Perevo primitive concepts for measuring time (day, morning, day, noon, evening, night) Ancient people subconsciously suggested a regular change of season, the change of day and night, the movement of the Sun and the Moon on the heavenly severity. As time went. Methods for measuring time gradually improved. Long period People accounted for a calendar measurement of time, counting the number of past or coming days. Primitive devices for the countdown of time were a strap with nodules and a plate with scubons. Making a scuba daily, a person could count the number of past days; Unlocking every day in a nodule, it was possible to determine the number of the remaining days to any expected event.

Since ancient times, the change of day and night (day) served as a unit of measurement of relatively small time intervals. The position of the sun in the sky was used as a clockwise arrow, in which people defined the time in the daytime of the day. It is the movement of the Sun formed the basis of the sun's clock, which appeared about 5.5 thousand years ago. The principle of operation of the solar clock is based on the movement of the shade, discarded by a fixed landmark during the day.

Sunclock consists of a pointer, throwing out the shadow and playing the role of arrows, as well as a dial with divisions that are applied to it indicating the hours of day. Move the arrows-shadow reflecting the daily rotation of the Earth allows you to determine the time.


Sunclock - "Gnomon"

Sunclock - the simplest device for reference time, they are called an ancient Greek name - gnomon.

For hours, it was possible to determine the time up to an hour. Of course, it was possible to use such a clock only in a bright day of day. The first gnomones were complex architectural structures in the form of high obelisks covered by the semicircular stone pillars that were a guide to determine time. Then the sundial watches became more perfect, decreased in size, received a stroke scale. Even pocket sundials were known. Many of the first hours they served for a long time and true to a person, but new, more comfortable models appeared. The main disadvantage of the solar clock was absolute useless on a cloudy day or at night. Attempts to measure night time led to the creation of fiery hours.

Fiery (fire) clocks measured time by the amount of oil burned in the lamp, or wax in the candle. The prevalence of fiery hours was so great that the unit of time measurement was the candle. To the question: - "What time is it?" Followed the answer: - "Two candles"; What corresponded to about three o'clock in the night, since the whole night was divided into three candles. Such hours were cheap and comfortable, but inaccurate. It was during these years that the alarm clock was invented. Naturally he was fiery. The disadvantage of such hours was the unprofitability of their application during the daytime, and in addition, the accuracy of their testimony was low due to the different foaming speed of oil and wax in different lamps and candles.

Water clock - "Klepsidra"

Water clock came to replace the sun and fiery hours 2500 years ago. They were more accurate and perfect. These clock worked reliably and during the day and night. Their device was simple: a vessel with a hole in the bottom and division on the walls, on which you can follow the drop in the water level. The vessel was made, as a rule, made of metal, clay or glass, filled with water, which slowly, dropped, flowed, lowering the water level, and dividing on the vessel was determined which hour.

Water watches quickly became popular. They were used both in home everyday and in troops, government agencies, schools. They were at racetracks, stadiums and judicial institutions.

Water watches were called "Klepsidra", which in Greeting means "Inventer." It is the Klepsidra that we are obliged to appear the expression - "flow of time".

In the richest trading city of Egypt - Alexandria Klepsidra received the greatest development. It was in Alexandria that the world's first watch workshops were discovered who produced a variety of klepsiders. Clepsid workers were made by artisans, whose name was automatic water watches masters. Most Klepsode were a complex automatic device equipped with signaling mechanisms and a variety of moving figures that produced various movements at a certain hour. From that moment on, the interest in the water hour has increased since the clock began to carry an entertaining function. The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) developed the technical and cultural traditions of antiquity, and the automatic water clock served the decoration of many premises of the Imperial Palace in Constantinople.

Hourglass consists of two communicating vessels fixed in a wooden frame. Work hourglass Based on the crosspatch of precisely calibrated river sand from one vessel to another through a narrow hole, in one sand at the same time intervals, the principle of operation is identical to the water clock, but not water and sand is running from the vessel to the vessel.

