have legs? Is it really only through the brain that we could think, or do we think only because we have a brain? Seeing the inexhaustible variety of means by which certain goals are achieved in the universe around us, can we say that the mind could and should have been the only function of the brain? Don’t bees, ants, and other animals, even without the help of the brain of vertebrates, provide us with examples of amazing intelligence, striving for goals, and even creativity? N. I. Pirogov
K. Kuznetsov and V. Sidoruk. Wonderful doctor
Cover of N. I. Pirogov’s work “Military medicine and private assistance in the theater of war with Bulgaria and in the rear active army in 1877-1878."
A. Sidorov. Tchaikovsky at Pirogov

There are people in the history of culture and society who, through their activities and efforts, leave traces that are so firmly and naturally part of our lives that it seems to us that it has always been this way and that it cannot be any other way. It’s as if something is showing them the way, and their steps, random at first glance, are not at all random or chaotic, but expedient and necessary. But only subsequent generations see this. Such people are faced with painful questions and struggles in order to overcome the existing order of things and pave the way for a new one. Studying their destinies, you begin to understand that in history nothing happens by itself, that it is created by the hands and efforts of very specific people, with their own shortcomings and advantages, essentially the same as you and me, and maybe even ourselves ... Well, isn't this amazing?! Take a closer look, because our culture and our very life hangs by a thread, and if we leave it to itself, if anyone stops making efforts, everything will break, roll, fall apart... So on what and on whom does it rest? Who and what holds together the seams that constantly threaten to come apart between us? Here's the question.

First steps

One of Kolya Pirogov’s favorite games was playing doctor: it “seemed to lift... the curtain of the future.” This original game owed its origin to the illness of his older brother, to whom the doctor came. At the age of 14, Nikolai became a student at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University, where lectures were given based on materials that were almost a century old, and at the final exam “you had to describe in words or paper some operation in Latin.” Clinical practice boiled down to writing a medical history of a patient seen once...

After Moscow there was the University of Dorpat, where the best Russian students were trained for professorship. When entering there, it was necessary to decide on a specialization, and Pirogov chose surgery. Why? “But go and find out from yourself why? I probably don’t know, but it seems to me that somewhere from afar, some inner voice suggested surgery here.” However, the young doctor was also interested in other sciences, which his comrades laughed at: then it was customary to do one thing at a time, and even surgeons did not consider it necessary to study anatomy. Later, it was Pirogov who created a new and then revolutionary science - surgical anatomy.

After Dorpat, the young professor Pirogov had a two-year internship in Berlin, returning from which he stopped in Riga for several months due to illness. Having recovered, Nikolai Ivanovich performed several very successful operations there; at the request of the hospital residents, he demonstrated some operations on corpses and gave a course of lectures. One of the old residents said this to 25-year-old Pirogov: “You taught us something that our teachers did not know.”

At the age of 26, he became a professor of surgery at the University of Dorpat and during four years of work there he won great love students and published several monographs and books, including two volumes of clinical annals, where he described, contrary to the accepted style, not examples of successful diagnoses, treatments and recoveries, but his own mistakes and failures, without hiding anything and thereby allowing his own to avoid the same mistakes students.

“Serving science, any science in general, is nothing other than serving the truth. Here, access to the truth is hampered not only by scientific obstacles, that is, by those that can be removed with the help of science. No, in applied science, in addition to these obstacles, human passions, prejudices and weaknesses from different sides influence access to the truth and often make it completely inaccessible... For a teacher of such an applied science as medicine, which deals directly with all the attributes of human nature... in addition to scientific information and experience, conscientiousness is also necessary, acquired only through the difficult art of self-awareness, self-control and knowledge of human nature.” In essence, Pirogov writes about the doctor’s work on himself, about internal work, a certain moral effort, about the choice between the doctor’s professional interest in the patient and the human attitude towards him, and this is what allows, according to Pirogov, to be both a good scientist and a good doctor .

Father of Russian surgery

In the struggle with life's difficulties, poverty, even need, Pirogov's character was formed, preparing him for a field in which he was to develop all the forces of his nature and leave deep marks. In 1841, 30-year-old Pirogov accepted an offer to become a professor at the Department of Surgery of the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg with the condition of organizing the Department of Hospital Surgery so that students would receive practical medical education.

Nikolai Ivanovich reorganized the Moscow Art Academy hospital and assumed the responsibilities of the chief physician of the surgical department. This is what he wrote about the upcoming feat of Hercules, cleaning the Augean stables: “The picture was truly terrifying: huge hospital wards (with 60-100 beds), poorly ventilated, were overcrowded with patients with erysipelas, acute purulent edema and purulent blood poisoning. There was not a single room, even a bad one, for operations. Rags for poultices and compresses were carried by paramedics without a twinge of conscience from the wounds of one patient to another, and sometimes they were removed from corpses and simply dried. The medicines dispensed from the hospital pharmacy looked like anything but medicine...” Theft among staff. Scurvy among the sick. Hostility towards the young surgeon, not too scrupulous in the choice of means. Open hostility, gossip, slander - everything was put into action. And the requirement for doctors to perform operations in clean white coats aroused suspicion that his mental abilities had been clouded. Yes, our dear reader, and it was not so long ago - a century and a half ago in an enlightened European power... Who would have thought, it is so natural for a doctor, especially in the operating room, to wear a clean white coat.

