Osip Emilievich Mandelstam was born January 3(15), 1891 in Warsaw in a merchant family. A year later the family settled in Pavlovsk, then in 1897 moves to live in St. Petersburg.

In 1907 He graduated from the Tenishev School in St. Petersburg, which gave him a solid knowledge of the humanities, from here his passion for poetry, music, and theater began (the director of the school, the symbolist poet Vl. Gippius, contributed to this interest). In 1907 Mandelstam leaves for Paris, listens to lectures at the Sorbonne, and meets N. Gumilyov. Interest in literature, history, and philosophy leads him to the University of Heidelberg, where he attends lectures throughout the year. Happens on visits to St. Petersburg. Since 1911 Mandelstam studied at St. Petersburg University, studying Old French language and literature. In 1909 met Vyacheslav Ivanov and Innokenty Annensky and entered the circle of poets close to the Apollo magazine, where his poems first appeared in print ( 1910 , № 9).

Poetry 1909-1911. imbued with a sense of the illusory nature of what is happening, the desire to escape into the world of pristine musical impressions (“Only read children’s books”, “Silentium”, etc.); they were influenced by the Symbolists, mainly French. In 1912 Mandelstam comes to Acmeism. For the poems of this period included in the collection “Stone” ( 1913 ; second updated edition, 1916 ), are characterized by acceptance of the external reality of the world, saturation with material details, and a craving for strictly verified “architectural” forms (“Hagia Sophia”). The poet draws inspiration from images of world culture, enriched with literary and historical associations (“Dombey and Son”, “Europe”, “I have not heard the stories of Ossian”, etc.). Mandelstam is inherent in the idea of ​​the high significance of the artist’s personality and worldview, for whom poetry “is the consciousness of his own rightness” (article “About the interlocutor”).

Since 1916 Beginning with the anti-militaristic poem “The Menagerie,” Mandelstam’s poetry takes on a more lyrical character and responds more vividly to modern reality. The verse, becoming more complex, acquires side associative moves, which makes it difficult to understand. In 1918-1921. Mandelstam worked in cultural and educational institutions and visited Crimea and Georgia. In 1922 he moves to Moscow. During the intensified struggle of literary groups, Mandelstam maintains an independent position; this leads to the isolation of Mandelstam's name in literature. Poetry 1921-1925 are few in number and marked by a keen consciousness of “resignation”. The autobiographical stories “The Noise of Time” date back to this time ( 1925 ) and the story “Egyptian Brand” ( 1928 ) – about the spiritual crisis of an intellectual who lived on “cultural rent” before the revolution.

1920s were for Mandelstam a time of intense and varied literary work. New poetry collections have been released: “Tristia” ( 1922 ), "Second Book" ( 1923 ), "Poems" ( 1928 ). He continued to publish articles on literature - the collection “On Poetry” ( 1928 ). Several books for children were also published: “Two Trams”, “Primus” ( 1925 ), "Balls" ( 1926 ). Mandelstam devotes a lot of time to translation work. Fluent in French, German and English language, he undertook (often for the purpose of earning money) to translate the prose of contemporary foreign writers. He treated poetic translations with special care, demonstrating high skill. In the 1930s When open persecution of the poet began, and it became increasingly difficult to publish, translation remained the outlet where the poet could save himself. During these years he translated dozens of books. The last work published during Mandelstam’s lifetime was the prose “Journey to Armenia” (“Star”, 1933 , № 5).

Autumn 1933 writes the poem “We live without feeling the country beneath us...”, for which in May 1934 was arrested. Only Bukharin’s defense commuted the sentence - he was sent to Cherdyn-on-Kama, where he stayed for two weeks, fell ill, and was hospitalized. He was sent to Voronezh, where he worked in newspapers and magazines, and on the radio. After the end of his exile, he returns to Moscow, but is forbidden to live here. Lives in Kalinin. Having received a ticket to a sanatorium, he and his wife left for Samatikha, where he was again arrested. Sentence: 5 years in camps for counter-revolutionary activities. The stage was sent to Far East. In the transit camp on the Second River (now within the boundaries of Vladivostok) December 27, 1938 of the year Osip Mandelstam died in a hospital barracks in the camp.

Mandelstam's verse, outwardly traditional (in meter, rhyme), is distinguished by its semantic complexity and is based on a large philological culture. The subject part of words is often replaced by an associative part, which has roots in the historical life of the word.

