Invented a lantern. How the first lanterns appeared. Important events in the history of lanterns

29.05.2011

Many will find it strange that such a seemingly simple device as everyone is familiar with is a very recent invention. It was invented at the end of the nineteenth century, despite the fact that at that time houses were already almost universally illuminated by electric light bulbs.

Most likely, the creation of a compact portable flashlight was slowed down by the fact that in those days there were no dry batteries. The batteries that existed at that time were containers filled with liquid electrolyte, which were difficult to carry. Therefore, when it comes to this invention, it is worth mentioning Karl Gassner first - it was he who, in 1886, first invented and patented a battery from which, no matter how you look at it, the electrolyte did not leak.

The lamp itself, which became the prototype of modern electric flashlights, was created in 1899 by the American inventor David Maisell. In the same year, he sold his patent to the American Electrical Novelty and Manufacturing Company, which was founded by Conrad Hubert, an emigrant from Belarus. Externally, Maisell's invention was very reminiscent of a modern keychain flashlight, only in an enlarged form - it was a thick cardboard tube into which a light bulb with a lens and a metal reflector was mounted. Inside the tube there were three cylindrical power sources. The first flashlight had a switch that was very unusual in its design - in order to light it, you had to press a metal ring attached to a metal hoop covering the body. This rather inconvenient design was soon replaced by a more ergonomic and reliable switch, invented by Conrad Hubert.

Since the batteries did not have a long service life, the first flashlights shone rather dimly and, unlike modern products, were not used as a source bright light, but as a flash that can momentarily illuminate something necessary. That's why the Americans got the corresponding name for their portable flashlight: flashlight - a flashing light or a flash of light. But the British gave the pocket electric flashlight a different name - torch, that is, torch. This is most likely due to the fact that these devices arrived in Foggy Albion in an improved form. Of course, it was not yet such a bright LED flashlight, familiar to us now, but still it has undergone significant changes for the better.

All this time, Maissell and Hubert worked together to improve the design of the electric flashlight, but they became famous only when their brainchild was appreciated by the New York police officers - the inventors gave them flashlights for advertising purposes.

Serial production of lanterns, which were produced under the Eveready brand, was established in 1905 by The American Ever Ready Company, to which Hubert renamed his company. Now they are widespread and can be used everywhere.

How did the first lanterns appear?:

The first lighting devices appeared many millennia ago. When the sun set and darkness fell, man remained defenseless from predators hiding in the darkness. Having tamed fire, primitive man began to use it in the dark. Fire provided light, warmth, and protection from wild animals. The need for safe movement at night led to the appearance of torches, which became a kind of portable light source.

Discoveries in the field of electricity led to the possibility of using it to create electric lighting devices. Attempts to use electricity for lighting were made in the first half of the nineteenth century. Thus, in 1838, the Belgian scientist Jobard created a lighting device with a carbon filament, and two years later an incandescent lamp with a platinum filament was designed.

The discovery of the phenomenon of electroluminescence of semiconductors in the twentieth century led to the creation of LEDs - semiconductor crystals that emitted light under the influence of voltage applied to them. The advent of LEDs has revolutionized the lighting industry and led to the creation of lighting devices with high brightness and low energy consumption.

Different types of flashlights - advantages and disadvantages:

Currently, the most common types of lanterns are:

- halogen lights;

- led lights;

- xenon lights (gas discharge).

Halogen lamps (lanterns) have a low cost, which is an undoubted advantage. Unfortunately, their shortcomings outweigh their low price.

These include:

short service life;

low efficiency (a lot of energy is spent on radiated heat);

instability to vibration loads;

difficult to focus light.

Flashlight(from Greek Φανάρι) - a portable or stationary artificial light source. A device for illuminating individual areas of space at night.