In 1847, Pirogov went to our eternal hot spot - the Caucasus, where he introduced ether anesthesia into practice, and, taking into account our human psychology, invited other wounded people to operations so that they could see for themselves the effectiveness and safety of the method. Now this is, in a sense, a natural part of our life, but then we had to justify, prove, and convince. And a little later, on Crimean War, he, having observed how the sculptor works, began to use plaster bandages for fractures instead of the much less effective splint or starch ones - and saved many wounded officers and soldiers from amputation.

From what little things great things sometimes grow! One day, walking past the market on Sennaya in St. Petersburg, Pirogov noticed a section of a frozen pork carcass. As a result, “ice”, or topographical, anatomy was born, which allowed doctors to more effectively study the human body and avoid many surgical errors that could cost the lives of more than one unfortunate person. The first anatomical atlas created by Pirogov using this method is still used by students.

There is no need to list all the achievements of Nikolai Ivanovich, all the innovations, all the methods that still bear his name and are used by modern surgeons. For the most part, only doctors will understand this, but for others, in relation to medicine who act as patients, it will be more important to know that Pirogov, for all his fame and extensive practice, never took money for operations - not from members royal family, not even the last poor man who relied on him as his only hope. Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor" is about him.

Sisters of Mercy

A special era in Pirogov’s life was the Sevastopol War. As a doctor and as a person who did not want to remain indifferent to what was happening, he submitted a request to be sent to the front. After a long silence, a completely unexpected answer came. He was invited to her by Elena Pavlovna, the wife of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, son of Paul I, the founder of the Russian Museum Society, the Midwifery and Clinical Institutes, and the head of the Mariinsky and Pavlovsk Women's Institutes.

Announcing that she took responsibility for resolving his request, she told him about her plan to found women’s aid for the sick and wounded and offered Pirogov the role of organizer and leader. Despite the widespread opinion that the presence of women leads to corruption in the troops, that women are unable to live and provide assistance in the most difficult conditions of war, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, who saw the highest and best calling of a woman in sometimes healing, often helping and always relieving, addressed an appeal to Russian women who wanted to “take on the high and difficult responsibilities of sisters of mercy,” and already in October 1854, using her own funds, she founded the Holy Cross community of sisters caring for wounded and sick soldiers. Pirogov fully shared the views Grand Duchess: “It has already been proven by experience that no one better than women cannot sympathize with the sufferings of the patient and surround him with cares unknown and, so to speak, not characteristic of men.” Pirogov considered the principle of “living on earth not only for oneself” to be the basis of sisterly charity. So in 1854, from a small group of 35 sisters, with the most active and attentive participation of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, the future Russian Red Cross was born.

Then, during this notorious Crimean campaign, Pirogov developed rules for working with the wounded, thereby creating an almost new branch of surgery - military field surgery. He formulated the principles of hygiene for the sick, the basics of therapeutic nutrition, and in all this, oddly enough, he had to overcome again and again the misunderstanding and opposition of those for whom the active, honest doctor was inconvenient. And Pirogov was an enemy of canonical decisions, an enemy of complacency leading to stagnation and inertia: “Life does not fit into the narrow framework of doctrine, and its changeable casuistry cannot be expressed by any dogmatic formulas.”

Pirogov the teacher

From the very first steps, as a young professor, Pirogov was a real teacher, caring for professional growth not only for ourselves, but also for new generations of young doctors. “Let only those who want to learn study - that’s their business. But whoever wants to learn from me must learn something - that’s my business, every conscientious teacher should think so.” Hence his gigantic contribution to the system of education and teaching of medicine, which moved from theory, and sometimes the baseless fantasies of professors, who often saw the patient only from the height of the department, to practical training on specific examples, specific operations demonstrated by the teacher.

Pirogov’s merit also lies in the fact that he saw the need to combine professional and moral education. We have already talked about his innovation in the first: now it would never occur to anyone to doubt the importance of professionalism. But regarding the second, his ideas even today (alas, in this case, unfortunately) sound almost revolutionary. The call to educate, first of all, a person endowed with a moral sense, who not only has strong convictions, but also knows how to defend them, live them in practice, ready for life’s struggles and efforts, and only then take care of his professional growth and skill - sounds very, very modern . These thoughts are not accidental, they are the result of Pirogov’s long internal journey - from a materialist due to ignorance of matter, as he himself said, to a person who reveals the meaning of human existence, life, love, immortality, who recognizes the essence of the inner man and seeks God. Interesting, two of them different people— what unites them? Sincerity, a heart responsive to other people's pain, honesty with oneself, the desire to always be and not seem?.. Probably.