The convergence of words with different meanings and elevated intonation traditionally go back to the high, “odic” style, originating from M.V. Lomonosov. In 1933 The book “Conversation about Dante” was written, in which Mandelstam’s views on poetry are most fully outlined.

Among the many amazing stories of great compatriots, the biography of Osip Mandelstam, although not particularly rich, is still remembered due to its tragedy. During his short life, he witnessed two revolutions, which affected not only his worldview, but also his poems. In addition to them, Osip Mandelstam's work includes prose, numerous essays, essays, translations and literary criticism.

Childhood

Osip Emilievich Mandelstam, a Jew by origin, was born in January 1891 in the capital of Poland, which at that time was assigned to Russia. Almost immediately after the birth of their son, the family moved to St. Petersburg. Emilius Veniaminovich, the boy’s father, earned his living by making gloves, and was also a member of the first guild as a merchant, thanks to which he occupied a good position in society. And his mother, Flora Verblovskaya, studied music, a love for which the younger Mandelstam inherited from her. From 1900 to 1907, Osip Emilievich studied at the prestigious Tenishev School, where Nabokov once received his education. After graduation, the parents send their son to Paris, and later to Germany (thanks to their financial security). At the Sorbonne, he attends many lectures, gets acquainted with French poetry and meets his future friend, Nikolai Gumilyov.

Homecoming

Unfortunately, the Mandelstam family went bankrupt by 1911, and Osip returned to St. Petersburg. In the same year, he was enrolled in the Faculty of History and Philology at St. Petersburg University, but he never managed to complete his studies due to frivolity, and in 1917 he was expelled. During this period, his political sympathies were given to the left Socialist Revolutionaries and Social Democrats. He also actively preaches Marxism. The work of Osip Mandelstam was formed during the French period of his life, and his first poems were published in 1910 in the Apollo magazine.

"Workshop of Poets"

It is so accepted that poets always need like-minded people and belonging to a certain movement. The group “Workshop of Poets” consisted of such famous personalities as Gumilyov, Akhmatova, and, of course, Mandelstam often attended the meetings. Osip Emilievich in his early years gravitated towards symbolism, but later became a follower of Acmeism, like his closest friends from the club. The grain of this trend is clear, distinct images and realism. Thus, in 1913, Mandelstam’s first collection of poems, entitled “Stone,” absorbed precisely the spirit of Acmeism. In those same years, he spoke publicly, visited Stray Dog, and also met Blok, Tsvetaeva and Livshits.

Years of wandering

The biography of Osip Mandelstam during this period is very stormy. When does the first one begin? World War, due to health problems, the poet does not go to the front. But the revolution of 1917 was very clearly reflected in his lyrics. His ideological and political views change again, now in favor of the Bolsheviks. He writes many poems directed against the king and the army. During this period, he gained increasing fame and success, actively traveled around the country and was published in many publications. Unknown reasons prompted him to move to Kyiv, where Osip Khazina’s future wife lived at that moment. Before his marriage in 1922, he managed to live for some time in Crimea, where he was arrested on suspicion of Bolshevik intelligence. A year after his release, fate sends him to Georgia. However, an unpleasant surprise awaits the poet there too. He is again put behind bars, but thanks to the efforts of local colleagues, he manages to quickly be freed.

Immediately after serving his sentence in Georgia, the biography of Osip Mandelstam again returns him to his native Petrograd. His attitude towards the revolution is reflected in the next collection of poems called Tristia, which was published in 1922 in Berlin. Then he binds himself with sacred bonds with Nadezhda Yakovlevna. A sweet tragedy reigns in the works of that time, accompanied by a longing for parting with values, people and places. After this, the poet Osip Mandelstam goes into a deep and protracted poetic crisis, initially delighting his admirers only with rare poems in which he expresses sorrow over the death of the old culture. And in the five-year period (from 1925 to 1930) he wrote nothing at all other than prose. In order to somehow survive in harsh conditions, he is engaged in translations. The third and final collection, simply titled “Poems,” was published in 1928. In this he is greatly assisted by Bukharin, who occupies far from the last place in the Kremlin. However, supporters of Stalin, who is actively gaining strength, are looking for any excuse to frame the poet.

last years of life

The biography of Osip Mandelstam in the 30s takes him and his wife to the Caucasus, which also did not happen without the help and troubles of Bukharin. This is more likely to be a reason to hide from persecution than a vacation. Trips help Osip Emilievich regain interest in poetry, which results in a collection of essays, “A Trip to Armenia,” which, however, was rejected by ideology. After 3 years, the poet returns home. His views are again undergoing changes, and disappointment in the previously revered communism completely obscures his mind. From his pen comes the scandalous epigram “The Kremlin Highlander,” which he reads to a curious public. Among these people there is an informer who is in a hurry to report to Stalin. In 1934, Osip faced another arrest and exile to the Perm region, where he was accompanied by his faithful wife. There he tries to commit suicide, but the attempt ends in failure. After this, the spouses are sent to Voronezh. It was there that the best and latest poems with the signature “Osip Mandelstam,” whose biography and work ended in 1938.

