In nature and society, everyone holistic systems They are characterized by a certain internal and external orderliness, without which their stable existence is impossible. This is one of the fundamental differences between any system and a chaotic multitude doomed to fragility.

A system, especially a social one, can exist, function and develop only in an orderly form, expressing its organization and viability. The property of orderliness must also be possessed by government system, and the legal system, and the economic system, and any society as a whole. Understanding this objective pattern is especially important in modern Russian conditions.

Depending on a number of factors, the ordering social systems may be at different levels of perfection, but none of them is able to exist normally if it is not established at least to a minimal extent internal organization and forms of manifestation externally.

The orderliness of social systems has economic, social, political (including state-legal) and spiritual foundations. Nevertheless, one cannot but agree that regulation and order are one of the decisive conditions for the life of any society.

The orderliness of certain systems can be considered as a consequence of a certain regulation that continuously occurs in nature and society. Such regulation is actually of two kinds: spontaneous and conscious, and they differ significantly from each other.

When ordering is carried out under the influence of spontaneous factors, it turns out to be the average result of the collision, crossing and intertwining of the entire set of different things - regular and random, harmonious and opposing, repeating and one-time, etc. - forces acting beyond the consciousness and will of people. Accordingly, spontaneous regulation takes place here, where there are no interacting subjects. When, on the contrary, ordering, one way or another, is mediated by human will, achieved through purposeful operations, there is conscious regulation produced by the corresponding social subject.

Conscious regulation, in turn, is also heterogeneous and has varieties, each of which is quite specific. It is expressed, first of all, in the ordering of one or another social subject’s own way of life: a person, a community of people or their formations coordinate their behavior with the patterns, requirements and attitudes that exist in a given society. Here, purposeful self-regulation occurs, in which the closest subject of regulation is own behavior its subject.

But in human society, the ordering of certain systems does not end there. It has long been known to everyone that if each individual musician controls himself, then the orchestra needs a conductor. Just for such “conducting” there is another type of conscious regulation, intended to organize the harmonious functioning of the entire “orchestra”, i.e. corresponding social systems.

The distinctive feature of the just noted phenomenon is that here: firstly, the subject and the subject (object) of regulation are clearly demarcated; secondly, the regulatory entity performs functional tasks, guided by certain interests; thirdly, for these purposes, he necessarily performs certain external operations undertaken to influence in a given direction the remaining components of this system.

Accordingly, this type of conscious regulation acts as a specific activity, which can be called social-functional regulation, thereby distinguishing it from spontaneous regulation, targeted self-regulation and all kinds of regulatory operations of a technical nature.

The meaning of this activity is, first of all, to stabilize the system being ordered, to preserve its vital activity, to protect it from undesirable influences of a temporary, random or purely volitional order. But its ability to influence the development and dynamics of the social system is also very significant. Depending on the goal of the subject of regulation, the nature of the program he has chosen and some other factors, socio-functional regulation can influence the course of events in one direction or another, accelerating and strengthening or, conversely, slowing down and destroying the ongoing processes.

Consequently, in principle, social systems are subject to all existing varieties of ordering. Spontaneous regulation, targeted self-regulation and socio-functional regulation influence such systems simultaneously, complementing and correcting each other. Their actual ratio and intensity change historically, determined by the degree of organization of a particular society, the level of consciousness of its members, their mentality and the nature of the mission that they carry out in the natural historical process. This circumstance must be taken into account when studying the entire state and legal reality, as well as its role and place in the life of society.

This is all the more necessary if we are talking about the possibility of combining regulatory and self-regulatory principles in the organization of certain relationships. This combination, for example, is observed when creating business partnerships and companies, when their founders (participants) establish in the constituent documents general rules life activities of the organizations being created, and then they themselves, on a self-regulatory basis, conform their behavior to these norms. Something similar is observed in contractual relations, where their participants, using the principle of freedom of contract, define in the contract the rules of conduct, which they themselves then follow. But in a similar situation, what occurs is not a confusion of legal regulation with self-regulation, but a combination of them, which is necessary for organizing the corresponding life relationships.