Types of lanterns

Artificial light sources- technical devices of various designs and with various methods of energy conversion, the main purpose of which is to obtain light radiation(both visible and with different wavelengths, for example, infrared). Light sources mainly use electrical energy, but chemical energy and other methods of generating light (for example, triboluminescence, radioluminescence, etc.) are also sometimes used. Unlike artificial light sources, natural light sources are natural material objects: the Sun, auroras, fireflies, lightning, etc.

History of the development of artificial light sources

Ancient times - candles, torches and lamps

The very first source of light used by people in their activities was the fire (flame) of a campfire. With the passage of time and increasing experience in burning various combustible materials, people discovered that more light could be obtained by burning some resinous woods, natural resins, oils and waxes. From point of view chemical properties Such materials contain a higher percentage of carbon by weight and when burned, sooty carbon particles become very hot in the flame and emit light. Subsequently, with the development of metal processing technologies and the development of methods for rapid ignition using flint, it was possible to create and significantly improve the first independent light sources that could be installed in any spatial position, carried and recharged with fuel. And also certain progress in the processing of petroleum, waxes, fats and oils and some natural resins made it possible to isolate the necessary fuel fractions: refined wax, paraffin, stearin, palmitine, kerosene, etc. Such sources were primarily candles, torches, oil, and later oil lamps and lanterns. From the point of view of autonomy and convenience, light sources that use the energy of fuel combustion are very convenient, but from the point of view of fire safety (open flame), emissions of incomplete combustion products (soot, fuel vapor, carbon monoxide) gas) pose a known hazard as a source of ignition. History knows a great many examples of large fires caused by oil lamps and lanterns, candles, etc.

Gas lanterns

Main article: Gas lamp

Further progress and development of knowledge in the field of chemistry, physics and materials science allowed people to also use various combustible gases, which give off more light during combustion. Gas lighting was quite widely developed in England and a number of European countries. A particular convenience of gas lighting was that it became possible to illuminate large areas in cities, buildings, etc., due to the fact that gases could be very conveniently and quickly delivered from a central storage facility (cylinders) using rubberized hoses (hoses), either steel or copper pipelines, and also easily cut off the flow of gas from a simple turn of the shut-off valve. The most important gas for organizing urban gas lighting was the so-called “illuminating gas”, produced by pyrolysis of the fat of marine animals (whales, dolphins, seals, etc.), and somewhat later produced in large quantities from coal during coking of the latter in gas lighting plants.

One of the most important components of illuminating gas, which gave greatest number light, was benzene, discovered in the illuminating gas by M. Faraday. Another gas that found significant use in the gas lighting industry was acetylene, but due to its significant tendency to ignite at relatively low temperatures and high concentration flammability limits, it did not find widespread use in street lighting and was used in miners' and bicycle "carbide" lamps. Another reason that made it difficult to use acetylene in the field of gas lighting was its exceptional high cost compared to lighting gas.

In parallel with the development of the use of a wide variety of fuels in chemical light sources, their design and the most advantageous method of combustion (regulation of air flow), as well as the design and materials to enhance the output of light and power (wicks, gas glow caps, etc.) were improved. To replace short-lived wicks made from plant materials (hemp), they began to use impregnation of plant wicks with boric acid and asbestos fibers, and with the discovery of the mineral monazite, they discovered its remarkable property of glowing very brightly when heated and promoting the complete combustion of the illuminating gas. In order to increase the safety of use, the working flame began to be enclosed with metal mesh and glass caps of various shapes.