The halves of the glass vessel had the shape of the bowl and were intended to measure minor time intervals. Such clocks could measure different intervals of time from 15 minutes to several hours, which depends on the tank of the vessels and the size of the hole between them. The lack of these hours is to turn the hourglass after driving the sand from the top vessel to the bottom.

Tower hours

Mechanical clock, on its device resembling modern, appeared in the 14th century.

These were huge heavy, which led the weight hijan, suspended on the rope to the leading shaft of the mechanism. The regulator of the course of these clock was the so-called spindle, which is a rocker with heavy loads mounted on a vertical axis and driven alternately to the right, then into the left rotation. The inertia of the cargo put the impact on the clock mechanism, slowing the rotation of its wheels. The accuracy of such watches with a spindle regulator was low, and the daily error exceeded 60 minutes.

For further improvement of hours, the discovery of the laws of the pendulum, made by Galileem, who came to mind the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating mechanical pendulum clocks. The real design of such hours appeared in 1658 due to the Talented Dutch inventor and the Huygens Christian scientist (1629-1695). He invented the balance sheet, which allowed to create pocket and wrist Watch. Moreover, the principled constructive scheme of which is almost unchanged in modern clock.

The first pocket watches appeared in 1500 after the invention of the clockwork spring by the well-known watchmaking of Nureberg by Peter gelane, but these first pocket watches had a spindle regulator and had low accuracy. Only after the invention of the balance, pocket watch from fashionable, expensive and useless toys turned into an accurate and functional object.

The seventeenth century was an age of the rapid development of watchmaking. Since the invention of the spiral springs-balancer, the twist pendulum in the wearable clock completely replaced the usual. After introducing the horizontal anchor descent, the accuracy of the wearable clock has increased significantly, which led to the need to add to the mechanism of a minute, and later the second arrow.

From the moment of appearance, pocket watches have become luxury, and their design sophisticated. The housings were made in the form of animals and various geometric figuresAnd to decorate the dial began to apply enamel. It was at that time that the pocket clock cloder was covered with glass for the first time.

The first science of time is astronomy. The results of observations in ancient observatory were used to manage agriculture and sending religious rites. However, with the development of the crafts, there was a need to measure short periods. Thus, humanity came to the invention of hours. The process was long, filled with the intense work of the best minds.

History History has many centuries, this is the oldest invention of humanity. From a stick to the ground, a stick to a ultra-slip chronometer - a way to hundreds of generations. If you draw up a rating of achievements of human civilization, then in the nomination "Great Inventions" the clock will be in second place after the wheel.

There was a time when people had enough calendar. But crafts appeared, there was a need to fix the duration of technological processes. The clock was required, the purpose of which is to measure the time intervals in short. For this, a person throughout the centuries used various physical processes. The structures that implement them are appropriate.

The history of the clock is divided into two large periods. The first is a few thousand years long, the second is less than one.

1. The history of the occurrence of watches, called the simplest. This category includes sunny, water, firing and sandy appliances. The period ends with the study of the mechanical clocks of the domain period. These were medieval chimes.

2. New story The watches starting with the invention of the pendulum and balance marked the beginning of the development of classical oscillatory chronometry. This period is so far

Sundial

The most ancient, reached us. Therefore, it is the history of the solar clock that opens the parade of the Great Inventions in the area of \u200b\u200bchronometry. Despite the seeming simplicity, they were distinguished by a wide variety of structures.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe seeming movement of the Sun during the day. The countdown is carried out on the shade, discarded by the axis. Their use is possible only on a sunny day. Ancient Egypt had favorable climatic conditions for this. The greatest spread on the shores of the Nile was the sundial, which had species of obelisk. They were installed at the entrance to the temples. Gnomon in the form of vertical obelisk and a scale applied on Earth, the ancient sundials looked like. The photo shown below demonstrates one of them. One of the Egyptian obelisks transported to Europe has been preserved to this day. Gnomon 34 meters high is currently towers on one of the squares in Rome.