In social systems, functional regulation is largely associated with social management. They are united by “human nature”, the conscious direction of the system towards a given goal, the alignment of this goal with conscious needs, value orientations etc. Even in modern conditions When economic and mathematical methods and computer technology are increasingly used in social management, social, “human” factors remain decisive.

However, there are certain differences between social regulation and social management. It has long been noted that the regulation of social relations plays the role of one of the components social management, existing along with leadership, organization, coordination and control, that management should not be correlated with any conscious regulation, but only with its one variety - with functional regulation. Each cycle of the management process consists of numerous operations (collecting and processing information about the object of interest, forecasting its trends, determining the strategy and tactics of influencing it, developing and making decisions, organizing its implementation, control, etc.), where functional regulation appears in the role of core element and method of achieving the goal.

Social management inevitably involves continuous two-way interaction of two subsystems, one of which is the manager, the other is the managed. The control subsystem, which plays the role of the subject of management, is who and what controls, the managed subsystem, acting as a social object of influence, is who and what is controlled.

As social object, i.e. The controlled subsystem here consists of individual members of society, their groups, collectives, formations and natural-historical communities, production and other associations, various spheres of human life, society as a whole. Moreover, each of them belongs to the class of large mixed objects, contains, as a rule, both human and material components, and is extremely complex in the number and structure of the elements that form it.

Essentially the same social phenomena represent (of course, in other connections) a subject of organizing influence, a control subsystem. In society, there is no strict binding of some elements to the object, and others to the subject of management. What in this particular respect is a social object of influence, in another becomes its full-blooded subject. For example, local and regional organizations, being a social object of management by higher authorities, at the same time act as an important subject of management in relation to all those who are under their organizing influence.

However, this circumstance, which shows the complexity of the nature of social organisms, does not provide sufficient grounds either for refusing to separate an object and a subject in the structure of social management, or for confusing them. It only indicates that these organisms combine the properties of controlled (organized) and controlling (organizing) subsystems, the ability to different situations to be both an object and a subject of management, depending on specific factors, first of all, on the nature of the relevant social connections.

Within the framework of the same social relationship, not a single element of the system can simultaneously serve as both a managing (regulating) and a managed (regulated) subsystem.

The history of world civilization shows that management in a particular country can be carried out through certain orders (commands), political directives, laws, various combinations of them, etc. In the recent past in our country, the most characteristic was directive management, in which first party bodies developed political directives, set out in decisions of congresses, plenums and the Central Committee of the CPSU, and on their basis acts of direct management were adopted. At the same time, the role of law and the state in organizing the life of society was belittled in every possible way.

Meanwhile, Western countries have long switched to governance through law and law. It is this path that helps achieve greatest results in ensuring democracy, efficiency and effectiveness of the organization of public relations. And one of Russia’s fundamental tasks in modern stage consists precisely in the transition to such a management system so that the remnants of directive management are replaced by the ordering of life relations through law, Law. This applies equally to all spheres of society that require legal influence.

It is very important to keep in mind that all social systems, in one way or another, include the individual. The relationships associated with them occur with the participation of a person gifted with will and consciousness. A person brings a strong-willed, subjective element into these relationships. Not a single social relationship is conceivable in which the objective, natural would not be somehow correlated with the subjective, volitional. It is precisely due to this circumstance that the possibility of conscious regulation of certain social systems opens up. If there were no subjective factor in them, their conscious regulation would be excluded, since any regulatory influence can only be carried out through the consciousness of people.

Of course, the ratio of objective (natural) and subjective (volitional) moments in different spheres of social life is not the same. There is reason to believe that this ratio changes in favor of the subjective as we move from economic to social, from social to political, from political to spiritual relations. In other words, in economic relations there is the least subjective and the most objective, and in spiritual relations it is the other way around. However, one way or another, there is a subjective, volitional moment in any social relations, including economic ones, although here it is very limited due to the predominance of a natural factor that does not depend on the will of a person.

