Schematic drawings of rural settlements on different continents. Rural settlements, their classifications. Analysis of scientific research in the field of studying rural settlements in Russia and foreign countries

Routing lesson geography
	Where do people live: cities and countryside
The purpose of the lesson	achieve educational results: Personality - to be aware of the practical and personal significance of educational material MetaPremend result - To be able to analyze textual, graphical and audiovisual information, to formulate independently and solve informative tasks based on information analysis, establish logical connections. Subject result - Know the main types of settlements: cities and rural settlements
Tasks lesson	1) to form knowledge about settlements, the ratio of the city and rural population of the world, about the leading role of cities in the economic, cultural and political life population; 2) continue to work on learning students working with text and drawings of the textbook as with sources of new knowledge; 3) to form experience independent overcoming cognitive difficulties based on the reflexive method; 4) work out the ability to analyze, compare and arguing, the ability to evaluate their activities, communicative skills to listen to each other, express their point of view and argue it, work in the group.
Planned results:	Subject Compare city and rural settlements on appearance, numbers and occupations of the population. Drive Examples of different types of rural settlements of the world. Analyze Changes in the number of urban population in time. Analyze Diagram of the ratio of the city and rural population of the world. Define According to various sources of information function of cities.		Wood Cognitive Uud. 1. Analyze, compare and summarize the facts. Detect reasons. 2. Subtate all levels of text information. 3. Convert information from one species to another. Different types of plans. 4. Be able to determine the possible sources of necessary information, search for information, analyze and evaluate its accuracy. Communicative Woods 1. Defending his point of view, bring arguments, confirming them with facts. 2. To be able to look at the situation with a different position and negotiate with people of other positions. 3. Understanding the position of another, distinguished in his speech: opinion (point of view), proof (arguments), facts. Regulatory Wood 1. To independently detect and formulate a learning problem, determine the purpose of learning activities. 2. To put forward the problem of solving the problem, aware of the final result, choose from the proposed and search for yourself means of achieving the goal. 3. Check your actions with the goal and, if necessary, correct errors alone. 4. In the dialogue with the teacher to improve their own evaluation criteria. Personal Wood 1. Assess from the position of social norms, own actions and actions of other people. 2. Show emotionally value attitude to environment, the need to preserve it and rational use.
Type of lesson	LESSON OF NOWEROUS FIRST EDITION
Work forms	Individual, group
Basic concepts	Cities, rural settlements. Their differences from each other
Information sources	A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Savelyeva, V.P. Drones geography. Earth and people. 7th grade Atlas Geography. Earth and people. 7th grade
	Work leaf, multimedia presentation or presentation in the programSmart.Notebook.
Organizational stage
Enable students in learning activities	Good afternoon friends! I am glad to see you, and really want to start working with you! Smile to each other, and now me.
Actualization of knowledge and fixation of difficulties in individual activity
To actualize the learning content, necessary and sufficient to perceive the new material	Frontal survey: We started learning a large section. What is it called? (Man on earth) What question we have already studied (Student Answers) What do you think this whole material of this section? And what else to learn? (Student Answers) And so we continue to study the section "Man on Earth"
Preparation of students to work at the main stage
Organize communicative interaction, during which formulate the subject of the lesson, the purpose of the lesson and the lesson plan, as well as bring students to the problem	Look, I brought with it a black box. What do you think it may be in it? ( answers children ) Suggest these items related to the theme of our lesson ( answers children ) (i get a tram, horse and cow from a box ). Why I brought them to us on the lesson. How can they be related to theme lesson? What associations do they cause you? ( answers children ) And so how will the theme of our lesson will be called? And read what I have written. Eneelesan YTKNUP (settlements) Write down to your work sheet And what is the goal? ( answers children ) Write down to your work sheet To achieve the purpose of the lesson, we need to schedule an action plan. What is a settlement? What are the city and rural settlements? What varying the settlements of different types
Stage of learning new knowledge and action methods
Ensure perception, understanding and primary fixing of the student learned material		We proceed to the implementation of our plan. How are you always working with what? ( answers children ) Using the textbook text, give the definition of "settlement" or "settlement" (The places where people live were called settlements or settlements) How are they spread over the ground? (they meet between 78 0 S.Sh and 54. 0 Yu.Sh. and at altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level) What types of settlements exist? (Cities and rural settlements) Record in your work sheet. And so, we found out what settlements are. What do we need to further know ? (How are settlements of different types differ?). Problem question: Tell me there is such a place on Earth in which everyone would like to live? Now we work in groups. First group Works with rural settlements, second group With the city. Your task: Find specific traits Each type of settlement. The result of your work is the completed table. To help you questions - tips. Differences of the city lifestyle from the lifestyle in the village The sphere of life		Rural settlements	Cities
Living conditions What houses dominate?	One-story houses with furnace heating prevail	Multi-storey houses with all amenities are dominated.
Classes What is the busy most of the population?	Agriculture	I work at industrial enterprises, in trade, in transport
Rhythm of life What is the rhythm of life: calm or fast? Is it connected with natural rhythms?	Calm, associated with natural rhythms	Tense, artificial (hard schedule)
Movement What is the most part of the population?	Most of the population walks on foot	Most of the population moves on the buses, trams, etc.
Communication	Everyone knows everything about each other; External control over the behavior of each	Ignorance of surrounding life
Food What products prevail in the diet?	Products grown on their own plot	Products purchased in the store

And now I ask to submit the results of your work, the opposite group makes the records (Report of the Completed Works)

Well done! All coped with the task. (fizminutka)

And now let's make a conclusion? So what kind of locality called city? (children's responses) . We will record in the work sheet.