The emergence of electric light sources

Further progress in the field of invention and design of light sources was largely associated with the discovery of electricity and the invention of current sources. At this stage of scientific and technological progress, it became quite obvious that in order to increase the brightness of light sources, it was necessary to increase the temperature of the area emitting light. If, in the case of combustion reactions of various fuels in air, the temperature of the combustion products reaches 1500-2300 °C, then when using electricity, the temperature can be significantly increased. When various conductive materials with a high melting point are heated by electric current, they emit visible light and can serve as light sources of varying intensities. The following materials were proposed: graphite(carbon thread), platinum, tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium and their alloys. To increase the durability of electric light sources, their working fluids (spirals and filaments) began to be placed in special glass cylinders (lamps), evacuated or filled with inert or inactive gases (hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, etc.). When choosing a working material, lamp designers were guided by the maximum operating temperature of the heated coil, and the main preference was given to carbon (Lodygin's lamp, 1873) and subsequently to tungsten. Tungsten and its alloys with rhenium are still the most widely used materials for the manufacture of incandescent electric lamps, since under the best conditions they can be heated to temperatures of 2800-3200 °C. In parallel with the work on incandescent lamps, during the era of the discovery and use of electricity, work was also begun and significantly developed on an electric arc light source (Yablochkov candle) and on light sources based on a glow discharge. Electric arc light sources made it possible to realize the possibility of obtaining light fluxes of colossal power (hundreds of thousands and millions of candelas), and light sources based on glow discharge - unusually high efficiency. Currently, the most advanced light sources based on an electric arc are krypton, xenon and mercury lamps, and those based on a glow discharge in inert gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon) with mercury vapor and others. The most powerful and brightest light sources currently are lasers. Very powerful light sources are also a variety of pyrotechnic lighting compositions used for photography, illumination of large areas in military affairs (photo bombs, flares and flare bombs).

Types of light sources

Electric: Electric heating of incandescent bodies or plasma. Joule heat, eddy currents, electron or ion flows can be used to produce light. various shapes energy, and in this regard, we can indicate the main types (in terms of energy utilization) of light sources.

Nuclear: isotope decay or nuclear fission.

Chemical: combustion (oxidation) of fuels and heating of combustion products or glowing bodies.

Electroluminescent: direct conversion of electrical energy into light (bypassing the conversion of energy into heat) in semiconductors (LEDs, laser LEDs) or phosphors that convert alternating energy into light electric field(with a frequency usually from several hundred Hertz to several Kilohertz), or converting the energy of an electron flow into light (cathode-luminescent

Bioluminescent: bacterial light sources in living nature.

Application of light sources

Light sources are in demand in all areas of human activity - in everyday life, at work, in scientific research etc. Depending on a particular area of application, a variety of technical, aesthetic and economic requirements are imposed on light sources, and sometimes preference is given to one or another parameter of the light source or the sum of these parameters.

History of the electric lantern

- The evolution of the fire and man’s dream of a portable fire.

These portable light sources had problems - safety, impracticality, and the release of harmful substances.

An electric flashlight using an incandescent lamp was soon the answer to all these shortcomings.

- Thomas Edison and Karl Gessner became part of the history of creating the world's first electric flashlight using an incandescent lamp.

1866- French inventor Georges Leclanche created the first prototype of an electric battery. It was a glass vessel filled with ammonium chloride solution, where the chemical reaction and electrical energy appeared on the electrodes of a zinc anode and a carbon cathode, which was surrounded by a mixture of crushed magnesium dioxide and carbon. This electric battery had a number of disadvantages: it was fragile, heavy and very dangerous.

1879- Thomas Edison, an outstanding inventor, invented the world's first incandescent lamp, which had a carbon filament.

1886- The National Carbon Company (NCC), which was created to produce carbon parts much needed for batteries, began producing carbon rods for dry electric batteries. This company in the future became the main supplier of batteries for electric lights.

1887- Carl Gessner created the first portable electric battery from zinc. This was the first electric battery where chemical substances were inside a zinc container.

The electric lantern passed long haul From simple beginnings to today's modern LED flashlights, this is truly a revolution in portable lighting.

1998- The Eveready ® company is celebrating a significant anniversary, 100 years of production of lanterns and lighting products.

Nowadays, you won’t surprise anyone anymore electric torch, which can be recharged repeatedly, where there are no batteries inside, there are reliable, repeatedly rechargeable batteries - these are rechargeable batteries lanterns .