Death

In 1937, the poet and his wife returned to Moscow. However, a year later he was arrested again in Samatikha. He is sentenced to five years in correctional camps. Unfortunately, he falls ill with typhus while working somewhere near Vladivostok, as a result of which he dies. Most of his poems have survived to this day thanks to the efforts of his wife. During travels and exile, she hid her husband's works or memorized them by heart. Mandelstam was buried in mass grave.

Osip Emilievich (Iosif Khatskelevich) Mandelstam is a poet and essayist of Jewish nationality who lived in Russia and the USSR. Born January 3 (15), 1891, died presumably December 27, 1938. [ Brief information about him, see the articles Osip Mandelstam - a short biography, Mandelstam's work - briefly.]

Mandelstam was born in Warsaw (which then belonged to Russian Empire) in a wealthy family of Polish Jews. His father was a glover; mother, musician Flora Verblovskaya, was related to the famous literary critic S. Vengerov. Soon after the birth of their son, the family moved to St. Petersburg. In 1900, young Osip entered the prestigious Tenishev School there.

Osip Mandelstam. Life and art

In October 1907, taking advantage of the rich funds of his parents, Osip went abroad, where he spent several years, traveled to a number of European countries, studied at the Sorbonne in Paris and at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. When his family's financial situation worsened in 1911, Mandelstam returned to Russia and continued his education at the Romano-Germanic department of the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. At this time he converted from the Jewish religion to Methodism(one of the Protestant confessions) - they say that in order to get rid of the “percentage norm” for admission to the university. In St. Petersburg, Osip studied very unevenly and did not complete the course.

During the revolution of 1905-1907, Mandelstam sympathized with the extreme left parties - the Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries, and was fond of Marxism. After a stay abroad (where he listened to lectures by A. Bergson and fell in love with poetry Verlaine, Baudelaire and Villon) he changed his worldview, became interested in idealistic aesthetics and at one time attended meetings of the Religious and Philosophical Society in St. Petersburg. In poetry, Osip Mandelstam initially gravitated toward symbolism, but in 1911 he and several other young Russian authors(Nikolai Gumilyov, Sergey Gorodetsky etc.) created the group “Workshop of Poets” and founded a new artistic movement - Acmeism. Their theories were the opposite of the Symbolists. Instead of foggy vagueness and mysterious mysticism, the Acmeists called for giving poetry, distinctness, clarity, and filling it with realistic images. Mandelstam wrote a manifesto for the new movement (“Morning of Acmeism,” 1913, published in 1919). In 1913 he published his first collection of poetry, “Stone,” whose “tangible” title was in keeping with Acmeist principles.

According to some reports, Mandelstam had love affair with Anna Akhmatova, although she insisted all her life that there was nothing between them except close friendship. In 1910, he was secretly and unreciprocated in love with a Georgian princess and socialite St. Petersburg to Salome Andronikov, to whom he dedicated the poem “Straw” (1916). From January to June 1916, the poet had a short relationship with Marina Tsvetaeva.

During First World War Mandelstam was not mobilized into the army due to “cardiac asthenia.” During these years he wrote “anti-militarist” poems (“ Palace Square", "The Hellenes were going to war...", "The Menagerie"), placing the blame for the bloodshed on all powers, but especially on the Russian Tsar.

Osip Emilievich Mandelstam is a 20th-century Russian poet, essayist, translator and literary critic. The poet’s influence on contemporary poetry and the work of subsequent generations is multifaceted; literary scholars regularly organize round tables on this subject. Osip Emilievich himself spoke about his relationship with the literature around him, admitting that he is “floating on modern Russian poetry.”

Creativity and biography of Mandelstam as a representative Silver Age studied in schools and universities. Knowledge of a poet’s poems is considered a sign of a person’s culture on a par with knowledge of creativity or.

In Warsaw, on January 3, 1891, a boy was born into a Jewish family. He was named Joseph, but later he changed his name to “Osip”. Father Emil Mandelstam was a master glovemaker and a merchant of the first guild. This gave him the advantage of living outside the Pale. Mother Flora Ovseevna was a musician. She had a great influence on her son. In adulthood, Mandelstam will perceive the art of poetry as akin to music.