Questions of life

Pirogov spent his last years on his estate in Vishnya (part of present-day Vinnitsa). There he wrote his confession - his last and most amazing book, largely misunderstood to this day: “Questions of Life. The diary of an old doctor, written exclusively for himself, but not without a second thought that maybe someday someone else will read it. November 5, 1879 - October 22, 1881." Pirogov seems to be surprised by his discoveries: “I interpret everything in my worldview about the world mind, about world thought. Where is the world brain? A thought without a brain and without words! Isn't this absurd coming from a doctor? But a bee and an ant think without a brain, and doesn’t the entire animal kingdom think without words? We are free to call only one human, cerebral, verbal and humanly conscious thought a thought! And for me it is only a manifestation of a general thought, widespread everywhere, creating and governing everything.” And yet, 70 years old, wise with vast experience, past fire and water, a surgeon who has performed tens of thousands of operations, an empiricist to the core, comes to the idea that this very brain is not the only conductor of thought, that life is much wider and deeper and is not limited only to the biological organism: “Life is meaningful, limitless effective force, which controls all the properties of matter (that is, its forces), striving continuously to achieve a certain goal: the implementation and support of being.” In this, Pirogov became the forerunner of Russian cosmists - Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky... In his little-known records, ideas that were spoken about in the Middle Ages by Paracelsus, a thousand years earlier by Indian sages, and at the end of the 19th century by such great philosophers as Elena Petrovna Blavatsky come to life. , Nikolai Hartman and others.

Behind these pages, which he filled out almost every day for the last two years before his death, we see a philosopher asking himself the most serious questions, reflecting, searching, reverent before the riddle and secret that suddenly opens up to him: “... of all the world’s secrets, the most cherished and The most troublesome thing for us is “I.” There is, however, another, even more cherished truth, this is the truth. But if every leaf, every seed, every crystal reminds us of the existence outside of us and within ourselves of a mysterious laboratory, in which everything tirelessly works for itself and for the environment, with purpose and thought, then our own consciousness constitutes for us an even more intimate and at the same time the most disturbing secret.” I really want this book to find its new thoughtful reader in our time, after a hundred years of oblivion. And the questions raised by Pirogov forced us to look for an answer today.

Salt of the earth

Glorious and amazing fate. Struggle and love, service to the motherland and disgrace are the traditions of the Russian intellectual. Maybe it’s said about these people - “salt of the earth”, maybe they are the thread, the hair on which life hangs, that still continues to hold us. And the question is not about plaster casts or anesthesia as such. The question is humanity, which is behind this and without which all these innovations lose their meaning. Humanity, which, thanks to such people, binds us together. This is perhaps the main significance of everything that Pirogov did, and main lesson it for us.

This November, Nikolai Ivanovich, is your bicentennial anniversary. Thank you, doctor.

	- famous surgeon and musician. His musical talent was highly valued by Beethoven himself, and his medical talent could probably be appreciated by Pushkin, who consulted the famous doctor more than once. The professor's house was one of the most interesting in Dorpat. Many wonderful people of that era visited here: the poets Zhukovsky and Yazykov, Pushkin’s friend Wulf, the sons of the Russian historian Karamzin. Judging by his memoirs, Moyer, “a remarkable and highly talented personality,” lost interest in science over the years and “did not perform particularly difficult or risky operations.” The appearance in Dorpat of several gifted students, and Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, who especially stood out among them, seemed to return the professor to his former life. He again devoted himself entirely to medicine and his new students.
	Nikolai Pirogov and became friends in Dorpat, where they studied surgery together with Professor Moyer. This is how Pirogov himself describes their first meeting: “One day, soon after our arrival in Dorpat, we heard some strange but unfamiliar sounds at our window from the street: a Russian song on some kind of instrument. We look, there is a student standing in uniform... holding something in his mouth and playing: “Hello, my dear, my good one,” not paying any attention to us. The instrument turned out to be an organ (labial), and the virtuoso was V.I. Dal.” Pirogov was ten years younger than Dahl, but by that time he had already graduated from Moscow University and was Moyer’s best student. Usually stingy with praise, Nikolai Ivanovich highly appreciated his friend’s medical talent and saw in him a future famous surgeon, and when he defended his medical dissertation, he became his official opponent. Dahl for some time lived up to Pirogov’s hopes and became a good specialist in plastic and eye surgery, but his love for literature and the Russian language turned out to be stronger in him.
I. Quiet. N. I. Pirogov examines the patient D. I. Mendeleev	Since childhood Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev He was in poor health, and when his throat began to bleed, the doctors believed that the final stage of consumption had begun. Institute friends managed to arrange an audience for Dmitry Ivanovich with the court physician Zdecauer, and he, having listened to him, advised him to urgently go to Crimea, and at the same time show himself to Pirogov there, just in case. There was a war going on in Crimea at that time. Pirogov operated from early morning until late evening. Mendeleev came to see him in the hospital every morning, but, seeing what the great physician was doing, he immediately left, believing that now Pirogov was more needed by the wounded. After some time, Dmitry Ivanovich finally decided to approach Pirogov. Imagine his surprise when he, having carefully examined him, said: “Here, my friend, your Zdekauer’s letter. Save it and return it to him someday. And say hello from me. You will outlive us both." The prediction came true exactly: Mendeleev outlived both Pirogov and Zdecauer.
S. Prisekin. Pirogov and Garibaldi	In the summer of 1862, Giuseppe Garibaldi was wounded in the leg. This was the most severe of the ten wounds received by the Italian national hero in his entire life. Although they tried to help him best doctors Europe, he was not recovering. And then they decided to invite Pirogov and even raised a thousand rubles for his trip. Pirogov refused the money, but came himself. Thanks to his advice, practical and simple, Garibaldi’s condition soon began to improve. Having recovered, he thanked the Russian doctor with the following letter: “My dear Doctor Pirogov! My wound is almost healed. I feel the need to thank you for the heartfelt care you generously provided to me. Please accept, dear Doctor, my assurances of devotion. Yours D. Garibaldi.” For many years, a valuable relic in the Pirogovs’ house was a photograph of Giuseppe Garibaldi with his dedicatory inscription.
I. E. Repin. Portrait of A. F. Koni	Our famous historian Solovyov says that peoples love to erect monuments to their outstanding people, but these people, through their activities, themselves erect a monument to their people. Pirogov also erected such a monument, glorifying Russian name far beyond the borders of their homeland. In the days of doubts and painful thoughts about the fate of his homeland, Turgenev did not want to believe that the mighty, truthful Russian language had not been given to the great people. But can’t the same be said about the best representatives of this people? And when, amid the fog of sad phenomena and properties of our everyday reality, you remember that our people had Peter and Lomonosov, Pushkin and Tolstoy... that they finally gave Pirogov, then one cannot help but believe that this people not only can, but is also obliged have a bright future...
	The “Diary of an Old Doctor” left by Pirogov provides an opportunity to look into his soul not only public figure and a famous scientist: it makes it possible to hear the voice of a person’s heart, the person that Pirogov wanted to raise in every young man. This heart is filled with deep and touching faith in the highest Providence and tenderness for the covenants of Christ. Life teaches that Christ has many servants, but few real followers. One of the last was Pirogov. A. F. Koni “Pirogov and the school of life”
Rummaging through the archive of our memory in old age, we are struck, first of all, by the inexplicable identity and integrity of our “I”. We clearly feel that we are no longer what we were in childhood, and at the same time we no less clearly feel that our “I” has remained in us or with us from the very moment we began to remember ourselves until today, and we know for sure that it will remain the same until our last breath, unless we die unconscious or in a mental hospital. Strange, amazingly strange is this feeling of the identity of our “I” in different portraits that are barely similar to one another, with different opposing feelings, beliefs and views on ourselves, on life, on everything around us... The self-awareness of being, and how it must inevitably be to be in us from cradle to grave, but how and by what means it makes itself known to itself and to others - whether by a personal pronoun, or by some other conventional sign, this does not change the essence of the matter one iota. N. I. Pirogov