Where and when did the first cities appear? And in our area there are cities? Name them.

According to the population of the city, there are small to 50.tt., Average 50-100 thousand, large more than 100 thousand, millionaires more than 1 million people. What do you think to which group our cities do? ( answers children )

What is called urban agglomeration? Where is the largest? And in Russia there are urban agglomerations? What are their names? ( answers children )

And what functions can cities can perform? Make records to the work sheet.

We work well now with rural settlements. Let's first give the definition, what is the countryside? (territory outside the city). And what settlements will we call rural? Record your definition to the work sheet.

And now let's see what types of rural populations are in different parts of the planet. To do this, we will perform the following task: in the work sheet there are drawings of rural settlements. I will give you to read the definition of the point, and you should guess what we are talking about.

Located outside the city feature. May be workers, resort, country (village)

Separate manor, which is located on a separate land plot consisting in the use of this host (Farming)

Large Cossack settlement (Stanitsa)

Large estate in Brazil. Also called the program on 1 channel (phasenda)

Locality in the mountains. From the Turkic language - "Selion" (Aul)

A small peasant settlement in which there is no church (village)

Manor, cattle household in the US (ranch)

Village B. Central Asia. From the Turkic language - "Zimovye" (Kislak)

One of the most ancient types of settlements in Slavs (settlement with the church) (village).

And we live with you, in which settlement? What features of the city can be noted? What features of the countryside do we have? And you know that in 2011 we took place a referendum, where most of the population was expressed by their desire, that PGT SERSHEVO should become a village. What do you think?(children's responses).

And so, we have done a great job. Tell me, have we achieved the goal?

Suggest the result that you learned today in class(children's responses).

Stage of primary testing of understanding studied

1. Install the correctness and awareness of the material studied.

2. To identify the gaps of the primary reflection of the studied material, incorrect representations of students

Well done! And now I suggest you to perform the following task. The famous proverb is encrypted before you. Read it?

Abvgbvsyyedy

Kulikoproms.

Vartsofsvoyubd.

Tobolotorvsk

DLHALCHALITSI

Any kulik praises his swamp. How do you understand this proverb? Okay. And now I suggest you, praise settlements. We are changing now: the first group praises - the city, the second - the village.

Stage consolidation of new knowledge and ways of action

Ensure in the consolidation of improving the level of comprehension of the material studied, the depth of its understanding

And so, we have done a great job. Tell me, have we achieved the goal? Have we achieved the goal?

And what did we do today in the lesson to achieve the goal?

Suggest the result that you learned today in class (children's responses).

Let's go back to our problematic question: Tell me there is such a place on Earth in which everyone would like to live?

What can you say now about this (Perhaps not. All people are different: one like a mad pace of life among skyscrapers, another calm life in a small town, the third cannot live anywhere, except in his native village in the mountains. For some, the most important thing is interesting work, for other clean air For third - friendly neighbors, for the fourth - warm climate, etc. Therefore, for society, a variety of cities and villages are important for society.

Stage of information about the homework

Ensure the understanding of the learning goals, content and methods of execution homework

Paragraph 15.

Test to choose from:

Create a presentation or booklet on the topic "Unusual cities"

Stage of summing up

Give a qualitative assessment of class work and individual students

Let's summarize the lesson and we will estimate our work. Who can be allocated today at the lesson?

Stage of reflection

Ensure assimilation of learning principles of self-regulation and cooperation

Guys I want to draw attention to the walls, on them the statement of great people. Think 5 seconds, and tell me which phrase is best reflectedyour activity At the lesson, what is most suitable for you:

Cognition begins in surprise

Aristotle

I know that I know nothing .

Socrates

Tell me and I will forget.

Show me and I understand

Let me make it yourself,

And I will learn

Confucius

- The subject of historical geography
  - The subject of historical geography - Page 2
- The history of the emergence and development of historical geography
- Geographic Environment and development of society in the feudal era
  - Geographic Environment and Society Development in Feudal Epoch - Page 2
- Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe
  - Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - Page 2
  - Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - Page 3
  - Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - page 4
- Distinctive features of the physical geography of the Middle Ages
  - Distinctive features of the physical geography of the Middle Ages - Page 2
  - Distinctive features of the physical geography of the Middle Ages - Page 3
Geography of the population and political geography
- Ethnic map of medieval Europe
  - Ethnic Map of Medieval Europe - Page 2
- Political map. Europe in the early Middle Ages
  - Political map of Europe during the early Middle Ages - Page 2
  - Political map of Europe during the early Middle Ages - Page 3
- Political geography of Western Europe during the period of developed feudalism
  - Political Geography of Western Europe during the period of developed feudalism - Page 2
  - Political geography of Western Europe during the period of developed feudalism - page 3
- Social geography
  - Social Geography - Page 2
- Population, its composition and placement
  - Population, its composition and placement - Page 2
  - Population, its composition and accommodation - page 3
- Types of rural settlements
- Medieval cities Western Europe
  - Medieval cities in Western Europe - Page 2
  - Medieval cities in Western Europe - Page 3
- Church geography of medieval Europe
- Some features of the geography of medieval culture
Economical geography
- Development of agriculture in early and developed Middle Ages
- Agriculture and land use systems
  - Agriculture and Land Use Systems - Page 2
- Features of the agricultural building of various countries of Western Europe
  - Features of the agricultural building of various countries of Western Europe - Page 2
Geography of crafts and trade
- Features of the placement of medieval craft production
- Woolen production
- Mining, Metalworking Shipbuilding
- Geography of crafts of individual countries of Western Europe
  - Geography of Crafts of Individual Western European countries - Page 2
- Medieval trading
- Mediterranean Trade Area
  - Mediterranean Trade Area - Page 2
- North European Trade Area
- Areals of mint system
- Transport and message paths
  - Transport and message paths - Page 2
Geographical views and discoveries of early and developed Middle Ages
- Geographical Views of the Early Middle Ages
  - Geographical Views of the Early Middle Ages - Page 2
- Geographical views and discoveries of the era of developed Middle Ages
- Cartography of early and developed Middle Ages
The historical geography of Western Europe in later Middle Ages (XVI - the first half of XVII V.)
- Political map.
  - Political Card - Page 2
- Social geography
- Demography of late Middle Ages
  - Demography of late Middle Ages - Page 2
  - Demography of late Middle Ages - Page 3
- Church geography
- Geography of agriculture
  - Geography of Agriculture - Page 2
- Geography industry
  - Industry Geography - Page 2
  - Geography Industry - Page 3
- Trade of late feudalism
  - Late Faudalism Trade - Page 2
  - Trade of late feudalism - page 3
- Transport and message paths
- Travel and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries.
  - Travel and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries. - Page 2.
  - Travel and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries. - Page 3.