When ordering social systems, the individual is involved in both methods of social regulation - both in conscious self-regulation and in functional regulation. Accordingly, for the active role of the individual in these processes, two types of opportunities are needed, allowing, on the one hand, to improve the beginning of self-regulation, on the other, to more fully participate in the activities of the control (organizing) subsystem, in functional regulation. The personality, in addition, acts as a social object of regulatory influence and, therefore, properties that expand the selective susceptibility of influence from the outside are important to it.

Self-regulatory and regulatory capabilities of the individual, as well as its susceptibility to external influence have some common roots. Economic independence, positive historical traditions, civil society, proper general and legal culture, constitutional recognition of natural rights and freedoms, modern general legal status, democratic political and legal regime and much more increase the role of the individual in regulating social systems at the levels of both self-regulation and functional regulation, and perception of regulatory influence from outside. Conversely, the denial of private property, refusal to recognize natural (inalienable) rights and freedoms, a totalitarian regime, low legal culture and legal consciousness, negative traditions of the past and other negative circumstances significantly limit the individual’s capabilities associated with the ordering of the social systems in which he is involved. .

But there are also specific factors relating to individual ways of individual participation in the ordering of social systems. To strengthen self-regulatory capabilities, it is important, for example, the guarantee of existing rights and freedoms, the security of fulfillment of legal duties, decentralization of power, the existence of self-government, and for regulatory potential - access to managing the affairs of society, proper determination of the status of management subsystems, the establishment of interaction between them, and the fight against bureaucracy and corruption, responsiveness, etc.

The real involvement of all factors in increasing the role of the individual in regulating social relations largely contributes to the development of democracy in the country in its scientific understanding.

Zakharov A.A., Korneev S.B.

ORDER

1. Introduction

Order is based on a sense of the world around you and your place in it, an understanding of your current task and necessary actions for its implementation.

Order is often understood as a “scheme” of actions, what should be located where and when to do what, etc. without a sense of the surrounding world, without feedback with him. Doing things without feeling what needs to be done creates illusions of order (mechanistic diagram) and does not affect the degree of orderliness of the surrounding world.

2. Basic provisions

Order - balance in life, the presence of laws and rules by which one lives living system(nature, man), harmonious attitude internal and external space and time.

Arranging - the process of creating order, the process of bringing into one’s being laws and rules that support Life, giving forces direction of movement.

State of order - the presence of Laws and rules in human existence.

Quality orderliness - the ability to fill your life with order, the skill of putting order in your life, the ability to highlight the main and the secondary. The ability and desire to organize your daily life, work and leisure without harming each other.

3. Why orderliness is needed

Orderliness provides consistent movement up the ladder of development (evolution) and allows you to effectively achieve your goals. Neutralizes the entropy of chaos, and also preserves and enhances life.

No order in Everyday life it is impossible to grow spiritually.

Understanding Divine laws begins with understanding everyday order.
Man is a whole and indivisible being and his spiritual growth cannot be separated from his physical existence (state of health, order in the house, etc.).

The spiritual flows into the physical through energy. In order for the spiritual principle to flow, there must be a place in the energy body for this. For this place to appear, a person must do something creative on the physical plane. Thus, energy moves from the energy body to the physical body to compensate for the costs, and from the spiritual part to the energy part, energies flow to compensate for the costs of the energy body. And thus the flow of energies begins from the spiritual level to physical, and therefore spiritual growth. Energy flows if a person performs creative actions, because... spiritual energy is creative.

Spirituality is the idea, purpose and meaning of human life. The spiritual is always creative, aimed at preserving and strengthening life. Spirituality nourishes with energy energy body, the energy body gives energy physical body, to realize a spiritual idea. A positive idea feeds a person with energy. A negative idea increases entropy in a person, and therefore destroys him.

The most important thing in a person's life is an idea. T.K. an idea has energy and is capable of giving it to a person.