to the magazine "Man Without Borders"

Line UMK ed. V.V. Agenosov, A.N. Arkhangelsky. Literature (10-11) (in-depth)

Line UMK ed. V.V. Agenosov, A.N. Arkhangelsky. Literature (10-11) (basic)

Line UMK M. M. Razumovskaya. Russian language (5-9)

Literature

“The Wonderful Doctor”: key thoughts, images and characters of the story by A.I. Kuprina

Let's analyze the main thoughts of A.I. Kuprin's Christmas story, consider the main characters, their actions and life position. We will share methodological tips that will be useful for a literature teacher to complete a cycle of classes on a work.

Reproduction of Luke Fields's painting "The Doctor", 1891.

We have a new format! You can now listen to the article

Meaning of the name

At the very beginning of the story, the author hastens to assure us that his story is completely true. The title of the story contains some idea of ​​fiction - we are used to seeing everything wonderful, like miracles in general, in fairy tales. There is always a place for goodness, justice, and peace in them. IN real life These benefits have a hard time - they find themselves in a struggle with indifference, heartlessness, and evil. As many believe, among this struggle there is simply not enough room for something (or someone) wonderful. However, A.I. Kuprin makes us believe in our cohabitation with a miracle. It is not for nothing that he gives his story this title. The wonderful doctor - one of the main characters - looks like a wizard from a fairy tale. But the miraculousness of his words and deeds is not connected with magic. The reason is human sensitivity, kindness and the desire to help others. All this can create a real miracle. This means that every person can become a wonderful doctor - one who can heal another from the disease of despair.

Artistic images

The story presents two realities that contrast each other. The first is urban reality with its wealth of colors: lights on Christmas trees, reflections in the glass of a grocery store, the gold of tangerines, the ruddy faces of cheerful passers-by. The city is contrasted with the dilapidated house of the Mertsalovs, representing gray, gloomy, icy poverty. However, among these dark colors, even in spite of them, the light of the will to live and faith in the best flickers. In this sense, the surname of the main characters can be called telling. The Mertsalovs' dungeon is a prison into which those who were rejected by urban luxury ended up. The festive winter bustle should exude an atmosphere of joy and philanthropy, but it becomes an excuse for city residents not to notice the sorrows of others, to isolate themselves from the unfortunate. City residents are a homogeneous mass of people indifferent to grief. For example, a gentleman in a raccoon fur coat, who met Mertsalov, considers it his duty to give him instructions, to reprimand him for his poverty. This is a demonstration of how the urban intelligentsia looks down on the poor.