Types of rural settlements

There are dozens of variants of the classification of rural settlements of medieval Western Europe. Of all their varieties, two main types of settlements can be distinguished - these are large compact (villages, villages, semi-fertile towns) and small scattered (farm, embrying, separately located home farms). Compact settlements, villages in their layout differ very different from each other; So, for example, the "nuclear", cumulative, linear and other types of villages distinguish.

In the first type of "core" of the settlement is the area with the church located on it, the market, etc., from which the streets and alley are departed. In the street village, the basis of the planning most often consists of several streets, near different angles with each other. Houses in such a village are located on both sides of the street and are facing facades to each other.

In the linear village of the house are located on the same line - along the road, river or any folds of the terrain - and often only one side of the road; Sometimes there could be several such streets in the village: for example, in mountainous locations, the yards often made up two rows, of which one goes at the foot of the slope, the other in parallel to him, but somewhat higher. In the cumulative village of the house randomly scattered and bind to among themselves allements and drives.

No less diverse options for small settlements. Usually, settlements are considered by farms, in which 10-15 yards (in Scandinavia are up to 4-6 yards). However, these yards can or concentrate around any center (area, street), or lying quite far from each other, being connected with only a common pasture, plowing, control, etc. Even individual buildings and require their classification: after all, large In several floors of the farm of the places are incomparable with small huts of mountainous inhabitants.

The many-sided picture of the settlements of the medieval era has been preserved to the present day: the overwhelming majority of local settlements of the continent are believed to appear before the XV century. At the same time, in their occurrence, it is possible to notice certain patterns. So, the open field system is most often combined with compact settlements. The Mediterranean business system allowed the existence of different types of settlements, but since the XV century. In places of the largest development of agrarian relations (secondary Italy, Lombardy), individual houses-farms were dominant. Geographical factors were influenced by the spread of one or another type of settlements: large villages were dominated in the plain areas, as a rule, large villages prevailed, in the mountains - small farm.

Finally, the historical features of the development of each locacy played a decisive role in many cases and, first of all, the nature of its settlement. For example, military colonization explains the predominance of large settlements in East Germany and in the central regions Pyrenean Peninsula. The development of the former forest, swamps, low-lying seaside territories led to the spread of small forms of settlements - farms, embrying, borrow with individual buildings. The nature of the settlements was also influenced by orders inherent in the former population of this area (Celts, Slavs, etc.).

However, all these patterns were not always manifested; For example, in Frioul, the relief of which represents the entire range of landscapes from the Alpine Mountains to the lag house, the distribution of the types of settlements was the reverse mentioned above: in the mountains - compact multi-riot villages, on the plain - isolated at home. It should also be considered that the nature of the dominant type of settlement throughout the Middle Ages could change repeatedly. Thus, in England, small settlements prevailed in the Celtic era, but the first wave of the Angloquesan invasion led to an increase in the specific gravity of large villages, as the conquerors preferred to shave large generic groups.

In general, B. early medieval Compact community villas in Central, South and East England were predominant. Further resettlement of the population went by reciprocal from large settlements of small algae; Their number has even more increased during the period of internal colonization. As a result, in many rural areas of the country already by the XV century. The dominant type of settlements were small disparate settlements. Later, as a result of the walls, many villages were abandoned by the number of small farms and individual farms even more increased.

In Germany, the border between different types of settlements was Elba. To the west of it, cumulative villages were dominated, small villages of disorderly shape, a farm and individual buildings, sometimes having any common center or, on the contrary, located around arable massif. Small villages and farms were also common in Eastern lands (Lauzitsa, Brandenburg, Silesia, Czech territories); Here, their presence is often explained by the form of previous Slavic settlements.

Basically, East Germany - the area of \u200b\u200bdomination of the major trees of street or linear type, as well as smaller settlements that have grown in the fields of forest clearing or in highland, but wearing the same ordered character.

In the north and northeast of France, the overwhelming type was large villages; Here the line between the small city and such a country was small. In the remaining areas of the country (Central Array, Maine, Poita, Brittany, the eastern part of Il de France) were dominated by small settlements, a farm. In Avitania, Toulouse district, Languedoc since the time of developed feudalism, the picture became somewhat different: centuries-old wars caused a different type of settlements - bastides, fortified centers built according to a certain plan; In them began to flow the inhabitants of the former settlements.