Thus, orderliness ensures a natural flow of energies, strengthening a person and ensuring his spiritual growth.

Increasing your orderliness, orderliness in the world around you, etc. man embodies the Law of Order in our reality.

4. How it manifests itself in life

On the physical plane - in the coordinated functioning of body systems, maintaining homeostasis.

On the mental plane - clarity of thinking, sobriety of judgment, emotional balance.

In the family, a man and a woman understand their responsibilities.

In everyday life - maintaining order, a feeling of comfort in the apartment.

In relationships - a feeling of adequate distance, time and purpose when communicating with a person.

In a team - compliance with the rules of behavior and communication in a team (etiquette, ethics of behavior), knowledge of one’s place and task in the common cause.

In written and spoken language.

In poetry, verses are “magic spells” that work when the words are composed in a certain rhythm and have a certain size.

5. Where is it located in the body - spine, skeleton, bones.

6. Drawing- frozen water crystal, honeycomb.

7. Associations- a prism that refracts light, dividing it into colors, in order, a growing tree, a crystal druse.

A plowman leading a horse harnessed to a plow across a field. Smooth furrows remain on the ground. There will be a harvest.

“A state of beauty crystallized from chaos”

“Like a honeycomb or beads - one bead follows another”

Sound - mantra “M”

Color - Green velvet, pantone 18-6024 tpx, amazon; 17-5734 tpx viridis: RGB #004C29.

Taste - tart, slightly sour, astringent, rosehip, barberry, pomegranate.

Smell - juniper, cedar.

Element - Wood, Air.

8. Methods of development

1. Maintaining a schedule for recruiting Strength, planning and accurately implementing plans.

2. Start with simple things.
For example:
If you don't have order in your house, start cleaning it up.
If you are constantly late, try to start arriving on time.
If you can’t sort out your workspace, then first put all the papers in piles and throw out everything unnecessary. Etc.

3. Don’t turn your life into a “order for order’s sake” scheme.

4. Experience joy in what you do.

5. Writing and maintaining a daily routine. Maintaining cleanliness and order in the house. Maintaining a personal budget (income/expenses).

6. In the evening, tune in to the coming day, highlight the main thing, review your plans and evaluate their reality.

7. When coming to a place, feel why you are here, what you need to do in this place, do it and look at your feelings and sensations from the place. After some time (several hours, days, etc.) see if this led to the expected result.

8. Highlight and follow the main thing that is in tune with your purpose; try to find and allocate your time for each task. Know how to weigh the importance of things.

9. Bring everything to its logical conclusion.

9. Miscellaneous (proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, etc.)

A sequence of actions arranged in a certain way in accordance with their significance in time. Significance according to Divine purpose.

Arranging objects and actions in a sequence that promotes development and improvement.

Progressive, step by step movement along your Path includes clarity of thinking.

The power to build the path to your dreams.

An amazing state of saving time and energy. You see the general thing - you highlight the main thing, sweep aside the unnecessary, clearly arrange a sequence of actions according to the degree of importance.

It seems to be a light structure where there is nothing superfluous, everything is in its place, this structure is movable. living there is no garbage or heaviness, everything is timely and easy.

Understanding what comes from where and what it results in, why I need it and what to do so that my actions do not ruin the beauty and do not stress people out.

Combining words and deeds A sense of time and its value and saturation.

Building your life, guided by the principle of not disturbing harmony and beauty.

This is the knowledge of what needs to be done at the moment.

Free creativity of thought and deed in harmony There is enough time for everything. Everything is harmoniously beautiful because there is order.

Harmonious relationship between external and internal space and time because everything we do externally is born and lives within us.

Calm confidence in achieving your goals.

Manifestation of orderliness in speech

Speech, words - this is already ordering. Because words represent a fixation of something: a state, an action, etc., a verbal-literal fixation.

