Vowel harmony or something that you cannot live without in the Turkish language. Equivalent to the verb “to be.” Vowel harmony (synharmonism) I. spelling of vowels in the root

Interpretation of vowel phonemes In ancient pagan times, the art of eloquence was considered magical and was one of the gifts of the immortal gods. Knowing the true names of things, according to the same views, it was possible to control the world. We would advise Lyricists to contact

The harmony, or use, of vowels occurs in a row.

The vowel row of the first syllable has an effect.

IN in a simple word There are vowels of only one row - either non-front ones:

paro- good, good
Colmo-three
kudo- house;

Or front:

Vele- village
kevkstems- ask
pidems- cook.

IN difficult words this pattern may not be observed:

who is ready- sixteen, from kemen ten + koto- six;
codegemen- sixty of koto six + kemen ten.

Vowel harmony is violated by the following circumstances:

1) soft consonants. If a soft consonant occurs in a word with non-front vowels, then it changes the row of the subsequent vowel to the front:

kudosonzolinek- we were at his house;

2) the behavior of the vowels a, i, s in non-first syllables. These sounds in this position do not obey vowel harmony:

or it can follow a front vowel: sir- acorn;
i, ы - behind front vowels: vanda- Tomorrow;

3) the phenomenon of morphonology. Some suffixes do not obey vowel harmony and have only one variant:

dative suffix -nen/nen: kudonen- home;
plural definite suffix -ne/ne: panartne- these shirts, Veletne- these villages.

In accordance with the harmony of vowels and the softness/hardness of consonants, most suffixes have two or more options.

For example:

Suffix innessiva -so/-se:
kudoso- in the house, velese- in the village;

Suffix absessive -vtomo/-vteme/-tomo/-teme/-theme:

kudovtomo - without a house
velevteme - without a village
saltomo - no salt
kedteme - without a hand
virezteme—without lamb;

Ablative suffix - -do/-de/-de/-to/-te/-te:

kudodo - about the house
welede - about the village
virezde - about the lamb
oshto - about the city
sexte - about autumn
levkste - about the child.
pronunciation of consonants and their combinations

Final voiced consonants are not devoiced:

after all(in, ed,) - water.

When inflecting words, deafening is possible:

valgoms-valk- come down, come down,
after all(v, et, t,) - water,
know(v, et, t, e) about water, water,

But: Virezde(v, ir, ezde) - about the lamb.

After sonorants, instead of s, s, z, z, zh, affricates c, c, dz, dz, j can be pronounced:

Monsieur(mon, ts,) - I myself,
Panjoms(pan j oms) - open,
inzey(in dz her) - raspberries,
yarsams(yartsams) - to eat, to eat.

However, preservation of these sounds also occurs:

(mon, s,), (in, z, hey).

Combinations (ts, t, s, ds, d, s,) in the middle and end of a word sound like affricates ts, ts,:

kansya(kan, ts,) - he brought,
drowning(tonavts,) - he taught.

Whistling may persist:

(kan, s,),
(tonavs,).

In combinations of noisy consonants, all components are the same in voicedness/voicelessness:

or everyone is deaf:

kijax- floor,
chaksh- pot,
koske- dry,
letke- wet;

or all voiced:

kedge- dishes,
lezdamo- help,
witch- on water.

At the junctions of words, stems and suffixes, suffixes, a number of changes in consonants occur in terms of voicedness/voicelessness.

1. A voiceless sound turns into a voiced sound:

a) in compound words:

the first word ends in a voiced word, the second begins with a voiceless word, which turns into a voiced word:

Weigelbe(vaig, el, b, e) - verst, kilometer from Weigel voice + ne end;
yeongdol(yondol) - lightning from yeon- dexterous, side + tol- fire;

b) at the junction of two words, if they are not separated by a pause during pronunciation:

ceran panhar(ts, oran, banar) - men's shirt,
Velen Teiter(v, el, en, d, eit, er,) - rural girl.

2. ringing sound becomes unvoiced (d-t, d, -t, z-s, z, -s, g-k, zh-sh) or falls out:

a) when conjugating a verb:

before the 1st person plural suffix. numbers -tano/tyano and before the suffix of the 2nd person plural. numbers -tado/chado

candoms candtano (kantano)
(carry) candtado (cantado)

paydems paydtyano (p, eit, ano)
(smile, laugh) paydtado (p, eit, ado)

kozoms koztano (kostano)
(cough) costado (costado)

kuzems kuztyano (kus, t, ano)
(to climb, to climb) kuztyado (kus, t, ado)

valgoms valgtano (valktano)
(go down) valgtado (valctado)

puzhoms puzhtano (pushtano)
(wither) puzhtado (pushtado)

Before the imperative suffix singular. numbers -t/t:

kandt (kant) - carry,
paydt (p, eit,) - laugh,
kozt (kost) - cough,
kuzt (kus, t,) - get up,
valgt (valk) - come down,
puzht (pasht) - fade;

b) when forming the plural:

tarad - branch,
taradt (taratt) - branches,

ked - hand,
kedt (k, et, t,) - hands,

body - spruce,
kuzt (bush) - spruce,

kezh - anger, rage
kezht (k, esht,) - plural.

c) when inflected, for example before the suffix -tomo/-teme/-teme:

taradtomo (tarattomo) - without a branch,
kedteme (k, et, t, em, e) - without a hand,
kuztomo (kustomo),
rivezteme (r, iv, es, t, em, e) - without a fox,
kezhteme (k, esht, em, e) - without anger.