Using LEDs as a light source allows you to save energy on batteries or accumulators significantly! Now, the electric light lasts not for hours, but for days!

With the advent in the production of miniature current sources - batteries and very reliable light sources - LEDs, it became possible to produce miniature-sized flashlights - key fobs.

Most electric lights fall into two main categories:

Manual lanterns, headlamps, bike lights, camping lights and keychain lights.

2. According to the type of food, they are divided into:

Battery operated, rechargeable flashlights, batteryless flashlights and dynamo flashlights.

With the appearance in our lives modern materials, the housings of electric flashlights began to be made of very durable plastics, sometimes covered with rubber for comfortable convenience, or light aviation aluminum alloys, with recesses (notches) on the handle of the flashlight that are easy to hold in the hand.

New technologies in the production of light sources make it possible to create electrically very different forms and colors that keep up with the times, which take into account very important factors for a flashlight: the needs and requests of customers, convenience, practicality, reliability, safety.

Result: The electric flashlight appeared in our lives thanks to such very important inventions in our lives as the electric battery and the incandescent lamp, which to this day we use in Everyday life.

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Introduction.

We've all had to use flashlights on more than one occasion. They are necessary in the dark (this year many felt this when going to work or classes in the morning), when working in an unlit room. Now on store shelves you can still find electric lanterns with incandescent lamps and a wide variety of flashlights with LEDs.

The purpose of this work: to compare the luminous efficiency of incandescent lamps and LEDs. Study the variety of electric lights and their efficiency.

Objectives: compare the luminous efficiency of LEDs and incandescent lamps by measuring photocurrent.

Construct a graph of the discharge current of galvanic cells when operating incandescent lamps and LEDs, compare the emission of light sources from battery discharge.

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of each type of light source

From the history of the creation of the electric flashlight.

In those distant times, when there was already a fire, people were looking for ways to create a portable (portable) light source. At first it was a tree branch set on fire in a fire, then torches, candles and kerosene lamps appeared, which are with us to this day. These portable light sources had problems - safety, impracticality, and the release of harmful substances. All these factors in the future influenced the appearance of the world's first electric flashlight.

1896- the first electric lantern. The body of this lantern was made of wood. The flashlight had a handle for carrying, a switch for turning on and off; this role was played by a metal plate, which, when turned, closed the electrical

1899- the first hand-held electric cylindrical flashlight,

These days they are completely different electric square battery-powered flashlights, made using advanced technologies, using modern materials, current sources and lighting sources.

Over the past hundred years, the shape of the lanterns has hardly changed. Based on their shape, two main groups can be distinguished: cylindrical and square.

Based on the light source, flashlights are divided into classes: incandescent and LED.

Incandescent lamp device.

Incandescent lamp - electrical source light, the luminous body of which is the so-called incandescent body (a filament, a conductor heated by the flow of electric current to high temperatures.) The designs of incandescent lamps are very diverse and depend on the purpose of the specific type of lamp. However, the following elements are common to all incandescent lamps: filament, bulb, current leads. Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of lamp, filament holders of various designs can be used; lamps can be made baseless or with different types of bases, have an additional external bulb and other additional structural elements.

Incandescent lamps have very low efficiency; they spend only 5% of their power on light and 95% on heat. Incandescent lamps spend more electricity heating the filament than producing light

LED device.

Light-emitting diode or light-emittingdiode (SD, LED, LED English Light-emitting diode) - P semiconductor device with an electron-hole junction or metal-semiconductor contact that produces visible radiation when an electric current is passed through it. The emitted light lies in a narrow range of the spectrum, its spectral characteristics depend, among other things, on chemical composition semiwires used in it days. The design of various types of LEDs is presented in a simplified manner in Figure The light emitted by a semiconductor crystal enters a miniature optical system formed by a spherical reflector and the transparent lens-shaped diode body itself.

Unlike incandescent lamps, LEDs emit light in a relatively narrow spectral band, the width of which is 20-50 nm

LEDs are being built in anywhere, in many areas of human activity and beyond; these new light sources have not spared lanterns.