Ordinary sundial has a significant disadvantage. They knew about him, but they put up for a long time. In different seasons, that is, in summer and winter, the duration of the hour was unequal. But in the period when agricultural building and craft relations dominated, there was no need for the time in the accurate measurement. Therefore, the sundial has existed safely until late Middle Ages.

More progressive designs came to the gnomon change. Advanced sundial, in which this flaw was eliminated, had a curvilinear scale scales. In addition to this improvement, various versions were used. So, in Europe, wall and window sundials were common.

Further improvement took place in 1431. It consisted in the orientation of the shadow arrow parallel to the earth's axis. Such an arrow was called half a view. Now the shadow, rotating around the semi-axis, moved evenly, turning in an hour by 15 °. Such a design allowed to make sufficiently accurate sundials for its time. The photo demonstrates one of the instruments preserved in China.

For proper installation, the design began to supply compass. There was an opportunity to use the clock everywhere. I managed to make even portable models. Since 1445, the sundial clock began to build in the form of a hollow hemisphere equipped with an arrow, the shadow from which fell on the inner surface.

Searches for alternative

Despite the fact that the sundials were comfortable and accurate, they had serious deficiencies of an objective nature. They completely depended on the weather, and their functioning was limited to part of the day concluded between the sunrise and the sunset. In search of an alternative, scientists have sought to find other ways to measure time segments. It was necessary that they were not related to the observation of the movement of stars and planets.

Searches led to the creation of artificial standards of time. For example, it was an interval required for flowing or combustion of a certain amount of substance.

Created on this basis the simplest clock passed long way The development and improvement of structures, thereby preparing the soil to create not only mechanical hours, but also devices of automation.

Klepsidra

In the water clock, the name "Klepsidra" was entrusted, so it was a delusion that I first invented them in Greece. In fact, it was not so. The most ancient, very primitive klepsider was found in the Temple of Amon in Feba and is kept in the Museum of Cairo.

When creating water clock, it is necessary to ensure a uniform decrease in the water level in the vessel during its expiration through the bottom calibrated hole. It was achieved by making a cone form vessel, narrowing closer to the bottom. It was possible to obtain a pattern that describes the flow rate of fluid depending on its level and the form of the container, it was possible only in the Middle Ages. Prior to that, the form of a vessel for water clock was chosen by experimentally. For example, Egyptian klepsides, which was mentioned above, gave a uniform decline in the level. Let with some error.

Since Klepsidra did not depend on the time of day and weather, it maximally responded to the requirements of a continuous time measurement. In addition, the need for further improvement of the device, adding various functions provided space for a fantasy flight to designers. So, Klepsidra of Arabic origin was works of art Combined with high functionality. They were equipped with additional hydraulic and pneumatic mechanisms: the sound signaling device, night lighting system.

Not many names of the creators of water clock has kept history. They were engaged not only in Europe, but also in China, in India. We have reached us about the Greek Mechanics named Kteisibi Alexandria, who lived 150 years before new era. In Klecksides, Kleisibi used gears, the theoretical developments of which were still performed by Aristotle.

Fire hours

This group appeared at the beginning of the 13th century. The first firing hours were thin candles up to 1 meter high with labels inflicted on them. Sometimes certain divisions have equipped with metal pins, which falling on the metal stand when waxing around them, published a distinct sound. Such devices served as a sample alarm.

With the advent of transparent glass, the fire watches are transformed into the lamp. A scale was applied on the wall, according to which the oil burns out, and the time was determined.

Such devices were the greatest distribution in China. Along with the lamps in this country, another variety of fire watches was common - the wick. It can be said that it was a dead-end branch.

Hourglass

When they appeared on the light, it is not exactly known. It is safe to argue that they could not appear earlier than the inventions of the glass.

Hourglass is two transparent glass flasks. Through the connecting neck, the contents are saturated from the upper flask in the lower. And in our time you can still celebrate hourglass. The photo depicts one of the models stylized under ancient.