After 6 years, the family leaves Warsaw for St. Petersburg. Osip entered the Tenishev School and studied there from 1900 to 1907. This school is called the “forge of cultural personnel” of the early 20th century.


In 1908, Osip went to Paris to study at the Sorbonne. There he spends two years. Mandelstam meets and becomes passionately interested in French poetry and epic. He reads out, and. And in between trips to Paris, he attends poetry lectures by Vyacheslav Ivanov in St. Petersburg, learning the wisdom of versification.

During this period, Mandelstam writes a touching short poem “Tenderer than Tender,” dedicated to. This work is significant for the poet’s work as one of the few representatives love lyrics. The poet rarely wrote about love; Mandelstam himself complained about “love dumbness” in his work.

In 1911, Emil Mandelstam suffered financial difficulties, so Osip could no longer study in Europe. To enter the University of St. Petersburg, he is baptized by a Protestant pastor. From this year until 1917, his studies continued intermittently at the Romano-Germanic department of the Faculty of History and Philology. He doesn't study too hard and never receives a diploma.


He often visits Gumilyov’s house and gets acquainted with. Subsequently, he considers friendship with them one of the greatest successes in life. Begins publishing in the magazine "Apollo" back in 1910 and continues in the magazines "Hyperborea" and "New Satyricon".

In 1912 he recognizes Blok and shows sympathy for the Acmeists, joining their group. Becomes a participant in the meetings of the "Workshop of Poets".

In 1915, Mandelstam wrote one of his most famous poems, “Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails."

Literature

Osip Mandelstam's debut book was called "Stone" and was republished in 1913, 1916 and 1923 with different content. At this time, he leads a stormy poetic life, being at its epicenter. One could often hear Osip Mandelstam reading his poems in the literary and artistic cabaret “Stray Dog”. The period of "Stone" is characterized by a choice of serious, heavy, "severe-Tyutchev" themes, but ease of presentation, reminiscent of Verlaine.


After the revolution, the poet gained popularity, he actively published, collaborated with the newspaper "Narkompros" and traveled around the country, speaking with poetry. During civil war he had a chance to escape with the White Guards to Turkey, but chose to remain in Soviet Russia.

At this time, Mandelstam wrote the poems “Telephone”, “Twilight of Freedom”, “Because I could not hold your hands...” and others.

The mournful elegies in his second book, Tristia, in 1922, are the fruit of the unrest caused by the revolution and the First World War. The face of the poetics of the Tristian period is fragmentary and paradoxical, it is the poetics of associations.

In 1923, Mandelstam wrote a prose work, “The Noise of Time.”


In the period from 1924 to 1926, Mandelstam wrote poems for children: the “Primus” cycle, the poem “Two Trams Klik and Tram”, the book of poems “Balls”, which included the poems “Galosh”, “Royal”, “Automobile” and others.

From 1925 to 1930, Mandelstam took a poetic break. He makes his living mainly by translations. Writes prose. During this period, Mandelstam created the story “The Egyptian Brand”.

In 1928, the poet’s last collection, “Poems,” and a collection of articles, “On Poetry,” were published.

In 1930, he traveled around the Caucasus, where the poet went on a business trip at the request of Nikolai Bukharin, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In Erivan he meets the scientist Boris Kuzin, who had a great influence on the poet. And, although Mandelstam almost never published anywhere, he wrote a lot during these years. His article “Travel to Armenia” is published.


Upon returning home, the poet writes the poem “Leningrad,” which Mandelstam begins with the now famous line “I returned to my city, familiar to tears,” and in which he declares his love for his native city.

In the 30s, the third period of Mandelstam’s poetics began, in which the art of metaphorical cipher predominated.

Personal life

In 1919, in Kyiv, Osip Mandelstam falls in love with Nadezhda Yakovlevna Khazina. She was born in 1899 in Saratov into a Jewish family that converted to Orthodoxy. At the time of her meeting with Mandelstam, Nadezhda had an excellent education. They met at the H.L.A.M cafe. Everyone spoke of them as clearly a couple in love. The writer Deitch writes in his memoirs how Nadezhda walked with a bouquet of water lilies next to Osip.


Together with Mandelstam, Khazina wanders around Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia during the civil war. In 1922 they get married.

She does not leave him even during the years of persecution, following him into exile.