The twentieth century for Russia was marked by two world wars, three revolutions, Civil War, a number of victories that influenced world history, and almost more tragedies that brought untold suffering to the people. Today, in the very beginning of XXI century, one can already clearly discern those basic phenomena of Russian culture that have played, are playing and will play a special role in the preservation and development of the spiritual image of Russians and, moreover, have and will have an influence on world culture, demonstrating the moral strength of Russia. It is these phenomena in literature that the authors of the book you are holding in your hands are going to talk about.

Key characters

Let's take a closer look at the main characters of the story:

Mertsalov is a father, the head of a family, who finds himself in a difficult situation. He sees the powerlessness of his wife and the exhaustion of his children. His existence is a slow death. Realizing his uselessness in helping his family, Mertsalov thinks about death: “I wish I could lie down and fall asleep,” he thought, “and forget about my wife, about the hungry children, about the sick Mashutka.”

Elizaveta Ivanovna tries to take care of the children. Having already experienced the death of one child, she is fighting for the life of her dying daughter. The author describes her as follows: “a tall, thin woman, with a gaunt, tired face, as if blackened by grief...” However, despite all the sorrows, hope does not leave her - she remains steadfast in the fight for the lives of family members.

The Mertsalov children, of course, are deprived of a carefree time. Volodya and Grisha, as elders, are fully involved in saving little Mashutka. Fulfilling their mother's instructions, they find themselves in the city, marveling at its customs and beauty. The living conditions of the Mertsalovs either harden their children for a further harsh life or try to break them, as happened with Mashutka.

Professor Pirogov becomes the savior of the Mertsalovs. This is a man of humane views, making him a kind savior of his family from the terrible hardships of life. As you know, the prototype of this hero is a real scientist. This fills the story told by A.I. Kuprin with realism.

Main thought

The main problem in the story is the relationship between people. In our world, indifference and indifference coexist with human mercy. The victory of the latter may mean for some people a loss of faith in the best. One of the main ideas of “The Miracle Doctor” is that people should not be indifferent to the misfortune of those around them, because each of us can do a miracle - save us from despair. The doctor healed the Mertsalov family. Human responsiveness is the most important remedy “According to Professor Pirogov’s prescription.” Also in the story there is the idea that one should not lose hope. Mertsalov the father was crushed by external circumstances and admitted his helplessness in front of them. But miracles also happen in life - there will always be someone who will lend a helping hand, as Pirogov says, “... the main thing is to never lose heart.”

The textbook, which continues the completed line of educational and methodological sets in the Russian language for grades 5-9, is written according to the original author’s methodology, implementing the idea of ​​synthesis speech development schoolchildren with special linguistic training.

Before talking about the work of A. I. Kuprin, about his story specifically, the best solution will introduce the children to the biography of the writer. In this regard, the textbook is good (pp. 172-188), since it also analyzes the chronology of creativity and talks about many other works of the writer.

After reading and discussing “The Wonderful Doctor,” we recommend offering schoolchildren a creative task - writing an essay on one of the following topics(he can remind the kids about the features of the genre, p. 154):

• - What is a miracle? Is there a place for miracles in our lives?
• - How to maintain hope for the best and not lose heart?
• - Is being a wonderful doctor a profession or human nature?

When writing an essay, you should give examples, arguments from the text read by A. I. Kuprin and, of course, use your own thoughts and reasoning.
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An important character in Kuprin's story is Pirogov. The hero was created based on the image of a military surgeon named Nikolai Ivanovich. So Pirogov definitely has a prototype. This gives the character a stately face.

How is the doctor presented in the work? From the first paragraphs it is clear that Pirogov is a fairly educated, intelligent and sympathetic person. His literacy can be seen in simple communication with others. He is ready to help someone in need at any moment. Thus, Professor Pirogov provides support and invaluable assistance to the Mertsalov family. It seemed that in modern world There is no longer room for such simple qualities as kindness, sympathy, mutual assistance. However, Pirogov is clear proof that in life there are people capable of compassion and mutual assistance.

He is a very ordinary person, but “his face is smart and serious.” This hero has a kind heart. In his appearance there is something “confidence-inspiring.” Even Pirogov’s voice is too sweet and calm. The character is very kind to the people around him. It’s a pleasure to have a conversation with him; Pirogov, created by the well-known Kuprin, really attracts attention.

The simplicity of the hero is attractive. He is so modest and ordinary that he sinks into the very heart. This proves that an ordinary person is capable of graceful acts without demanding anything in return.

It is not for nothing that Pirogov himself asserts: in order to achieve what you want, you should never lose heart. Otherwise, all efforts are in vain. Therefore, in any situation, the hero never gives up. He is able to complete what he starts even if it is incredibly difficult. Pirogov is not afraid of obstacles, he is a man of action, a man of mercy, a man of kindness, a man of calm.

The doctor is far from in distress, but wears fairly simple clothes. This emphasizes the hero as a modest, easy-to-communicate person.