In addition to the fact that every word spoken by a person brings order to space, the words themselves, built into sentences (and a sentence is a certain order words: subjects, predicate, etc.) represent ordering. This is especially important for writing, since it is believed that by writing down one’s thoughts, a person organizes them and himself in the end. A written language It just differs from colloquial in that it has an order in which sentences are written, including punctuation and spelling order. This was also invented for a reason. It is easy to see why the subject, denoting the object, comes first. Because all other members of the sentence will be strictly subordinate to the subject. The predicate expresses the action of an object, the definition is a sign of an object, etc. Not without reason poetic vocabulary is rich in various kinds of metaphors, personifications, epithets, etc. They make it possible to convey with the best accuracy the property or state of the object to which they relate. But they relate to the subject, and the subject is the main thing. This is an example of order in a sentence.

The word itself also has an order: prefix, root, suffix, ending. This is also not just a set of morphemes, but certain “indicators” of something. For example, the most significant thing is the root, which allows you to understand what underlies the word (what the meaning is). The ending allows you to determine the gender of the word (masculine or feminine), the suffix can form various degrees (augmentatives, diminutives), adjectives, etc., the prefix can indicate the direction or clarify what is “near the root” (for example, the word island is the prefix “ o" and the root "strov" means near the stream, that which is bent around by the stream).

These examples were given to show that each word has its own order of morphemic units (and it is like that for a reason!) and its own order of letters (consonants/vowels), stress, etc., and the words form a sentence. And a sentence is, as we found out above, a certain word order. Therefore, speech can be one of the most visual and everyday examples ordering.

Federal Customs Service

State educational institution

Higher professional education

"Russian Customs Academy"

Vladivostok branch

Abstract on the topic “Orderliness. Chaos. Increasing entropy"

Completed by students

121 groups: Ilyin D.,

Chernozemov A.

Checked:

Pugach P. A.

Vladivostok 2010

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………….. 3

2. Order……………………………………………………4

3. Chaos................................................... ........................................................ ..... 5

4. Increase in entropy………………………………………………………… 7

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 9

6. List of references……………………………………………………………10

Introduction

All natural processes are accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the Universe; This statement is often called the principle of entropy. Entropy also characterizes the conditions under which energy is stored: if energy is stored at a high temperature, its entropy is relatively low, and its quality, on the contrary, is high. On the other hand, if the same amount of energy is stored at a low temperature, then the entropy associated with that energy is high and its quality is low.

The increase in entropy is characteristic feature natural processes and corresponds to the storage of energy at increasingly lower temperatures. Similarly, we can say that the natural direction of change processes is characterized by a decrease in the quality of energy.

This interpretation of the relationship between energy and entropy, in which entropy characterizes the conditions for storing energy, is of great practical importance. The first law of thermodynamics states that the energy of an isolated system (and perhaps the entire Universe) remains constant. Therefore, by burning fossil fuels - coal, oil, uranium - we do not reduce the total energy reserves. In this sense, an energy crisis is generally impossible, since the energy in the world will always remain unchanged. However, by burning a handful of coal and a drop of oil, we increase the entropy of the world, since all these processes occur spontaneously. Any action leads to a decrease in the quality of the energy of the Universe. Since in an industrialized society the process of resource use is rapidly accelerating, the entropy of the Universe is steadily increasing. We must strive to direct the development of civilization along the path of reducing the level of entropy production and maintaining the quality of energy.

Orderliness

Order is a characteristic of a structure, indicating the degree of mutual consistency of its elements. In relation to the socio-cognitive system, the characteristic of orderliness corresponds to a high degree of structured knowledge in the context of a specific historical system of rationality.

The concept of development of inanimate and living nature is considered as an irreversible, directed change in the structure of natural objects, since the structure reflects the level of organization of matter.

Structure is the internal organization of a system, which facilitates the connection of the elements that make up the system, determining its existence as a whole and its qualitative features. Structure determines the ordering of the elements of an object. Elements are any phenomena, processes, as well as any properties and relationships that are in any kind of mutual connection and correlation with each other.