Medieval masters in the manufacture of instruments decorated with an exquisite decor. They were used not only for measuring time segments, but also as an interior decoration. In the houses of many nobles and dignitaries could see the luxurious hourglass. The photo represents one of these models.

In Europe, the hourglass fell fairly late - in the late Middle Ages, but they were rapidly spread. Due to the simplicity, the possibility of using at any time they quickly became very popular.

One of the shortcomings of the hourglass is a rather short period of time measured without turning them. Cassettes made up of them did not fit. They slowed down the spread of such models of their low accuracy, as well as wear during long-term operation. This happened as follows. The calibrated hole in the diaphragm between the flasks was grieving, increasing in diameter, particles of sand - on the contrary, crushed, decreasing in size. The rate of expiration increased, time - decreased.

Mechanical clock: background appearance

The need for a more accurate measurement of segments of time with the development of production and social relations has steadily increased. The best minds worked on solving this problem.

The invention of the mechanical clock is an epochal event that occurred in the Middle Ages, because they are the most complex device created in those years. In turn, it served to the further development Science and technology.

The invention of the clock and their improvement required more perfect, accurate and high-performance technological equipment, new methods for calculating and designing. This was the beginning of a new era.

The creation of a mechanical clock has become possible with the invention of the spindle descent. This device converted the forward movement hanging on the rope of the weights into the oscillatory movement of the watch wheel. It is clearly traced continuity - after all, the complex models of Klepsode have already had a dial, and toothed transmission, and battle. It was only necessary to change moving force: Replace the water stream with a heavy girlfriend, with which it was easier to handle, and add a trigger and stroke control.

On this basis, mechanisms for tower hours were created. Quarants with a spindle regulator entered the use of about 1340 and became the pride of many cities and cathedrals.

The formation of classical oscillatory chronometry

The history of the clock has kept for the descendants the names of scientists and inventors who made it possible to create them. The theoretical base was the discovery that Galileo Galilee made, voicing the laws describing the pendulum oscillations. He is the author of the idea of \u200b\u200bmechanical pendulum clock.

Galilee's idea was realized in 1658 to a talented Dutch man Huygens Christian. He is the author of the invention of the balance sheet, which made it possible to create pocket, and then wrist watch. In 1674, Guigens developed an improved regulator by attaching the spiral spiral spiral springs to the wheel-flywheel.

Another iconic invention belongs to the hour master from Nuremberg named Peter Genlain. He invented the clockwork, and in 1500 it created a pocket watch based on it.

In parallel, changes occurred external view. At first there was enough one arrow. But since the clock has become very accurate, they demanded the corresponding indication. In 1680, a minute arrow was added, and the dial has gained the usual look. In the eighteenth century began to install the second arrow. Initially, the side, and later she became central.

In the seventeenth century, the creation of watches was translated into the category of art. Exquisitely decorated corps, decorated with the enamel of the dials, which by that time were covered with glass - all this turned mechanisms in the subject of luxury.

Work on improving and complication of devices continued continuously. The accuracy of the stroke increased. At the beginning of the eighteenth century began to use as a support for the balance and gear stones - ruby \u200b\u200band sapphires. This made it possible to reduce friction, improve accuracy and increase the reserve of the stroke. Interesting complications appeared - an eternal calendar, an automatic plant, a stroke stock indicator.

The invention was an impetus for the development of pendulum clocks, the invention was the invention of the English chamber of the clergy. At about 1676, he developed an anchor-anchor descent. This device was well suited to the pendulum clock that had a small amplitude of oscillations.

Quartz watch

Further improvement of instruments for measuring time occurred avalanche-like. The development of electronics and radio equipment has prepared the ground for the emergence of quartz watches. Their work is based on a piezoelectric effect. It was discovered in 1880, but quartz watches were manufactured only in 1937. From classic mechanical newly created quartz models differed by the striking accuracy. The era of watches electronic began. What is their feature?