Thus, Kuprin managed to draw an extraordinary image of Pirogov, which remains in our hearts to this day! The author wanted to convey to us, young readers, that there is a place for compassion and help in the world! Still in life good people who in the most difficult moment will burst into your house and completely turn your fate around better side. And this is worth living for! You have to love people, you have to live not for yourself, you have to believe that in the world the concept of “mutual help” has not yet exhausted itself! This is what Kuprin’s story “The Wonderful Doctor” teaches. And it’s not for nothing that the writer created such a wonderful hero! Not intentionally!

Characteristics and image of Pirogov

Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor" describes real story from the lives of ordinary people. Doctor Pirogov is the central character of the work. Thanks to his warmth and ability to feel the pain and grief of other people, he saved the Mertsalov family, who found themselves in a difficult life situation.

The family lived in a small room; the stove was heated with wood. During the meeting with the doctor, the head of the family was kicked out of work, his daughter and wife became seriously ill, there was practically no money for food, they were starving. It was then, when there was no way out of the current situation, that the man met Dr. Pirogov. One was walking, happy for the holiday with gifts (pies), and the other was in terrible despair. Having learned about serious trouble in this family, Pirogov made every effort to help them. He helped cure the mother and child, gave them money and, most importantly, gave them hope that everything would definitely be fine. And in fact, a little time passed and prosperity came to this family. The man gets a new job and material wealth.

Doctor Pirogov was an ordinary person, he did not have much capital, he always wore the same jacket. But his soulful gaze, gentle, intelligent face and kind heart endeared him to those around him, people trusted and loved him. Pirogov could treat not only various diseases, but also the human soul. Everywhere, no matter what house he entered, he saved a person, without demanding from anyone material goods and glory. He was a real doctor, a professional in his field. Having once taken the Hippocratic oath, he steadfastly adhered to it. Anyone in need could count on selfless help and support.

Doctor Pirogov performed every good deed from the bottom of his heart, without even thinking about any benefit of his own. While providing assistance and support to the Mertsalov family, he did not even tell them his name.

“The Wonderful Doctor” Pirogov is an amazing and kind-hearted person who instills hope in people and helps them find strength and overcome the greatest difficulties in life. The image of Doctor Pirogov is purity of soul, mercy and kindness. Exactly these important qualities must be inside every person. Only when people learn to compassion and help each other will the whole world be healthy and prosperous.

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The ability to follow certain rules and follow a routine is called discipline. Thus, if a person is disciplined, then he can move (in a figurative sense, move) towards

The story of A. I. Kuprin “The Wonderful Doctor,” a brief summary of which is offered in the article, is an example of what was popular in the century before last literary genre– Christmas or Yuletide stories.

These were small works published in newspapers and magazines published before the New Year and Christmas - hence the name. Such stories tell about events that happened on Christmas Eve, and all of them must certainly have a happy ending.

The main idea of ​​Christmas stories is that in a difficult life situation you should never lose hope for the best.

About the work of A. I. Kuprin “The Wonderful Doctor”

Questions on the themes of his works were included in the examination tests on the literature of the major in 2019. state exam(OGE) for a nine-year course, so all 9th ​​grade graduates should be familiar with it.

Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin (1870 - 1938) - Russian writer, translator.

Kuprin was also a master of short storytelling. Among his other works, he wrote the story “The Wonderful Doctor,” which was published in 1897. The work was published in the newspaper “Kyiv Slovo” on December 25 of the same year and immediately received positive reviews from critics and rave reviews from readers.

In its first lines, the writer shares with the reader the history of the creation of his work, warning that the plot of the story is not a fairy tale, but a description of real events that happened in Kyiv three decades earlier, that is, in the late 60s of the 19th century.

The main characters and their characteristics

Despite the small volume, the story contains two rows of characters - main and secondary.

Among the main characters the stories should be called:

1. EmelyanMertsalov- the father of a family who worked as a manager in a rich man's house. Judging by the hero’s speech, he was an educated man, and the Mertsalov family, although they lived poorly, did not experience any particular need. But everything changed when Emelyan fell ill with typhoid fever and the money he had saved with difficulty was spent on treatment. He survived, but lost his job because... a replacement was quickly found for him. As a result the large family was left without a livelihood. All attempts to find new job unsuccessful, Mertsalov, his wife and children are starving. One of the two daughters dies, the other becomes seriously ill. The father falls into despair, even tries to beg for alms, but no one gives to him.
2. Elizaveta Ivanovna, Mertsalov's wife. In addition to her two sons, she has a sick daughter and an infant in her arms. The mother is so weak from hunger that her milk has disappeared, and the baby is starving just like the rest of the family. She, like her husband, is looking for work - she goes to the other end of the city to wash clothes for a meager fee, but this money is not enough even for firewood. Trying to help the family survive, Mertsalova writes letters, turning to her husband’s former owner for help, but receives no response.
3. Volodya and Grisha are the sons of the Mertsalovs, 8 and 10 years old. They carry letters from their mother around the city, simultaneously observing how residents prepare for Christmas. The boys look with hungry eyes at the luxurious store windows full of expensive food, while at home empty cabbage soup is waiting for them, and besides, it’s cold - there is no firewood to heat the food.
4. Mashutka, their little sister. The girl is seriously ill, she coughs, has difficulty breathing, rushes about in the heat, and is delirious. She needs urgent health care, but parents don’t have money for a doctor or medicine.