The picture of Spanish settlements also changed as reconquitors. The north and north-west of the peninsula were published by the territory employed by small farms and scattered by one by the buildings, but by the beginning of the Reconquisters in the border with the Arabs the lands of Leon and the old Castile were the process of consolidation of settlements. On the disheveled lands of the new Castile, the dominant type of settlements were rare, but large in the sizes of the village or - in the north of the region - small farms grouped around the fortified castle. The same large villages dominated in Portugal south of Tahoe; However, north of it, the most common type of settlements remained a farm.

The picture of Italian settlements is no less diverse. Most of the south of the peninsula were occupied by large villages, mixed with small algae and farms; Only in Pulia and Calabria dominated the scattered small farm. Large villages and semi-criminal towns dominated also in the south of central Italy. In the North Part of Lazio, Mark, Tuscany, Emilia, a significant part of Lombardy, Veneto and Piedmont, the most common type of settlements were small villages, a farm and individual farms - suber.

The presence of a dominant type of settlements in each of the regions of the continent did not deny the existence of the settlements of another type in it. As a rule, in almost every locality there were large rustic points, and small villages, or even individual houses - farms. It is only about the prevailing type of settlement, which defines the face of this territory.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution Higher professional education

Amur State University

(GOVPO "AMGU")

TEST

by discipline

Territorial organization of the population

Typology of settlements: urban and rural settlements, their types

Blagoveshchensk 2011.

Introduction

Typology of settlements: urban and rural settlements

2. Classification of urban settlements

3. Classification of rural settlements

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

The term "resettlement" characterizes the historical process of settling the territory, the distribution of the population in the territory and its spatial organization. The settlement follows more dynamically changing geography of production, which represents one of its main patterns, but at the same time intensifying the production orientation on the established systems of the settlement, which is also associated with the placement of the main production force - workers.

1.Tipology of settlements: urban and rural settlements

The development of the public division of labor has led to the emergence of two main types of settlements in the history of society - urban and rural.

Cities, remaining the main places in the concentration of industrial production, centers of various economic ties, play a guiding and organizing role.

These are nodal items in the entire network of resettlement.

Such an understanding of the city is based on the basis of legislative practice of attributing settlements to the number of urban or rural. Defined quantitative criteria (censes) were introduced. So, the category of cities can include paragraphs with a population of at least 12 thousand.

residents in the presence of 85% of workers, employees and members of their families. It should also be taken into account administrative significance This item, the prospects for its development, improvement, the development of utilities and network of socio-cultural institutions.

Workers or urban-type settlements must have 3 thousand.

residents if there are up to 85% of workers, employees and members of their families (in some cases, there may be paragraphs with less than 3 thousand inhabitants, for example, with particularly important construction sites, in the regions of the Far North and the Far East).

Rural is related (here and abroad) all settlements that do not meet the values \u200b\u200bof urban settlements. The main and predominant part of them is made up of villages, villages, villages of agricultural enterprises.

This also includes small industrial, transport, forestry villages that are not related to agriculture, which, however, cannot be counted among urban, as they have few residents. Finally, many rural settlements of mixed type, occupying in their functions and national economic importance, intermediate between urban and rural settlements. Part of them gradually turns into cities due to the development of industries or transport services (for example, settlements at railway stations).

The agrarian industrial villages, which produce and proceed with agricultural products, are widespread.

Seasonal inhabited items are created - field mills on the distant fields of Parshi and haynesses used during the periods of the most intense agricultural works, the "semids" and "wintering" in areas of distant pasture animal husbandry, single buildings for fishers - hunters and fishermen, small timber industry settlements.

When mastering minerals in areas with extreme conditions, the rotated villages are built, which replacement personnel are delivered by air or accommodated land transport.

Mobile villages for temporary placement of builders, drilling teams and geological exploration expeditions have appeared with the development of industrial and transport construction in the minorized areas.

2. Classification of urban settlements

Despite the large variety of urban settlements of Russia, among them there are numerous groups united by general signsthat allows you to develop uniform principles for solving scientific and practical problems for cities of a certain type.

The economy-geographical classification of cities is carried out on individual features, and by their aggregate.

Classification of population Widely applied not only in economic geography. For the latter, it has an important meaning, despite the fact that it gives only a statistical characteristic.

The rate of its growth, some elements of the demographic and functional structure, layout depend on the city. When developing typology of cities, the population is taken into account as an integral sign.

In statistical sources and urban-planning practice, the following groups of cities are distinguished: small - up to 50 thousand people, average - 50-100 thousand, large - 100-250 thousand, large - 250-500 thousand, largest - from 500 thousand to 1 million people

Classification for economic and geographical position Allows you to determine the general features of the economic structure and directions for further development based on the potential possibilities that are laid in the area or some kind of focal point.

Depending on the geographical position, cities can be allocated, for example: in the nodes of crossing transport routes - Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Novgorod; in large mining areas - Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Magnitogorsk, Mine; in the areas of a large manufacturing industry - Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Serpukhov; In the areas of intensive agriculture - Krasnodar, Stavropol, etc.

Classification on national economic functions that detecting them most important featuresEssentially synthetic. Based functional classification of the city (Fig. 1) divide on:

Polyfunctional - combining administrative political, cultural and economic activities (industry and transport).

These cities include capital, all edge and regional centers, as well as many large cities of the country in which each of the listed functions has a city-forming value;

With a sharply pronounced predominance of industrial and transport functions of inter-district meaning. All cities can be divided into industrial, transport and industrial-transport.