Structure is the ordering (compositions) of elements that is preserved (invariant) with respect to certain changes (transformations).

Order is a relatively stable way of connecting elements, giving their interaction within an internally dissected object a holistic character.

The most important property is its relative stability, understood as preservation in change. However, ordering contains a certain dynamism, separate time moments, and represents a process of unfolding in time and space new properties of elements.

Order is a general, qualitatively defined and relatively stable order of internal relations between the subsystems of a particular system. The concept of “organization level”, in contrast to the concept of “structure”, also includes the idea of ​​a change in structures and its sequence during historical development system from the moment of its inception. While change in structure may be random and not always directed, change at the level of organization occurs in a necessary manner. Systems that have reached the appropriate level of organization and have a certain structure acquire the ability to use information in order, through management, to maintain unchanged (or increase) their level of organization and contribute to the constancy (or decrease) of their entropy.

Chaos

Etymology of the concept "chaos".

Chaos, a concept that finally took shape in ancient Greek philosophy, is tragic image cosmic primal unity, the beginning and end of everything, the eternal death of all living things and at the same time the principle and source of all development, it is disordered, omnipotent and faceless.

Chaos (Greek cháos, from cháino - I open up, spew out), in ancient Greek mythology, the boundless primordial mass from which everything that exists was subsequently formed. IN figuratively- disorder, confusion.

Physicists, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, engineers, etc. are interested in chaos. These researchers specialize in systems that exhibit turbulence, are difficult to describe and are random in nature, i.e., they deal with disorder. However, there are some skeptics here. Some mathematicians say that theoretical methods for studying chaos are not rigorous, rely on unreliable models and threaten traditional ways of testing solutions. Nevertheless, chaos theory has won followers and has its defenders in every major university or research center. This theory offers an approach to studying systems that defy description traditional methods. For many scientists theory Chaos is another way to solve very difficult problems that requires fresh ideas.

Since the time of Newton, scientists have sought to explain the behavior of a complex system using linear (simple direct relationship) equations that establish direct proportionality between a quantity given at the input of the system and a quantity obtained at the output of the system. If you know all the variables, they believe, and have a computer powerful enough to take into account all the uncertainties, then you can model (that is, describe in mathematical terms) any system, no matter how complex it may be. An example would be long-range weather forecasting. Meteorologists were among those who thought new supercomputers would make long-term weather predictions completely reliable, but that hasn't happened. Working on computer weather models, a meteorologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Eduard Lorenz showed that patterns of chaotic systems clearly depend on initial conditions and minute but unpredictable variables - in other words, weather is inherently chaotic.

In any chaotic system—from the rushing flow of a mountain river to the average annual population of locusts in the American Midwest—a slight disturbance in the balance can lead to a colossal change. “A very small disturbance at any one time can cause a system to evolve in a very different way than it would without the disturbance,” says Lorenz. Among scientists it is common to call this phenomenon the butterfly effect. Lorenz came up with the name when, in a lecture he gave in 1970, he posed the intriguing question of whether the slight fluttering of a butterfly's wings deep in the Amazon jungle could trigger a devastating tornado in Texas.

The Law of Truth in Chaos:

“Any chaotic (Brownian) motion leads to the formation of meaningful pairs. Couples tend to bond. Or, as the process progresses, it becomes meaningful and orderly. Chaos is far away (myriads and dimyads of light years), but we know its law. So we are from there, or were there.”

These words contain the meaning of the most important problem – the Problem of Choice.

Entropy increase

Entropy (Greek en - into, inside, trope - rotation, transformation) is one of the quantities characterizing the thermal state of a body or system of bodies; a measure of the internal disorder of the system; for all processes occurring in a closed system, entropy either increases (irreversible processes) or remains constant (reversible processes).