Arrests and death

In 1933, according to Mandelstam, he actually committed suicide by reading an anti-Stalin work in public. After the poet witnessed the Crimean famine, Mandelstam wrote the poem “We live without feeling the country beneath us,” which listeners nicknamed “Epigram on Stalin.” Out of a dozen and a half people, there were those who denounced the poet.


The poem “For explosive valor centuries to come...", in which Mandelstam described tragic fate poet.

On the night of May 14, 1934, he was arrested and subsequently exiled to Cherdyn Perm region. There, despite the support of his wife, he makes a real suicide attempt, throwing himself out of the window. Nadezhda Mandelstam is looking for ways to save her husband and writes to all authorities, friends and acquaintances. They are allowed to move to Voronezh. There they live in complete poverty until 1937. After the exile ends, they return to Moscow.


Meanwhile, the “Mandelshtam issue” is not yet closed. The poet's poems, which "well-wishers" called obscene and slanderous, are being discussed at the level of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs and the Writers' Union. The clouds were gathering, and in 1938 Mandelstam was arrested again and sent to the Far East.

On December 27, 1938, the poet passed away. He died of typhus and, along with other unfortunates, was buried in a mass grave. Mandelstam's burial place is unknown.

  1. "First recognition by readers"
  2. "Very sharp essay"

O sip Mandelstam began writing poetry back in school years. He studied literary history, translated European classics, and published research articles and prose. The poet was repressed twice for one of his poems. Osip Mandelstam did not survive his last exile - to the Far East.

"First recognition by readers"

Osip Mandelstam was born in 1891 in Warsaw. His father, Emilius Mandelstam, was a merchant of the first guild, engaged in the production of gloves. He studied on his own German, was fond of German literature and philosophy, lived in Berlin in his youth. Mother - Flora Verblovskaya - studied music.

In 1897 the family moved to St. Petersburg. Parents wanted to give their children a good education and introduce them to cultural life Northern capital, so the Mandelstams lived between St. Petersburg and Pavlovsk. The governesses worked with the eldest son Osip, he and early childhood studied foreign languages.

“According to my understanding, all these French and Swiss girls fell into childhood from songs, copybooks, anthologies and conjugations. In the center of the worldview, dislocated by textbooks, stood the figure of the great Emperor Napoleon and the War of the Twelfth Year, then followed Joan of Arc (one Swiss woman, however, was a Calvinist), and no matter how much I tried, being inquisitive, to find out from them about France, nothing succeeded, except that she was beautiful.”

In 1900–1907, Osip Mandelstam studied at the Tenishevsky Commercial School - one of the best capital schools. Used here the latest techniques teaching, students published a magazine, gave concerts, staged plays. At the school, Osip Mandelstam became interested in theater and music and wrote his first poems. Parents did not approve of their son’s poetic experiments, but he was supported by the director and literature teacher, symbolist poet Vladimir Gippius.

After graduating from college, Mandelstam went abroad. He attended lectures at the Sorbonne. In Paris, the future poet met Nikolai Gumilyov - they later became close friends. Mandelstam was fond of French poetry, studied Romance philology at the University of Heidelberg in Germany, and traveled to Italy and Switzerland.

Sometimes Mandelstam came to St. Petersburg, where he met Russian poets, attended literary lectures in the Tower by Vyacheslav Ivanov, and in 1910 he first published his poems in the Apollo magazine.

Osip Mandelstam, Korney Chukovsky, Benedikt Livshits and Yuri Annenkov - farewell to the front. Photograph of Karl Bulla, 1914

Osip Mandelstam. Photo: 1abzac.ru

Osip Mandelstam. Photo: Culture.pl

In 1911, the young poet entered the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. The same year he joined Nikolai Gumilyov’s “Workshop of Poets”. The literary group included Sergei Gorodetsky, Anna Akhmatova, Mikhail Kuzmin. Osip Mandelstam published poems and literary articles in St. Petersburg publications, and performed his works on stage. Especially often - in the cabaret "Stray Dog".

In 1913, the first collection of poems by the young poet was published - the book “Stone”. His brother, Evgeny Mandelstam, later recalled: “The publication of “Stone” was a “family” affair - my father gave money for the publication of the book. Circulation - only 600 copies. After much deliberation, we handed over the entire circulation for consignment to the large bookstore of Popov-Yasny. From time to time my brother sent me to find out how many copies had been sold, and when I reported that 42 books had already been sold, at home it was perceived as a holiday. On the scale of that time, in the conditions of the book market, this sounded like the first recognition of the poet by readers.”.