The industrial is very diverse, among them there are citys of narrow industrial specialization, such as metallurgy centers, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, forestry and timber industry. Types of specialized cities a lot;

Performing administrative and organizational functions of "local centers" in the grassroots areas, national districts, along with industrial and transport, are mainly small settlements of urban type;

The special group consists of resorts.

IN last years Scientific and production centers are developing rapidly.

Figure 1 - Functional Typology of Cities

Classification by the degree of their participation in the territorial division of social labor which depends on the size of the city, functions, connections that they support are local or inter-district.

Some serve small territories, being local centers, the other is a major district along the line of interdistrict division of labor, the value of the third is beyond the country's scope, as they participate in international economic and cultural ties.

GENETIC CLASSIFICATION . Objective patterns of development and qualitative transformations of economic functions have a great influence on the type of modern city.

The mining village, founded in a large iron ore basin, is transformed into a metallurgical city, the latter can also become a mechanical engineering center. The oilfield village has the grounds to turn into a city with refineries and butterfly types of energy, labor, water, sales market, etc.

d. All this should be considered in the selection of genetic signs.

The genetic type of the city is a concept that includes a set of signs that form its certain quality. The selection of such signs is subordinated to the task for which classification is carried out.

When forecasting economic Development Cities It is important to know the genesis of its economic functions and their high-quality transformations. To solve planning problems, it is necessary to take into account the evolution of their planning structure.

Classification by type of prospective development Developed in regional planning based on the analysis of the main factors of the growth of cities.

It allows you to comprehensively and interrelated to evaluate the conditions and prospects for their development in the extensive territory, take into account the design value, changes in the functional structure, the creation of new cities. A promising typology of cities contributes to the purposeful development and transformation of the settlement systems.

3. Classification of rural settlements

The people's humanity (i.e., the magnitude of them in terms of the number of residents) is associated with the production functions of the settlement, with the form of settlement, with the history of this population.

This indicator objectively reflects the total effect of a number of factors on the development of the settlement, but in itself does not disclose these factors. At the same time, the amount of settlements creates certain conditions for their lives, to organize cultural and domestic service of their inhabitants, therefore the allocation of a number characteristic types Rural settlements on this feature has scientific and practical importance. The "typology of humanity of settlements" can be considered as one of the types of typology, but can most effectively be used in conjunction with other typological lines - functional, morphological, genetic.

Types of rural settlements

Compact settlements, villages in their layout differ very different from each other; So, for example, the "nuclear", cumulative, linear and other types of villages distinguish.

In the first type of "core" of the settlement is the area with the church located on it, the market, etc., from which the streets and alley are departed.

In the street village, the basis of the planning most often consists of several streets, near different angles with each other. Houses in such a village are located on both sides of the street and are facing facades to each other.

In the cumulative village of the house randomly scattered and bind to among themselves allements and drives.

No less diverse options for small settlements. Usually, settlements are considered by farms, in which 10-15 yards (in Scandinavia are up to 4-6 yards). However, these yards can either concentrate around any center (area, street), or lying quite far from each other, being connected with only a common pasture, polarity, management, etc.

p. Even individual buildings and those require their classification: after all, large, in several floors of the farm of the places are incomparable with small huts of mountainous inhabitants.

At the same time, in their occurrence, it is possible to notice certain patterns. So, the open field system is most often combined with compact settlements.

The Mediterranean business system allowed the existence of different types of settlements, but since the XV century. In places of the largest development of agrarian relations (secondary Italy, Lombardy), individual houses-farms were dominant. Geographical factors were influenced by the spread of one or another type of settlements: large villages were dominated in the plain areas, as a rule, large villages prevailed, in the mountains - small farm.

Finally, the historical features of the development of each locacy played a decisive role in many cases and, first of all, the nature of its settlement.

For example, military colonization explains the predominance of large settlements in East Germany and in the central regions of the Pyrenean Peninsula. The development of the former forest, swamps, low-lying seaside territories led to the spread of small forms of settlements - farms, embrying, borrow with individual buildings.

The nature of the settlements was also influenced by orders inherent in the former population of this area (Celts, Slavs, etc.).

It should also be considered that the nature of the dominant type of settlement throughout the Middle Ages could change repeatedly. Thus, in England, small settlements prevailed in the Celtic era, but the first wave of the Angloquesan invasion led to an increase in the specific gravity of large villages, as the conquerors preferred to shave large generic groups.

In general, in the early Middle Ages, compact community villas in Central, South and East England were predominant. Further resettlement of the population went by reciprocal from large settlements of small algae; Their number has even more increased during the period of internal colonization. As a result, in many rural areas of the country already by the XV century. The dominant type of settlements were small disparate settlements. Later, as a result of the walls, many villages were abandoned by the number of small farms and individual farms even more increased.

In Germany, the border between different types of settlements was Elba.

To the west of it, cumulative villages were dominated, small villages of disorderly shape, a farm and individual buildings, sometimes having any common center or, on the contrary, located around arable massif. Small villages and farms were also common in Eastern lands (Lauzitsa, Brandenburg, Silesia, Czech territories); Here, their presence is often explained by the form of previous Slavic settlements.

Basically, East Germany is the area of \u200b\u200bdomination of large villages of street or linear type, as well as smaller settlements that have grown in places of forest clearing or in mountainous terrain, but wearing the same ordered character.

In the north and northeast of France, the overwhelming type was large villages; Here the line between the small city and such a country was small.