The central concept of thermodynamics is entropy S. Entropy is a function of state, the differential of which is equal to the reduced heat dS = dQ/T, where Q is the amount of heat, T is temperature. Entropy has long been considered the shadow of the “queen energy” W, its mysterious twin. Their behavior in a closed system is different. Energy in a closed system is neither created nor destroyed. It is saved and cannot serve as an indicator of changes in the system (W = const). Entropy is constantly created in any process of transition to equilibrium. The behavior of entropy is determined by the second law of thermodynamics or the law of increasing entropy.

The growth of entropy is not unlimited. Its value in equilibrium is maximum. The second law of thermodynamics is the law and principle of selection that limits the physically realizable states that can be observed or “prepared.” The law prohibits the creation of a “perpetual motion machine of the 2nd kind.”

The famous second law (law) of thermodynamics, as formulated by the German physicist R. Clausius, sounds like this: “Heat does not spontaneously transfer from a cold body to a hotter one.” The law of conservation and transformation of energy (the first law of thermodynamics), in principle, does not prohibit such a transition, as long as the amount of energy is maintained in the same volume.

But in reality this never happens. This one-sidedness, unidirectionality of energy redistribution in closed systems is emphasized by the second law of thermodynamics. To reflect this process, a new concept of “entropy” was introduced into thermodynamics. Entropy was used to reduce the degree of disorder of a system. A more precise formulation of the second law of thermodynamics took the following form: during spontaneous processes in systems with constant energy, entropy always increases. The physical meaning of the increase in entropy comes down to the fact that an isolated (with constant energy) the system tends to transition to a state with the least orderliness of particle motion. This is the simplest state of the system, or thermodynamic equilibrium, in which the movement of particles is chaotic. Maximum entropy means complete thermodynamic equilibrium, which is equivalent to chaos.

However, based on Prigogine's theory of change, entropy is not simply a non-stop sliding of a system towards a state devoid of any organization. Under certain conditions, entropy

becomes the progenitor of order.

*The macroscopic state of a particular thermodynamic system consisting of a finite set of elements (atoms, molecules) is traditionally characterized using the Boltzmann entropy (E), which statistically expresses the second law of thermodynamics and has the form:

where: is Boltzmann’s constant, and W is the thermodynamic probability, which is the number of possible microstates of the system through which a given macrostate can be realized.

Conclusion

The law of increasing entropy is applicable only to a sufficiently large collection of particles, and for individual molecules it is simply impossible to formulate it.

Questions related to entropy in complex systems and the law of increasing entropy, make it possible to objectively perceive the processes occurring in nature and determine the possibilities of intervention in these processes.

The law of increasing entropy is part of the second law of thermodynamics, which usually refers to the experimentally obtained statement about the impossibility of constructing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind.

Bibliography

1. F.Yu. Siegel. The inexhaustibility of infinity. Moscow, "Science", 1984

2. P. Atkins. Order and disorder in nature. Translation from English by Yu.G. Rudogo. Moscow, "Mir", 1987

3. D. Leiser. Creating a picture of the Universe. Translation from English by S.A. Lamzina. Moscow, "Mir", 1988

4. J. Narlikar. Furious Universe. Translation from English by S.V. Budnik. Moscow, "Mir", 1985

Element, subsystem, connection, state. behavior, stability, purpose

Another way is to present not the entire object, phenomenon, or process under study as a system, but only its individual sides, aspects, facets, sections, which are considered essential for the problem under study. In this case, each system in the same object expresses only a certain facet of its essence. For example, a single object, the state, has many different facets that make up military system, political, economic, educational, scientific, cultural, etc.

Thus, when structuring a complex object for the purpose of its analysis, it is possible to identify subsystems or elements in it, both by dividing it into parts and by highlighting its various faces or aspects.

Famous one more way highlighting systems in a complex object without dismembering it into parts. The faces there are significant processes occurring in a complex object, therefore those subsystems that take part in these processes are considered. For example, processes of change in the level of organization, processes of evolution can be distinguished.

As various versions of systems theories and systematic approach In general, the role of establishing strict definitions of system concepts is increasing. Let us consider at a qualitative level the basic concepts that characterize the structure and functioning of systems.