All the Mertsalovs take an active part in the events described, with the exception of Mashutka, although it is around her illness that the storyline of the story revolves.

Another main character is professor of medicine Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, that same wonderful doctor, after whom the story takes its name.

He is not only an excellent doctor, but also a very kind and sympathetic person, always ready to sincerely sympathize even with a stranger. He expresses his sympathy not only in words, but also in deeds.

Minor characters

There are only two of these in the story, and even they become known only from the words of the main characters.

One of them - doorman in a rich house, whom the boys asked to deliver to the owner of the house a letter written by their mother calling for help. But the doorman does not take the letter and drives the boys away.

Another minor character is a certain gentleman in a raccoon coat, met by Mertsalov Sr. on the street. In response to the latter’s request to give alms, the gentleman advises him to go to work.

From the story you can learn about the author’s attitude towards his characters. Thus, throughout the entire narrative, the writer calls the father of the family by his last name - the reader learns about his name only after meeting the narrator, the same boy Grisha, who grew up and became Grigory Emelyanovich.

He calls Mertsalov’s wife Elizaveta Ivanovna. Thus, Kuprin emphasizes that the persistent character of this woman arouses great respect in him.

Saying that Mertsalov was refused alms by a gentleman in a raccoon coat, he makes it clear that he was a very wealthy man - a coat with a raccoon collar was very expensive at that time.

With this small touch, the author shows his attitude towards people who, having not experienced any difficulties in their own lives, have the habit of teaching those who find themselves in difficult situations. life situation, instead of just helping them. In this case, the well-known proverb that the well-fed does not understand the hungry comes to mind.

Presentation summary Kuprin's story can be presented in the form of a summary drawn up according to a specific plan.

Such a plan, written in reader's diary, will make it easier to retell the work in the form of excerpts:

• the Mertsalov brothers at the store window;
• homecoming;
• unfulfilled order;
• father's despair;
• in the winter garden;
• meeting with the doctor;
• Mertsalov's story;
• unexpected help;
• recipe from Pirogov;
• everything is changing for the better.

The story begins with a conversation between two boys, Volodya and Grisha Mertsalov, who, returning home, stared at the festive window of a grocery store. They were instructed to take a letter to their father’s former owner asking for help, but the order remained unfulfilled.

In the basement of a dilapidated house, more like a dungeon, a mother with a sick sister and an infant are waiting for them. As soon as the sons crossed the threshold, Elizaveta Ivanovna asks if they carried the letter.

Volodya, the eldest of the boys, says that they did everything as she taught: he spoke about their plight, promised to thank the owner’s doorman as soon as his father found a job. But he remained deaf to all these arguments - he drove the boys away, giving the youngest a slap on the head. Then the boy took a crumpled envelope from his pocket.

Soon the father returned, completely frozen in the December frost in a tattered light coat and a rumpled summer hat, without gloves and galoshes, thin, pale, with sunken cheeks, looking like a dead man. Unable to bear the sight of desperate need and the hungry eyes of his wife and children, he leaves home again.

Without remembering how, Mertsalov wanders into winter Garden, where against the backdrop of snow-covered trees, peace and quiet, thoughts of suicide come to him.

But then an old man in a warm fur coat comes up to him, sits down on a bench next to him and begins to tell him what gifts he bought for the children he knew. The unhappy father shouts that he doesn’t care about other people’s children when his own are dying of hunger and disease.

The stranger asks to tell him everything in detail, and the desperate man excitedly tells him about the painful issue. After listening, the stranger jumps up from the bench and offers to immediately go to the Mertsalovs. On the way, he gives the head of the family three rubles to buy food.

Entering the basement where the parents and children lived, he orders the eldest to light the samovar, borrowing firewood from the neighbors, while he examines the sick girl and puts a warming compress on her. The father returns - he brings tea, sugar, white bread and hot dishes from a nearby tavern.

The doctor writes a prescription, indicating how to take the medicine, and recommends that tomorrow you see an experienced doctor, whom he promises to warn about them. Then he leaves. The excited Mertsalov asks him to identify himself so that he knows for whom to pray, but the stranger waves him off.

After the stranger leaves, the family discovers several large banknotes under the prescription sheet. Arriving at the pharmacy to buy medicine, Mertsalov learns from the pharmacist that the prescription was written by Pirogov himself.

The great surgeon remained in the memory of the Mertsalovs as a kind messenger from heaven: after his visit, their life gradually began to improve. The sick girl recovered, her father found a job, her mother became stronger, and the family became wealthy. They managed to send the boys to the gymnasium at public expense.

And thirty years later, Grisha, whom the doorman had once driven away from the front entrance of a rich house, became a wealthy and respected man, Grigory Emelyanovich.

Analysis of the work “The Wonderful Doctor”

The story is constructed in full accordance with the laws of the genre of Christmas stories, the main principle of which is the contrast of descriptions.

In its first lines, the reader sees the characters in a state of complete hopelessness, especially pronounced against the background of the pre-Christmas Eve, when it seems that not only people, but also nature are freezing in anticipation of something unusually bright and wonderful.