Quartz watches have a mechanism consisting of an electronic unit and the so-called stepper electric motor. How it works? The engine, receiving a signal from the electronic unit, moves the arrows. Instead of the usual dial in quartz watch, a digital display can be used. We call them electronic. In the West - quartz with digital display. The essence does not change.

In fact, quartz watches are a mini-computer. Additional functions are very easily added: Stopwatch, Phase Pointer Moon, Calendar, Alarm Clock. The price of hours at the same time, in contrast to the mechanics, not so much. This makes them more affordable.

Quartz watches are very accurate. Their error is ± 15 seconds / month. Adjust the testimony of devices is enough twice a year.

Wall-mounted electronic hours

Digital indication and compactness - here distinctive feature This kind of mechanisms. Everywhere is used as integrated. They can be seen on the dashboard of the car, in a mobile phone, in the microwave and TV.

As an interior element, more often can be found more popular classical execution, that is, with the shooting indication.

Electronic wall clocks are organically fit into the High Tech Interior, Modern, Techno. They attract primarily their functionality.

By type of display, the electronic clock is liquid crystal and LED. The latter are more functional, as they have a backlight.

By type of power supply, electronic clock (wall and desktops) are divided into networks operating from the 220V network, and the batteries. More convenient devices of the second type, as they do not require the presence of a socket nearby.

Wall clock with cuckoo

The German masters began to produce them from the beginning of the eighteenth century. Traditionally, the wall clock with a cuckoo was made of wood. Richly decorated with carvings, made in the form of a house for birds, they were decoration of rich mansions.

At one time, inexpensive models were popular in the USSR and in the post-Soviet space. Long years Wall clock with a cuckoo brand "Mayak" produced the plant in the Russian city of Serdobsk. Girks in the form of fir bumps, decorated with an uncomplicated carving a house, paper fur of the sound mechanism - they were remembered by representatives of the older generation.

Now classic wall clock with cuckoo - rarity. It is connected with a high price of high-quality models. If you do not take into account the quartz crafts of Asian craftsmen made from plastic, fabulous cucks dug only in the houses of true connoisseurs of watch exotic. The accurate, complex mechanism, leather fur, exquisite carving on the case - all this requires a large volume of manual highly skilled labor. Only the most solid manufacturers can produce such models.

Clock-alarm clock

These are the most common "classes" in the interior.

The alarm clock is the first additional feature that was implemented in the clock. Patented in 1847 by the French Redder.

In the classic mechanical desktop alarm clock, the sound is made at the expense of shocks by the hammer in the metal plates. Electronic models are more melodic.

According to the execution, the alarms are divided into small-sized and large, desktop and road.

Desktop clock-alarm clocks are made with separate engines for and signal. They are given separately.

With the advent of quartz hours, the popularity of mechanical alarm clocks fell. There are several reasons for this. With a quartz mechanism, have a number of advantages over classical mechanical instruments: they are more accurate, they do not require a daily plant, they are easy to pick up the design of the room. In addition, they are light, not so afraid of strikes and falls.

The wrist mechanical clock with the alarm clock is usually called "signal". Such models produce a few firms. So, collectors know the model called "Presidential Cricket"

"Cricket" (by English Cricket) - Under this name, the Swiss company Vulcain produced a wrist watch with the alarm function. They are known by the fact that their owners were American presidents: Harry Truman, Richard Nixon and Lyndon Johnson.

HISTOR OF WATER FOR CHILDREN

Time is a complex philosophical category and at the same time physical quantityrequiring measurement. Man lives in time. Already with kindergarten The training and education program provides for the development of children orientation skills.

You can teach a child to use for hours as soon as he learned the bill. Assist in this layouts. You can combine the clock from cardboard with a routine of the day, placing all this for greater visibility on the sheet of Watman. You can organize classes with elements of the game using the riddles with drawings for this.

History at the age of 6-7 years is studied by thematic classes. Material to feed is necessary so as to cause interest in the topic. Children in an affordable form are familiar with the history of hours, their views in the past and present. Then consolidate the knowledge gained. This demonstrates the principle of operation of the simplest hours - solar, water and fire. These classes awaken in children interest in research, develop creative imagination and curiosity. They are raising careful attitude In time.