But are they as effective as they seem?

Conducting an experiment.

In my work, I decided to compare the luminous efficiency of a miniature incandescent lamp from a flashlight (voltage 3.5 V, current 0.15 A) and 5 LEDs (U=3B, I=0.02A) connected in parallel (total current 0 ,1A). It is known from the reference book that the brightness of such a lamp is 1 candela.

To measure current and voltage I used a digital multimeter, voltmeter and milliammeter.

One of the characteristics of light sources that allows you to compare their efficiency is the luminous efficiency coefficient. It is determined by the ratio of the total luminous flux F sent by the lamp (in lumens) to the power P spent on powering the lamp (in watts):

Obviously, the more economical the source, the higher its luminous efficiency.

The selenium photocell was illuminated with an incandescent lamp from a flashlight and LEDs from different distances so that they created the same illumination E of the photocell. The illumination of the photocell was determined by the readings of a microammeter connected to its terminals. When the photocell was illuminated with an incandescent lamp from a distance of 20 cm, the photocurrent was 18 μA. To obtain such a photocurrent (i.e., the same illumination), the LEDs had to be removed at a distance of 51 cm.

then in order to find the ratio of the luminous efficiency coefficients, it is enough to measure the illumination of the photocell using a microammeter and the distance R with a ruler. Power consumption P was measured with an ammeter (A) and a voltmeter (B).

The luminous efficiency coefficient for the LED was 12.3 times greater than for an incandescent lamp.

Experiment 2. Dependence of battery discharge on the operating time of the lighting device.

I assembled an installation from two galvanic batteries, a light bulb, a voltmeter, an ammeter and connecting wires in one circuit, and a second circuit consisting of a photocell and a microammeter. He turned on the lamp and began taking instrument readings after 20 minutes. I recorded the data in a table. From the table and graph it is clear that when an incandescent lamp is operating, the discharge of the elements is much faster than when LEDs are operating and the illumination of the photocell also drops, while the illumination of the photocell from the LEDs remains almost unchanged, because When running, LEDs consume less current than when starting up.

Further improvement of electric lamps

The operation of an electric flashlight largely depends on the current source. The batteries used with it are divided into the following groups:

a) by size (Table 3)

b) by chemical composition

Most electric lights fall into two main categories:

Flashlights that are very bright, flashlights with powerful halogen lamps, and it is better to choose flashlights with super-bright LEDs. They are popular with the police, the military and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, various security structures and housing estates. Such very powerful electric lights are much more expensive.
Tactical flashlights also belong to this group. On sale you can see laser cartridges for cold shooting.

2. Most people need a simpler electric flashlight that is inexpensive. The range of such inexpensive flashlights is very large and can satisfy any buyer. These light sources can be divided into the following subgroups:

1.battery-powered electric flashlights made using advanced technologies, using modern materials, current sources and lighting sources.

2. There are flashlights without batteries or accumulators at all; such electric flashlights use induction or solar energy, and these are dynamo flashlights. Their work is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

3. Today you won’t surprise anyone with an electric flashlight that can be recharged repeatedly, where there are no batteries inside, there are reliable, repeatedly rechargeable batteries - these are rechargeable flashlights.

4. With the advent of miniature power sources in production - batteries and very reliable light sources - LEDs, it became possible to produce miniature-sized flashlights - keychain flashlights.

Incandescent lamp	Light-emitting diode	LED flashlight

Application.

Miniature incandescent lamps.