Before the revolution, Osip Mandelstam visited Maximilian Voloshin in Crimea several times. There he met Anastasia and Marina Tsvetaev. A short but stormy romance broke out between Marina Tsvetaeva and Mandelstam, at the end of which the poet, disappointed in love, even planned to go to a monastery.

Prose writer, translator, literary critic

After the October revolution, Mandelstam served for some time in St. Petersburg, and then moved to Moscow. However, hunger forced him to leave this city too. The poet constantly moved - Crimea, Tiflis. In Kyiv, he met his future wife, Nadezhda Khazina. In 1920, they returned to St. Petersburg together, and two years later they got married.

“He never had not only any property, but also a permanent settlement - he led a wandering lifestyle. This was a man who did not create any kind of life around himself and lived outside of any structure.”

Korney Chukovsky

In 1922, Osip Mandelstam’s second book of poems, “Tristia,” was published with a dedication to Nadezhda Khazina. The collection includes works that the poet wrote during the First World War and during the revolutionary coup. A year later, the “Second Book” was published.

Nadezhda Mandelstam (née Khazina)

In 1925, Mandelstam was denied permission to publish his poems. Over the next five years he almost abandoned poetry. During these years, Osip Mandelstam published many literary articles, an autobiographical story “The Noise of Time”, a book of prose “The Egyptian Brand”, works for children - “Primus”, “Balls”, “Two Trams”. He translated a lot - Francesco Petrarch and Auguste Barbier, Rene Schiquele and Joseph Grishashvili, Max Bartel and Jean Racine. This gave the young family at least some income. Osip Mandelstam studied Italian on his own. He read the original text " Divine Comedy" and wrote the essay "Conversation about Dante."

In 1933, Mandelstam’s “Journey to Armenia” was published in the Leningrad magazine “Zvezda”. He allowed himself frank, sometimes harsh descriptions of the young Soviet republic and barbs towards famous “social activists”. Soon, devastating critical articles were published in Literaturnaya Gazeta and Pravda.

"Very sharp essay"

In the autumn of the same year, one of Mandelstam’s most famous poems today appeared - “We live without feeling the country beneath us...”. He read it to about fifteen people he knew. Boris Pasternak said: “What you read to me has nothing to do with literature or poetry. This is not a literary fact, but a fact of suicide, which I do not approve of and in which I do not want to take part.”

The poet destroyed the paper notes of this poem, and his wife and family friend Emma Gerstein learned it by heart. Gerstein later recalled: “In the morning Nadya [Mandelshtam] unexpectedly came to me, one might say she flew into me. She spoke abruptly. “Osya wrote a very harsh essay. It cannot be written down. Nobody knows him except me. Someone else needs to remember it. It will be you. We will die, and then you will pass it on to people.”.

We live without feeling the country beneath us,
Our speeches are not heard ten steps away,
And where is enough for half a conversation,
The Kremlin highlander will be remembered there.
His thick fingers are like worms, fat
And the words, like pound weights, are true,
The cockroaches are laughing,
And his boots shine.

And around him is a rabble of thin-necked leaders,
He plays with the services of demihumans.
Who whistles, who meows, who whines,
He's the only one who babbles and pokes,
Like a horseshoe, a decree forges a decree:

Some in the groin, some in the forehead, some in the eyebrow, some in the eye.
No matter what his punishment is, it’s raspberries
And a broad Ossetian chest.

They reported on Mandelstam. First he was sent to Cherdyn-on-Kama. Later - thanks to the intercession of Nikolai Bukharin and some poets - Mandelstam and his wife were able to move to Voronezh. Here he worked in magazines, newspapers, theaters, and wrote poetry. Later they were published in the collections “Voronezh Notebooks”. The money earned was sorely lacking, but friends and relatives supported the family.

When the period of exile ended and the Mandelstams moved to Kalinin, the poet was arrested again. He was sentenced to five years in the camps for counter-revolutionary activities and was sent on a convoy to the Far East. In 1938, Osip Mandelstam died, according to one version, in a hospital camp barracks near Vladivostok. The cause of his death and place of burial are not known for certain.

The works of Osip Mandelstam were banned in the USSR for another 20 years. After Stalin's death, the poet was rehabilitated on one of the cases, and in 1987 on the second. His poems, prose, and memoirs were preserved by Nadezhda Mandelstam. She carried some things with her in a “handwritten suitcase”, and kept others only in memory. In the 1970s and 80s, Nadezhda Mandelstam published several books of memoirs about the poet.