There are cases when a suffix changes its sonority under the influence of the final sound of the stem:

suffix -do/-de/-de/-to/-te/-te:

Do/-de/-de is used after vowels and voiced consonants, except d, d,:

kudo - house,
kudodo - about home,

vele - village,
welede - about the village,

body - spruce,
kuzdo - about spruce,

virez - lamb,
virezde—about the lamb;

To/-te/-te follows the voiceless consonants, after d, d, which are then deafened (see examples above):

chaksh - pot,
chakshto - about the pot,

sex - autumn,
sexte - about autumn,

pix - rope,
pikste - about the rope;

suffix -ga/-ka:

Ga appears after voiced consonants, - ka - after voiceless consonants:

vir - forest,
virga - through the forest,

lei - river,
leyga - along the river,

san - lived,
sanga - along the vein,

kiyaks - floor,
kiyakka - on the floor,

lax - slit,
lakska - along the crack;

d) when forming new words using suffixes:

The transition of the final voiced consonant of the base to a voiceless one is conveyed in spelling:

ked - hand,
ketx - bracelet,

rhiznams - to worry,
risks - sadness,

vizdems - to be shy, ashamed,
visks - shame;

After the sonorant consonant of the base, the voiceless consonant of the suffix can be voiced or preserved:

molems - to go,
moltyano (mol, t, ano) or (mol, d, ano) - let's go,

vanoms - watch,
vantano (wantano) or (vandano) - look,

siems - to drink,
simtyano (s, imt, ano) or (s, imd, ano) - drink;

Final n, n, plural numbers are not pronounced before the suffix:

break(lomat, t,) - people,
narmunt(narmut, t,) - birds.

When whistling or whistling and hissing meet at the junction of a base and a suffix or two suffixes, the previous s, s, з, з, sometimes turn into й:

kos (koys,) - he coughed,
lazso (layse) - board,
lazsto (layste) - from the board,
laz (lays) - on the board,

piksse - rope,
pixste - made of rope.

Distact and contact assimilation

Complete and incomplete assimilation

Progressive and regressive assimilation

Consonantal and vocal assimilation

Consonantal assimilation– likening a consonant to a consonant, for example. in a word boat media [d] replaced by voiceless [T] - [tray].

Vocal assimilation– likening a vowel to a vowel, for example. instead of "It happens" it is often said in common parlance [happen].

Progressive assimilation– the preceding sound influences the subsequent one. In Russian language progressive assimilation is very rare, e.g. dialect pronunciation of the word "Vanka" How "Vankya". Progressive assimilation is often found in English. (cats, balls), French- subsister, German, bash. (at + lar = attar) and other languages.

Regressive assimilation– the subsequent sound affects the previous one. It is most typical for the Russian language: "boat [tray]", vodka [votka], “got up at three [fstal f three]”

In English "newspaper"[z] under the influence of [p] turns into [s], in fr. absolu[b] - in [p], German. Staub ends with [p], in bash. "kitep bara" (leaves) turns into “kitebbara”.

Example complete assimilation the word “assimilation” itself can serve . A similar example of assimilation is “agglutination” .

Rus. sew [shshhyt], highest [highest], eng. cupboard“cabinet”, “buffet” is pronounced ["kDbad]. German. Zimber turned into Zimmer"room", selbst"sam" is pronounced .

At incomplete assimilation the sound loses only part of its characteristics, for example, “where - where”, “sedes - here”, where consonants lose the sign of voicing.

Distant assimilation. One sound influences another at a distance, although they are separated from each other by other sounds.

Rus. hooligan - hooligan (colloquial), English. foot"leg" - feet"legs", goose"goose" - geese"geese". In Old English language fori(plural number from fot“leg”), “/"” changed the vowel of the root, and then disappeared. The same in it. language: Fuss"leg"- Fusse"legs", Gans"goose"- Game"geese".

At contact assimilation the interacting sounds are in direct contact.

Synharmonism (vowel harmony) – distactic progressive assimilation along the row and labialization. Vowels of suffixes and usually non-first syllables of a word are likened by row or by rounding (front vowels - front vowels, back vowels - back vowels), i.e. for example, a simple word can only contain vowels and, uh or just y, oh.

This phenomenon is characteristic, for example, of the languages ​​of the Turkic family of languages ​​(Turkish, Bashkir, Tatar, Uzbek and others), Finno-Ugric languages ​​(Hungarian, Finnish and others), as well as one of the most ancient languages ​​- Sumerian.

For example, ball(child) + ENT(plural ending) = Balalar. All vowels here

back row: vowel [a] in bash. language closer to the back row.