In the remaining areas of the country (Central Array, Maine, Poita, Brittany, the eastern part of Il de France) were dominated by small settlements, a farm. In Avitania, Toulouse district, Languedoc since the time of developed feudalism, the picture became somewhat different: centuries-old wars caused a different type of settlements - bastides, fortified centers built according to a certain plan; In them began to flow the inhabitants of the former settlements.

The picture of Spanish settlements also changed as reconquitors.

The north and north-west of the peninsula were published by the territory employed by small farms and scattered by one by the buildings, but by the beginning of the Reconquisters in the border with the Arabs the lands of Leon and the old Castile were the process of consolidation of settlements.

On the disheveled lands of the new Castile, the dominant type of settlements were rare, but large in the sizes of the village or - in the north of the region - small farms grouped around the fortified castle. The same large villages dominated in Portugal south of Tahoe; However, north of it, the most common type of settlements remained a farm.

The picture of Italian settlements is no less diverse.

Most of the south of the peninsula were occupied by large villages, mixed with small algae and farms; Only in Pulia and Calabria dominated the scattered small farm.

Development of a viable model of rural settlements of the XXI century

Large villages and semi-criminal towns dominated also in the south of central Italy. In the North Part of Lazio, Mark, Tuscany, Emilia, a significant part of Lombardy, Veneto and Piedmont, the most common type of settlements were small villages, a farm and individual farms - suber.

It is only about the prevailing type of settlement, which defines the face of this territory.

Search for lectures

V. Other concepts and traffic rules. (8 points p. 15-16 / 20 min)

№	Definitions and terms of traffic rules	CONTENT	Time
5.1.	"Daytime running lights" - external light instruments designed to improve the visibility of a moving vehicle in front of the day.	"These are the TC LED lamps that are installed in its front part, not lower than 25 centimeters above the ground and no higher than 1.5 meters. The distance between them should be at least 60 centimeters, and the distance from them to the extreme point of the vehicle should not be more than 40 centimeters. Directed strictly ahead, turn on simultaneously with the inclusion of ignition and disconnect when moving to the low-light lights. If the design of the DRL is not provided, it must be constantly - at any time of the year in the bright time of the day - burn the Middle Light or fog lights (p.19.5 traffic)	19:10-19:30
5.2.	With the occurrence of insufficient visibility conditions, in the dark time, as well as in the tunnels, drivers should include near or far lights headlights, and in the necessary cases and fog lights and rear lights.
5.3.	"Located" - the built-up territory, entourage and from which is marked and 5.25-5.26. "Start and end of the settlement", Note: For us. P-B signs 5.23.1-5.23.2, 5.24.1-5.24.2, 5.24.1-5.24.2 operate, establishing the order of movement in populated PV. - for us. P-B, marked signs 5.24.1-5.24.2 (blue background) on this road there are no traffic rules that establish the order of movement in populated P-X. For example, stopping parking on the left side of the road, the speed mode is 60 km / h (if no signs are installed), the advantage of the MARCH movement. TC when leaving stops)

The main differences in the PDD acting in the populated and outside the settlements of Pkh.

PDD	For "populated P-B" Signs: 5.23.1-5.24.2 -C White Background, establishing the order of movement for "settlements P-B"	For "outside the settlement P-B" Signs 5.25-5.26-with blue background setting the order of movement for "outside the settlement P-B" on the road indicated by this sign
Location TC on the roadway P.9.4., 9.5.	P.9.4. Location TC Make the vehicle as close as possible to the right edge of the carriageway. (As well as in the zone of signs 5.1., "Motor Trade" and 5.3. "Road for cars")
In other places inhabitedYou can use the most convenient lane for them. But with intensive movement- When all the bands are busy, you can change only for turning, turning, tracing obstacles.	Make the vehicle as close as possible to the right edge of the carriageway. (It is possible to change only for turning, turning, the object of the obstacle and with intensive movement - when dr. strips are occupied). And c. Cars with RMM\u003e 2.5 tons. and low-speed-(on the roads with three and stronger in one direction) - Only for turning to the left, reversal, tracing obstacle) (P.9.4)
Speed \u200b\u200bmode p.10.	p.10.2 before 60 km / hour., Unless other mode is set to signs 3.24. Make a schematic drawings of different types of rural settlements ... "Restriction of maximum speed") or signs of signs 5.1., "Motor Highway" and 5.3. "Road for cars"),	p. 10.3. sv. 60 km / h(For different categories of TC, if no mode is set to signs 3.24. "Limit of the maximum speed", 5.1., "Tighter", or solving owners or owners)
Parking stop rules ON THE LEFT SIDE Roads p.12.1.	PERMITTED -on the roads with one traffic strip For each direction without tram. ways in the middle-and on the roads with one-sided movement (sign 5.5.), except for vehicles with RMM\u003e 3.5 tons (only for vintage. -Mour)	P. 12.3 is not allowed. Parking for a long time, overnight stay and the like outside the settlement It is allowed only on the sites provided for this or outside the road (sideways). Parking is not allowed on the PR. Parts indicated by 2.1. Main Road (can be only on the side of the road (seep.10.5)
Use sound signals. Use of external light instruments in the dark time.	in areas with lighting - only the near light of the headlight sound signals - (only to prevent accidents).	Middle / Far Light headlights ( switch for 150 m or closer when blinding)Star. signal -For preventing accidents, attracting the attention of Dr. drivers when overtaking, etc.).
Application of emergency stop sign, clause 7.2.	At a distance providing in a specific atmosphere, the timely warning of others. drivers about danger, but not less than 15 m.	At a distance providing in a specific atmosphere, the timely warning of other drivers about the danger, but not less than 30 m
Installation of warning signs (Appendix 1, clause 1) 1.1., 1.2.	For 50 -100 m to a dangerous area If not Table. 8.1.1. Distance to the object	For 100 -150 m to a dangerous area if there is no tab. 8.1.1. Distance to the object
Rules of movement of pedestrians and hiking columns p.4.1.	When driving along the roads or edges of the roadway in the dark or under conditions of insufficient visibility, pedestrians are encouraged to have items with reflective elements and ensure the visibility of these objects by drivers of vehicles.	When moving along the roads or edges of the roadway in the dark or under conditions of insufficient visibility, pedestrians are required to have items with reflective elements and to provide the visibility of these objects by drivers of vehicles.