Element. An element is usually understood as the simplest indivisible part of a system. An element is the limit of division of a system from the point of view of solving a specific problem and goal.

Subsystem. Subsystems are components larger than elements and at the same time more detailed than the system as a whole. The possibility of division into subsystems is associated with the isolation of sets of interconnected elements capable of performing relatively independent functions, subgoals aimed at achieving the overall goal of the system.

External environment. The external environment refers to many elements that are not part of the system, but a change in their state causes a change in the behavior of the system. The immediate environment of the system, in interaction with which the system forms and manifests its properties.

Connection. General definition. Within the system and between systems, an important role is played by connections that connect elements to each other into a system. It is assumed that connections exist between all system elements, between subsystems and systems. In particular, elements (subsystems) are considered interconnected if changes in what is happening in one of the elements can be used to judge changes occurring in other elements.

More technological definition. Communication is the exchange between elements of matter, energy, and information that is important for the purposes of consideration. A single act of communication is impact. Denoting all effects of an element M 1 per element M 2 through x 12,a element M 2 on M 1 - through x 21, you can depict the connection graphically (Fig. 1.).

This group of laws also characterizes the interaction of the system with its environment - with the environment (significant or essential for the system), the supersystem, and subordinate systems.

Communication skills.

This pattern forms the basis for the definition of a system, where the system is not isolated from other systems, it is connected by many communications with the environment, which, in turn, is a complex and heterogeneous formation containing a supersystem (metasystem - a system of more high order, which specifies the requirements and limitations of the system under study), subsystems (lower-lying, subordinate systems), and systems of the same level as the one under consideration.

Such a complex unity with the environment is called the pattern of communication, which, in turn, easily helps to move to hierarchy as a pattern of constructing the entire world and any system isolated from it.

Hierarchy.

The laws of hierarchy or hierarchical order were among the first laws of systems theory that were identified and studied by L. von. Bertalanffy.

It is necessary to take into account not only the external structural side of the hierarchy, but also the functional relationships between levels. For example, in biological organizations a higher hierarchical level has a directing influence on the lower level, subordinate to it, and this influence is manifested in the fact that the subordinate members of the hierarchy acquire new properties that they did not have in an isolated state (confirmation of the position about the influence of the whole on the elements given above), and in As a result of the appearance of these new properties, a new, different “look of the whole” is formed (the influence of the properties of the elements on the whole). The new whole that arises in this way acquires the ability to perform new functions, which is the purpose of the formation of hierarchies.

Let us highlight the main features of hierarchical ordering from the point of view of the usefulness of their use as models of system analysis:

1. Due to the pattern of communication, which manifests itself not only between the selected system and its environment, but also between the levels of the hierarchy of the system under study, each level of hierarchical ordering has complex relationships with the higher and lower levels. According to the metaphorical formulation, each level of the hierarchy has the property of a “two-faced Janus”: the “face” directed towards the lower level has the character of an autonomous whole (system), and the “face” directed towards the node (top) of the higher level exhibits the properties of a dependent part (element of the higher system).

This specification of the pattern of hierarchy explains the ambiguity of the use in complex organizational systems of the concepts “system” and “subsystem”, “goal” and “means” (an element of each level of the hierarchical structure of goals acts as a goal in relation to the underlying ones and as a “subgoal”, and starting from some level, and as a “means” in relation to a higher goal), which is often observed in real conditions and leads to incorrect terminological disputes.

2. Key Feature hierarchical ordering as a pattern is that the pattern of integrity/emergence (i.e. qualitative changes in the properties of components is more high level in comparison with the combined components of the underlying) is manifested in it at each level of the hierarchy. In this case, the unification of elements in each node of the hierarchical structure leads not only to the appearance of new properties at the node and the loss of freedom for the combined components to manifest some of their properties, but also to the fact that each subordinate member of the hierarchy acquires new properties that were absent in its isolated state.