In school, in 5-7 classes, the history of the invention of the clock is studied. It is based on the knowledge gained by the child in the lessons of astronomy, history, geography, physics. Thus, the learned material is fixed. The clock, their invention and improvement are considered as part of the history of material culture, the achievement of which is aimed at meeting the needs of society. The subject of classes can be formulated as follows: "Inventions that have changed the history of mankind."

In high school classes, it is advisable to continue the study of the clock as an accessory in terms of fashion and aesthetics of the interior. It is important to introduce children with a watch etiquette, to tell about the basic principles of the selection one of the classes can be devoted to the time management.

The history of the invention of the clock clearly shows the continuity of generations, its study is an effective means of forming the worldview of a young man.

Cognitive leisure in the senior preparatory group

An abstract classes for children 5 - 7 years old "Journey to the past clock".


Author: Nikolaev Olga Ivanovna, Educator
Place of work: Madou CRR D / s №121 G. Kaliningrad
Description of the material: I present to your attention a summary of the training "Travel in the past clock", which is focused on the manifestation of the interest of children to the history of the clock, a cognitive dialogue with adults, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe importance of adults. This material The teachers of the senior and preparatory group of kindergarten, educators will be useful. additional education, primary school teachers.
The age of children is 5 - 7 years old.
Purpose: Formation of the presentation of children about clock, clock creation history.
Tasks: To acquaint with the history of hours, learning to establish causal relationships between the appointment and methods of consumption, to bring up respect for the work of people - inventor, creator, creator.
Material: pictures depicting different types of hours; hourly mechanism; Different hours: sand, mechanical, electronic, electric; Picture with the image of the sun's clock, Watman with a circle in the middle of the sheet; Plate with yellow paint (gouache); Wet rag (napkin) for each child.
Preparatory work: Consider different types of hours, memorizing the poem "Clock" V. Beresov, memorizing riddles.

Travel course:

Educator:Guys, today we go on a fascinating journey! Want to make a trip to the past? Then try to guess the riddle.
No legs, we enter
Mouth is not, but let's say:
When to sleep when you get up,
When you start working.
Children:Clock.
Educator: Today we go back in the past.
(Suitable to the first table, on which the picture is lying with a cock).


We will talk about the clock, and what have the rooster? Can anyone explain?
Guys, in ancient times, people learned the time on the "alive clock." These "watches" are very important in the courtyard, and take off to the fence, begin to scrape! Everywhere and were there always cocks? Is it possible to determine the exact time on the singing of the rooster?
Children:Not!
Educator: We conclude: although they used people "live clocks", they were very inaccurate and uncomfortable.
Come to the second table.
(On the table for each child, a wet rag, a plate with yellow paint (gouache), a big sheet of Watman, in the middle of which a circle is drawn).
Educator: Guys, let's go wounded in a plate with paint palm and fingers up apply it to our circle (shows how), then with a cloth with a palm.
What did we do? Of course, radiant sunshine!


Educator: If suddenly the cockerel sick or scraps, then the sun wake up people. Listen to an amazing story.
A long time ago, a person has noticed that the shadow that fell from the tree to the ground does not stand still, but runs after the sun. The sun has made a circle in the sky for the day, and the shadow of the circle sits too. I watched a man behind this miracle and that's what I came up with: I went to the land of the column, and around the pillar ranked a circle and shared a circle on 12 parts, each part - 1 hour.


The sun rose, and the shadow slowly from the pillar moved in a circle, measuring every hour. Here is the present invention! So a person invented the dial (circle). Such hours were very long in people in the service, although they worked only on sunny days!
Who invented the sun's clock?
Children:Human.
Educator: How can you call such a person?
Children:Creator, inventor.
Educator: And now, guys, come to another table.
(On the table illustration with the image of sand and water o'clock).