Conducting an experiment

Battery drain from incandescent lamps and LEDs

a) from an incandescent lamp

voltage, V	current strength. A	time, min	Power, W
3,5	0,16	0	0,56
3,2	0,15	20	0,48
2,8	0,13	40	0,36
2,6	0,12	60	0,31
2,3	0,11	80	0,25
2,2	0,1	100	0,22

Battery power drop

b) from LEDs

voltage, V	current strength. A	time, min	Power, W
3,5	0,1	0	0,35
3,4	0,1	20	0,34
3,35	0,1	40	0,34
3,33	0,098	60	0,33
3,2	0,096	80	0,31
3 ,15	0,093	100	0,29

Types of galvanic cells

Size in mm	Name	Standard
Size in mm	Name	IEC (alkaline/ saline)	ANSI*	JIS* (alkaline/ saline)
diameter 14.5 height 50.5	Mignon (Finger)	LR6/R6	A.A.	AM3/UM3N
diameter 10.5 height 44.5	Micro	LR03/R03	AAA	AM4/UM4N
diameter 26.2 height 50	Baby	LR14/R14	C	AM2/UM2N
diameter 34.2 height 61.5	Mono	LR20/R20	D	AM1/UM1N
26 x 22 x 67	9V Block	6LR61/6F22	1604D	6AM6/006PN

Table3

Think for yourself, decide for yourself.....

Which is better: incandescent lamp and LED?

Incandescent lamp	Light-emitting diode	LED flashlight
high power consumption of incandescent lamp	minimal LED power consumption, low operating voltage	Low power supply voltage for flashlights from 1.5 V with minimal power consumption. The battery or accumulator now lasts not for hours, but for a day.
flickering and flashing of the light flux when the supply voltage of the incandescent lamp changes, and when the voltage drops, the light dims	Regardless of the voltage drop, LED lighting is constant; for this purpose, a pulsed LED power supply mode is used	Constant brightness of the luminous flux of the LED flashlight, regardless of the voltage drop of the current source.
incandescent lamp is afraid of shock and mechanical loads, vibration, shaking	LED is vibration resistant and shock loads, mechanically robust and extremely reliable	High reliability of the light source to shock and mechanical loads.
Incandescent lamp bulbs become very hot, very high operating temperature	LED is minimal heating, only 20% of electricity is spent on heat	Minimal heating of the flashlight reflector.
an incandescent lamp is afraid of frequent switching on and off, the main reason is sudden voltage changes	Frequent switching on and off does not affect the life of the LED in any way	LED is a reliable light source for a flashlight.

A good flashlight has several LEDs; even if one of the LEDs suddenly burns out, you will not be left without light!

The so-called sky lanterns came to us from China. They look like structures made of paper or fabric on a thin wooden frame. The device works in the same way as a hot air balloon and is very popular in the east.

These lanterns were first mentioned in ancient chronicles - it was said that General Zhuge Liangwu (180-234 AD) used these things to intimidate the troops of his enemies.

An oil lamp was placed under a rather large paper bag. Along the way, the bag filled with hot air and took off. The enemies were simply horrified, believing that Zhuge Liang was using the help of the gods.

But, nevertheless, a similar device was registered before Zhuge Liang - Joseph Needham says that similar paper balls, moving thanks to hot air, were known back in the 3rd century. BC uh.. A
Needham was a fairly great scientist and researcher of ancient Chinese culture, so we have no reason not to trust him.

In addition to intimidating enemies, Chinese lanterns had another useful function - they were used to send signals between units of the Chinese army and their command. After some time, launching lanterns also acquired a certain religious meaning.

The massive launch of these devices in Europe became noticeable in 2006. In 2004, five thousand sky lanterns were launched in Thailand, and in 2005 they were launched in memory of earthquake victims. We bought sky lanterns in bulk. The spectacle was extraordinary - many photographers became famous for the photographs they took on those bright nights.

The structure on which the bag is supported is a wooden frame made mainly of bamboo. The burner is fixed at the bottom; thin wire is used for fastening. The bag is most often made from porous paper or cotton fabric impregnated with wax. Polymers are often used for burners. Well, the paper, of course, is impregnated with special compounds that prevent it from catching fire.

Sky lanterns weigh about 50-100 grams and rise to a height of up to half a kilometer. The fuel burns for up to twenty minutes.