5.4.	"Insufficient visibility" - the visibility of the road less than 300 meters in the conditions of fog, rain, snowfall, and the like, and also in the twilight.	See paragraph 19.1. (Using external lighting devices)
5.5.	"Dark time" - a period of time from the end of the evening twilight before the start of the morning twilight.	Turns on bl. Or far headlights "Application of light instruments" - the headlights of the near and long-range color, switching at least 150 m or less when blinding). See paragraph 19.1.
5.5.	"Limited visibility" is visibility by the driver of the road in the direction of movement, limited by the terrain, geometric parameters of the road, vegetation, buildings, structures or other objects, including vehicles.	Do not confuse with insufficient visibility! (In the tickets, a distance of at least 100 m at least in one direction is the reverse movement and reverse movement p.8.11)
5.6.	"Dangerous cargo" - substances, products from them, waste of industrial and other economic activities, which, due to its inherent properties, can create a threat to the life and health of people, to harm the environment, damage or destroy material values.	Denoted by special signs installed in front and rear, and if necessary and on the side of the vehicle ( at m / folk transport-Conge with black border, for other- The right side of orange, left-white with a border of black (see. p.8 "Basic provisions for admission of vehicles")
5.7.	"Allowed Maximum Mass" - Mass of a Curb Vehicle 1) Cargo, 2) driver 3)and passengers manufactured by the manufacturer As the maximum permissible. For the maximum mass vehicle composition, that is, adhesive and moving as one whole, accepted the amount of allowed maximum masses Vehicles included in the composition.	NOTE: 1. TC movement with different RMM is regulated by signs:3.4. The movement of freight A / m is prohibited "(as well as tractors and self-propelled machines). Except with RMM<3,5 тн, если на знаке не указана масса и грузовиков перевозящих людей).3.12. Mass limit on the axis TSZVAK 3.12.3.22. Overtaking cargo car is prohibited (except with RMM<3,5, если на знаке не указана масса). ЗАПРЕЩАЕТСЯ · !!! p.9.4. truck a / m RMM\u003e 2.5 tons. N.and the roads having in one direction three and\u003e stripes take the left left strip (only for turning to the left or reversal). P.12.1. TC with RMM\u003e 3.5 tons. Stop on the left strip (stopping only for loading loading) · Parking with a race to the edge of the sidewalk and in the parking area, indicated by the parking sign with the table. 8.6.2-8.6.9 .. · By motorway - TC movement with RMM\u003e 3.5 tons. Next, the second strip 1. Maximum speed Out of populated Ps for freight TS with RMM\u003e 3.5 tn. not more than 70 km / h (not more than 90 km / h. on motorways) for freight TCs with RMM<3.5 тн.не более 90 км/час (не более 110 км/час. на АВТОМАГИСТРАЛЯХ)
5.8.	Know P.2 Common Responsibilities of Drivers P.4 Pedestrian Responsibilities. P.5 duties of passengers. P.7 The use of alarm alarm P.8. Start maneuvering. Clause 10 speed. P.14. Pedestrian crossings and places of bus stops. P.17. Movement in residential areas P.19.1. Use by external light instruments) p.24. The movement of bicycles and mopeds	Tasks for consolidating Topics: 1.1-1.27, 2.1.-2.13, 7.1.-7.9., 8.1-8.56, 8.72, 8.74-8.78 10.1-10.16, 14.1-14.4 17.1-17.6 19.1-19.24 24.1

Home & NBSP\u003e & NBSP Wiki-Tutorial & NBSP\u003e & NBSP Social Studies & NBSP\u003e & NBSP6 Class & NBSP\u003e & Nbspod and Selo: Two Basic Human Resources and their distinctive features

City as habitat

The city is a major settlement whose residents are involved in different activities, excluding agriculture.

The city forms qualitatively new links between people living in it.

If the relationship between people are built predominantly based on related links, then in the city, people come closer on the basis of the overall labor.

Accommodation in the city is a significant minus: denialness of nature.

Geography lesson on "settlements", grade 7

The person is forced to live in the conditions that he is biologically alien.

That is why today the government is being developed by special programs to landscap in cities, which will create the most comfortable living conditions for citizens.

Distinctive features of the urban environment

The city as a human habitat has such special characteristics:

- the presence of different types of transport, which generates the intensity of the road;

- a collection of a group of manufacturing enterprises;

- concentration in a small area of \u200b\u200ba large number of communications - telephone lines, gas pipeline, power grid;

— a large number of people permanently residing at a unit of Square;

- Housing deficit.

Village as a habitat

The village is a small settlement whose residents in the predominant majority are occupied in agricultural production.

The biggest advantage of life in the village is environmental safety.

Absence industrial centers And the neighborhood with nature favorably affects the environment.

The main disadvantage is that in some villages there are not enough communication: there are no gas pipelines, sewers, water pipes, which significantly complicates the life of the villagers.

A good standard of living of the village is directly related to the level of development of agriculture.