Listen to another story. Scipio Nazik, very smart resident ancient City Rome, watched how the water fell out of the jug. Drops fell cap ... Cap ... Cap ... Cap. Having come home, he drilled a little hole in the dunza of the vessel, poured into a water vessel, and began to follow as a drop behind the drop flowed water from the vessel. So there was an hour, the water level was lowered and he made a dash on the vessel, after an hour he did another one and continued to take dashes until the marks were 12, each of which was equal to one hour. Like this Ancient Rome Invented water clock.
But the hourglass, they, too, without arrows and something like water, only instead of water in them, and they need to turn over all the time.
- What do you think this watch was comfortable?
- No one uses water clock now, but the sandy can be found in the hospital, in laboratories in chemists, biologists.
Come to another table.
(On the table of images of different hours and the mechanism of the alarm clock in a disassembled form).



Educator: The time fled, new devices for measuring time appeared. Inventor - another smart man invented clock with arrows and dial. True, the clock was very large, the tree - the drum was wooden and the size of the whole log, and instead of the chain on the drum, a very thick rope was wrapped with heavy weights. The clock was so cumbersome that they were not placed at home, they were installed at high towers.
Then appeared in the houses of the "Soda" watch, they were hanging on the wall, under the clock there was a pendulum. The mechanism of such hours consisted of a variety of gears and springs. Such hours were mechanical.


Then a pocket watch appeared, they were very expensive, they could afford such hours only very rich and noble people, in shape they resembled an egg. We wore such clocks on the chain in your pocket, and started a special key.
The engine of such hours was an ordinary spring.
By that time, watch masters appeared - watchmakers. They began to invent the clock in the form of boxes, turrets, arbors, taught the watch to play music. One of the representatives of the watchmaker was the master - the inventor of Kulibin Ivan Petrovich.
Fizkultminutka.
Tiki-so, teaks, -
So the rods are knocking.
(The children tilt their head to the right and left in the ranks of the words).
Tuki, so, Tuki-So, -
So the wheels are knocking.
(Alternately right and left hand describes a circle in front of them).
Current currents, current currents, -
So-knocking the hammer.
(Depicting sheds hammer).
Tuki-current, Tuki-current, -
So knocks the heel.
(Knock the heels).
Educator:And now let's go to the same table.
(On the table is an image of electrical and electronic hours)
Educator: Life was not standing in place, people began to make more and more with their time, and the watches became a necessity for all people. The clock began to be constantly improving. An electronic and electric clock appeared, inside which the tiny electrical station - Battery. (Battery Demonstration).
There were hours that cannot be bought, but each of you can see them on the squares, the train station, on the streets.
- What do you think, more importantly: person or instruments?
On the pipe and on the wall,
And on the tower in the embroidery
Go, go smooth
From sunrise to sunrise.
This is what a difficult path passed hours so that we could see them as we see in our time. And such amazing transformations we owe a person - the Creator, Colder, inventor.
The time does not stand still, and, of course, with time new hours will appear.
- And now remember what time do you know?
- Why did the person invented the clock?
- Thanks for all for active work. So we traveled in time, in the past hours.

The first hours were ... Star. According to the observations of the movement of the moon and the sun in Mesopotamia and Egypt, about 4,000 years ago, methods of a six-month-old time reference system emerged.


A little later, the same system independently arose in mesoamerica - the cultural field of northern and South Americaextending from the center of modern Mexico to Belize. Guatemala, Salvador, Nicaragua and Northern Costa Rica.

All these ancient hours in which the "arrows" were rays of the sun or shadow, are now called sunny. Some scientists belong to the Sunchard Stone Construction Circles on Stonehenge Type, found in different parts World.

But megalithic civilizations (ancient, those that were making structures from large stones, without using a binder solution) did not leave after themselves written evidence of time accounting, because scientists have to build and prove very complex hypothesis of the time awareness as matter and the other of the clock.