But for the word “keshe” (person), the ending will not be “lar”, but “ler” - kesheler.

Letter uh denotes the front vowel [ae].

More examples: Hung. levelemben"in my letter" Magyar orszagon"in Hungary",

koszonom“thank you” (synharmonism by labialization), Finn. talossa -"in the house", tour.

evlerinde"in their house." Traces of synharmonism are clearly visible in those borrowed from

Turkic languages ​​Russian words drum, chipmunk, pencil, cockroach and etc.

Synharmonism emphasizes the unity of the word, but leads to some phonetic monotony of the words.

● Dissimilation

This is the opposite of assimilation. Represents the dissimilarity of articulation of two identical or similar sounds.

February turned into February(cf. English) February, German Februar, fr./evrier), corridor - colidor(colloquially), fr. couroir - couloir(Russian couloir), camel - camel - examples of distant dissimilation.

Contact dissimilation is observed in words easily[lehko], boring[boring].

● Metathesis(gr. permutation) - mutual rearrangement of sounds or syllables within a word.

Word marmor(gr. dardaro;) passed into Russian. marble, table(German) Teller or Swedish talrik) - plate, dolon became palm, tvorushka - cheesecake, prison -

rigging, neuro(-pathologist) - nerve. English thridda - third (third), German Absolutely switched to English burn (burn), bridd- in bird (bird).

German Brennstein -Bernstein, French/ormaticu -fromage.

For example, USSR President Gorbachev always pronounced Arzebazhan instead of Azerbaijan - it was more convenient for him.

●Haplology(Greek "anxooq- simple) - simplification of a word due to dissimilation, in which the same or similar syllables are dropped.

For example, miner alologist iya - mineralogy, core nope syy - snub-nosed, bli zozor cue - myopic, tragi cook Ediya - tragicomedy, sti Pepe India - scholarship. But in the word itself gap lolo gia - haplology (*haplogy) No.

Eng. miners" rights instead of miners's rights(if the same sounding formants of the plural and the possessive case coincide, the last formant disappears).

report (no later than February 20) on the quantity of each imported (exported) precursor in forms in accordance with Appendices No. 5 and 6, respectively. Appendix No. 2 to the Rules for the submission of reports on activities related to the circulation of precursors of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (as amended by the resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 1, N). REPORT. on the quantity of each precursor included in Schedule I produced.

A report on the quantity of each produced precursor included in List I or List IV (underline as appropriate) of the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control in the Russian Federation.

Appendix No. 3 to the Rules. A report on the quantity of each sold precursor included in List I or Tables I and II of List IV (underline as appropriate) of the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control Appendix No. 4 to the Rules. Methyl methacrylate in dentistry. Organization of work, reporting.

Speaker: Mikhail Igorevich Lysov, Head of the orthopedic department of the Khanty-Mansiysk Institution of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. - presentation. (sealed). If it is impossible to store precursors indoors, they are stored in containers located in protected areas (tanks, reservoirs, barrels and other transport containers), which are sealed (sealed) after the end of the working day. 5 Report format: 6 Dura lex, sed lex.

Thank you for your attention! Download for free the presentation on the topic “Methyl methacrylate in dentistry. Organization of work, reporting. The form of the log is also provided for by these Rules (Appendix to the Rules for maintaining and storing special logs of transactions related to the circulation of precursors of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances). Head of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur appoints persons responsible for maintaining and storing journals (clause 5 of the Rules).

2. Report on precursors by February 20. Subject-quantitative records are kept on them. Frequent checks. 1. “INFORMATION ABOUT HEALTHCARE INSTITUTION” form 30 until January 10.

2. Report on precursors by February 20. Subject-quantitative records are kept on them. Frequent checks. Report on precursors to the drug control service in your region. Instructions for accounting for precursors narcotic substances, included in List IV (Tables II and III), which are contained in medical products, Note: Please especially note that this letter does not replace the need to consult primary sources, which are constantly changing.

3. In a report on precursors in dentistry, for example, veined fluorax, indicate the name of the drug and the number of bottles in ml? Yes, this information is required. 4. Honey. College, dentistry-orthopedics, are trained using precursors, they are not used for production purposes.

Is it necessary in this case to notify the Ministry of Internal Affairs and send them an annual report on income and expenses? Yes. need to do this. 6. Methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate are included in Table 3 of List 4 Precursors; in dentistry, is a license required to work with these drugs? Hello. Yes, you need permission.

Are you LLC? Materials with precursors in dentistry are a list (PKU) of which should be maintained in the form given in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated No. Precursors in dentistry. Accounting for precursors in dentistry can be kept in one journal, allocating the required number of sheets for each item, or in separate journals, if registered during the year a large number of operations.

In this case, an entry in the journal about the total quantity of dispensed, sold, purchased or used specified substances is made monthly and documentary confirmation of each expenditure transaction is not required. RULES FOR THE PRESENTATION OF REPORTS ON ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE TRAFFIC OF PRECURSORS OF NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES List of amending documents (as amended.

Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation from N, from N, from