The decline of agricultural production generates unemployment, which in turn leads to such problems as drunkenness and raising the crime rate.

Need help in studying?

Previous topic: urbanization and urbanization process: the quality of urban life and pros and cons of city life
Next topic: & NBSP & NBSP & NBSP): Alienation of people and the influence of fast change

Make your home memorable and beautiful dreams of any owner. If the house is no longer new, it's not so easy. One of the features is carved platbands. They even the usual "box" will turn into a masterpiece.

Material for co-room

Carved platbands make mainly coniferous wood. The optimal version is pine, normally cuts, inexpensive, due to the high content of resin durable. In principle, you can use any other conifer board, but it is better not to try with a fiber: it is too fibrous, it does not cut even the most sharp tool.

You can make carved platbands and hardwood - lindens (the milder), poplar, maple, oak, cherries, etc. But with each breed you need to be able to work, fue your hand and there is no guarantee that it will be perpetual, and the hardwood wood is expensive. Therefore, they make platbands on the windows more often still from pine. It is only necessary to pay attention to high-quality characteristics.

Carved platbands on the windows - the way to make your home unique

If there is a wood or board, having lain 3 years or more, you can use it: it is already exactly dry, only the processing and calibration will be required. If there are no woodworking equipment (reysmaus and circular saw), you will need a edged board. For carved platbands, the wood is suitable for the first or top grade. This means that there should be no bitch, chips, resin pockets on the board. Wood take chamber drying, with humidity no more than 8-12%. It is not for sale in the markets, it is necessary to search on the sawmills and in building stores.

Why chamber drying? Because it is dried in a special chamber, withdrawing moisture. In this case, part of the boards cracks, strung up - these go to the rejection, the rest are sold. If you make carved platbands from chamber drying wood, they definitely do not open and they do not crack.

Instruments

To make carved platbands with their own hands, you will need the next minimum set:

drill with a set of drills;
electric jigsaw with a smooth start and a bunch of different wood pylons;
chisels;
sandpaper with grain of different sizes;
petal disc from sandpaper wood on a drill.

To reduce the time that will be required to create carved patterns and grinding, it is better to have a milling machine and grinding machine.

One or wholesale?

Carved platbands are usually from repetitive elements. At least two vertical rails on each window are made the same. And since there are usually several windows, the same elements require a lot. If the platbands are going to make slit, the desire to cut several pieces at the same time, folding the boards with a stack and somehow fixing them.

The desire is understandable, but difficult to realize, and the benefits in time are not so great, as it seems. The first complexity - homemade masters are usually in the presence of jigsaws are not too high. To cut through a few boards, you have to move more slowly to move the pink along the planned pattern. On straight lines, speed is still tolerant, on roundings - low. And, the smaller the bend radius, the slower you have to move the pink. If you work with one board, there are no such problems. So in time of winning, if there is, it is very small.

Another moment. Even fat, good, expensive saws with a large thickness of the processed product are deflected. So, with the simultaneous cutting of several boards, the quality of the slot on the lower (or two) remains under a big question.

Procedure for manufacturing a platband with slit thread

The desired drawing using the template is transferred to the board (where to take it, how to enlarge how to make a template read below). If necessary, correctly draw parts well. Further the procedure we describe step by step.

We clean the wood in the slots drawing

Since the threads will look from afar, some inaccuracies are not dimensional, but it is still worth striving for the ideal.

Make a figured area

Some platbands have a smooth edge. Then we skip this stage. If the edge is figure, you will still work the jigsaw.

If the res is complex, there may be not too attractive places. It is not scary, then they will be treated, where it is necessary - by the eyes, the same junk, emery. When you are satisfied with the result, you can move on.

Final refinement

Owners of wooden houses, probably know everything about how to handle wood. But, just in case, we repeat once again the general rules.

The choice of paints and varnishes is very wide. Suitable any for exterior work. But note that shelter paints will have to be periodically updated - once a year so accurately. And this means - to remove the old paint, priming, painting again. It is easier for the case with oils for wood - they do not give films on the surface of the wood, and absorbed into the fibers. Update the coating is also necessary, but simply clean from dust and cove your new layer. And processing frequency less. Cons of wood oil - higher price, fewer colors.

How to enlarge template

Simple carved platbands can be done without templates. A few examples will be in the video - there is shown how to draw how to cut. But more or less complex patterns will be drawn independently not all. Need skill, and talent. The easiest way is to find a scheme, print it in the desired size, transfer to cardboard and cut. It turns out a template that can be drove.

Second way: draw from the photo. Not all schemes can be found. Some, especially vintage window platbands, you will not find anywhere. If there is at least some drawing abilities, they can be sught.

Even such an ornament can be drawn ... if there is a skill

Questions may arise about how to increase the size of the found circuit or template. There are three options:

With any graphic editor. The simplest - Paint - there is in any computer running with Windows ("Image" tab, string "Change image size", select "Santimeters" and install the desired length (height) in the window. The resulting file can be printed. If a small format printer, You may need to break into several pages. They should then be glued down and, according to the resulting figure, make a template.
With photocopy. The xerox has a scaling function.
Taking millimeter paper, carry the drawing on the desired scale. For this, the original image is divided into squares with a side of 0.5 or 1 cm (you can print on a sheet into a cell). Then we carry the lines on the millimeter, increasing them in the desired proportion.

The first two ways are faster. But when scaling, the drawing can be fuzzy and blurred. It can be corrected by hands, you can draw in some editor, for example, CorelDRAW. How to do it look in the video. Just an example of drawing a carving scheme.