Inventors of the solar clock are called Egyptians and Mezhdrachenians, or Mesopotamians. However, the first was considered the time: we divided the year for 12 months, day and night - at 12 o'clock, an hour - for 60 minutes, a minute - by 60 seconds - after all, in Mezhdrachye, or Mesopotamia, the kingdom of Babylonia.


This was done by Babylonian priests using a sundon. First, their tool was the simplest clock with a flat dial and a central rod discarding the shadow. But during the year the sun was sat down and stood in different ways, and the clock began to "lie".

Improved ancient sundial priest Berzor. The cloualty of the clock it produced in the form of a bowl, exactly repeating the visible shape of the sky. At the end of the needle, the Berz rod fastened the ball, whose shadow measured the clock. The path of the sun in the sky accurately reflected in the bowl, and at the edges of her priest so hestroo made a markup that at any time of the year his watch was shown right time. Only one flaw was from them: the clock was useless in cloudy weather and at night.

Beroz Watch served many centuries. They used Cicero, they were found on the ruins of Pompey.

The origin of the hourglass is still not clarified. They were preceded by Water Watches - Klepsidra and Fire Clock. The sandy, according to the American Institute (New York), could be invented in Alexandria in 150 BC. e.


Then their mark in history disappears and appears already in early Middle Ages. The first mention of the hourglass at this time is associated with a monk who served in Chartres Cathedral (France) using a sandy chronometer.

The frequency mention of the hourgings start from about the XIV century. Most of them - about the use of hours on ships, where to use or fire as time meters is simply impossible. The movement of the vessel does not affect the movement of sand between the two vessels, as does not affect the change in temperature, because the hourglass - in the sailors: flasks - showed more accurate time in any conditions.

There were many models of hourglass - huge and tiny who served for different economic needs: from the accomplishment of church service before measuring the time required for baking preparation.

The use of hourglass went on a decline after 1500, when the mechanical clock is actively used.

Information on this issue is contradictory. But most scientists are inclined to the fact that the first created mechanical watches in 725 N. e. Chinese masters Liang Linjan and and Sin, who lived in the rule of the Tang dynasty.


They used in the clock fluid anchor (trigger) mechanism. Their invention has improved Masters Zhang Sisun and SU Sun Empire Song (End X - the beginning of the XI century).

However, later in China, the technology fell into decay, but was mastered by the Arabs. Apparently, it is from them that the liquid (mercury) anchor mechanism became known to the Europeans, which from the XII century begin to install a tower clock with a water / mercury trigger.

The next hourly loads are loaded on chains: wheels leads in motion chain, and adjusts the spindle stroke and the Balancer folio in the form of a rocker with moving weights. The mechanism was very inaccurate.

In the XV century, devices are appearing with a spring stroke, which allows you to make a clock small and use not only on towers, but also in homes, wearing in your pocket and even on your hand.

There are no accurate data on the invention. Some sources call 1504 years and a resident of Nuremberg Peter Genlane. Others associate the appearance of wristwatches with the name of Bleza Pascal, which simply tied the pocket watch on the wrist using a thin rope.


The appearance of them is attributed to 1571, when the Graph Lester presented the Queen Elizabeth I bracelet with a clock. Since then, the wrist watch has become a women's accessory, and english men It went into the course of saying that it is better to wear a skirt than the clock on hand.

There is another date - 1790 year. It is believed that it was then that the Swiss firm "Jacques Drink and Lesho" released the first wrist watch.

It seems that everything is associated with a clock, some mysterious way is hidden not at time, not the story. This is true for electronic hours, for the invention of which several applicants are immediately.


The most likely seems "Bulgarian version". In 1944, Bulgarian Petr Dimitrov Petrov leaving for training in Germany, and in 1951 - in Toronto. A talented engineer becomes a member of NASA programs, and in 1969, using the knowledge of space technology, creates a filling for the first electronic clock "Pulsar".

The watch releases Hamilton Watch Company, and the authoritative watch expert Freyd calls their appearance "the most significant jerk forward from the time that in 1675 the wicket hour springs invented."