The contrast becomes even deeper when Mertsalov, having reached the extreme degree of despair, decides to end his life, wanting only one thing - the same peace as the trees surrounding him, covered with sparkling snow.

And here a decisive turning point occurs in the plot - he meets a wonderful doctor who, like a good angel, quickly and irrevocably changes everything for the better.

Fate finally begins to smile on the heroes, and the story ends happily, as befits a Christmas story.

Main thought

“The Wonderful Doctor” is very short: in the book it takes up just over two pages of printed text, but this short Christmas story is filled with deep Christian meaning, it embodies man’s eternal hope for the best, which helps to survive even when life seems unbearable.

No one should lose hope, says the writer, because everything can change literally in one moment.

As reader reviews confirm, Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin’s story is full of such bright, life-affirming power that it can be called a kind of literary antidepressant, helping a person survive the most difficult moments and not fall into despair.

The work is given additional strength by the fact that its plot is not a figment of the writer’s imagination, but an incident from life.

Why is the story called "The Wonderful Doctor"

Kuprin heard this story from one of its participants, who told an incident from his biography.

The writer retold the events, changing only the names and surnames of the characters - everyone, with the exception of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - the great Russian scientist, a brilliant surgeon, whose name is inscribed in golden letters in the history of world and Russian medicine.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810 - 1881) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, professor, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of Russian military field surgery, founder of the Russian school of anesthesia.

Pirogov, distinguished by his extraordinary kindness and compassion for people, became the prototype of a wonderful doctor, or rather, he was one.

The meaning of the name is that the famous doctor really performed a miracle - he saved the life of not only the sick girl, but also her entire family, and helped overcome a severe life crisis.

What does the story teach?

The essence of the story “The Wonderful Doctor” by A. I. Kuprin is to once again remind the reader that Not only fairy-tale wizards, but also the most ordinary people, including any of us, can perform miracles.

As another Russian writer Alexander Green said: “if a person’s soul thirsts for a miracle, give him this miracle - he will have another soul, and another one for you.” And the person who performed a miracle for another will certainly receive a spark of happiness from the person for whom he performed it.

A. Kuprin wrote stories and stories not only about love. Also in his work the themes of philanthropy and mercy were raised. As many have noted, the writer loved to study people and all phenomena of life. Therefore, it is not surprising that he touched on such important issues. Goodness and mercy are spoken of in the story “The Wonderful Doctor,” the analysis of which is presented below.

History of creation

In the analysis of “The Wonderful Doctor”, it is necessary to note the following: even at the very beginning of the story, the author sets the reader up in a serious mood. He writes that this story is not fiction. And in fact, this amazing story was told to Kuprin by a banker he knew.

The work was written in 1897, when the writer was in Kyiv. An acquaintance of his told about events that happened about 30 years ago. This is a story about a family on the verge of despair. They huddled in a closet; there was no money, let alone for food or medicine; they had nothing to light a fire with.

The narrator's sister fell ill, but there was nothing to treat her. The parents tried to find some money, but they were driven away from everywhere. And when the head of the family had already decided to commit suicide, a New Year’s miracle happened to him. He met the famous doctor Pirogov. Nikolai Ivanovich helped a poor family and did not even give his name. Only later did they find out that it was Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov.

As those who knew the doctor noted, such selfless help was natural for him. He was distinguished by his philanthropy and mercy. He brought happiness to the Mertsalov family: after his visit, their life improved, things went well. This story amazed the writer so much that he created a work that is classified as a Christmas story.

Features of composition construction

In the analysis of "The Wonderful Doctor" it is worth noting the features of the composition. At the very beginning, the author describes two boys who stand and look at shop windows - bright, festive. But when they go home, the environment becomes darker, gloomier. There are no holiday lights anymore, and their house completely resembles a dungeon. The entire work is built on such contrasts.

Everyone is preparing for the New Year holiday, decorating Christmas trees, buying gifts. Everyone is noisy, fussing, and people don’t care about the poor Mertsalov family. They had no money and were in a very difficult situation. And such a sharp transition from celebration to darkness allows the reader to more deeply feel the despair of the Mertsalovs.

In the analysis of "The Wonderful Doctor" it should be noted that there is a contrast among the characters. The head of the family is shown as a weak man, so desperate that he sees only one way out - to commit suicide. And Pirogov is shown as a kind, strong, active person. And he, like a ray of light, illuminates the darkness in the Mertsalov family. The contrast made it possible to convey the importance of the meeting of those people with Pirogov, all the miraculousness of his appearance.

The main idea of ​​the story

In the analysis of Kuprin's "Wonderful Doctor" it is necessary to highlight main idea works. The writer wanted to show how rare qualities mercy, attention to one’s neighbor, and selflessness have become, that they are perceived as a miracle. The author uses an example famous person showed how one good deed can change better life others.

Why was the story named like that?

In the analysis of the work "The Wonderful Doctor" it is also worth explaining the meaning of the title of the story. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was an amazing person. He actually had wonderful abilities - kindness. It was these qualities that Kuprin highly valued in people. And for him their manifestation was like a miracle. The writer wanted to show that good deeds should not only be done on holidays, but should be tried to be done daily. Then every day in a person’s life will be wonderful.