Totsky polygon, Russia. Despite the immense expanses of our homeland, it's amazing that one of the tests for testing nuclear weapons It is located in a relatively densely populated place - north of the village of Totsky Orenburg region. Polygon's sad fame acquired due to the exercises held on September 14, 1954 under the innocent name "Snowball". It is believed that the teachings were carried out under the leadership of Marshal Zhukov and were to work out the possibility of a breakthrough of the enemy defense using nuclear weapons. Tu-4 dropped the nuclear bomb, which exploded in the air, and approximately 3 hours after the explosion on the infected territory was sent military equipment. About 45,000 military personnel took part in the exercises. And military faces, and civilians were subject to direct impact of radiation. The materials of the operation "Snowball" are still classified.

Kutini-Paiama National Park (Iron Range), Australia, Describes today as 346 square meters. km. Untonated rainforest, however, in addition to generous beauty of nature, the jungle zarli stored terrible secrets cold War. It is known that during the Second World War, part of the territory of Eron Range was used as a military air base. And in the 60s, the military forces of Great Britain, the United States and Australia may have blown a nuclear bomb there in order to understand how the rainforest will react to such an impact. The UK Ministry of Defense argues that it was an ordinary airborne bomb, imitating a nuclear explosion, but this contradicts some Australian documents. In addition, according to Mari Strain, her father Brian Stanislav Hassi after participating in these tests in Cutini-Payam National Park at first awarded the Order British Empire, And three years later, at the age of 45, died from multiple malignant tumors.

Semipalatinsky Test Polygon, Kazakhstan - The first and one of the largest nuclear polygons of the USSR. Over the 40 years of the existence of a landfill in this zone, 456 tests were conducted, among which tests of atomic and hydrogen bombs, terrestrial, air and underground nuclear bombs of different power. The most modern nuclear weapon was kept on the territory of the landfill. In 1991, the polygon was closed, but secret operations continued to be carried out - the truth is not on the test of nuclear weapons, but on the disposal of plutonium.

ENILETOK, Atoll in the Republic of Marshall Islands. Coral Island B. Pacific Ocean In the form of a ring surrounding the lagoon - it sounds too romantic in the context of the tests of nuclear weapons. But the phrase "garbage bucket with nuclear waste of the Pacific Ocean" is no longer so attractive. Alas, such a nickname is once a paradise atoll Einutek deserved thanks to multiple nuclear tests that the US Army conducted there in 1948-1958. In the 1970s, the US government was involved in disinfecting the territory, and residents who were forcibly evicted from the island began to return. In 1980, the US authorities declared an atoll safe for living. Such exploitation of someone else's territory cost the United States of $ 340 million (this is the amount of compensation for losses, inconvenience and deterioration in health paid by the inhabitants of Eniwlite), plus $ 6 million annually on various health programs on the Marshall Islands.

Polygon Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA. Here the first test of nuclear weapons took place here, the operation received the name "Trinity" (evaluate cynicism in the title, which translates from English as "Trinity"). For testing, 8 different polygons located in the unclosed areas of the United States were considered. Interestingly, one of the conditions was the lack of Indians in this area (due to the complex relationship of the management of the Manhattan project and the Bureau of Indians). The plutonium bomb called "Gadget", the power of the explosion of which is approximately 21 kilotonne Troatil, was tested on July 16, 1945.

Island of Christmas, or Kirityatim - Another atoll in the Pacific Ocean, affected by the Army Race: In 1956-1958, Great Britain tested nuclear weapons here, and in the 1960s used as a landfill for similar tests of US military forces. The first nuclear bomb on the island of Christmas British blew up in 1957, continuing the series of atmospheric nuclear explosions during 1958. And in 1962, the United States produced 22 detonation. None nor another country abused the evacuation of the local population. Some sources reported that even the servicemen engaged in the tests were not enough (or not protected at all). Influence at environment It was destroying: after explosions, a dead fish rose to the surface of the water, and thousands of birds were blinded by an outbreak. The long-term effect of nuclear testing and environmental impact has not yet been studied.

Lake Lobnor, China. The bottom of the dried, once large salt lake in China has become a place for a nuclear landfill in 1964, after the first tests under code name "596". At the Lobn Polygon In 1967, a hydrogen bomb was an explosion discarded from the aircraft. In total, by the time of 1996, China's military forces held 45 nuclear tests that were discontinued in connection with the signing of China's comprehensive nuclear testing treaty.

Punheri North Korea - The largest polygon for testing nuclear weapons in the DPRK. It is located near the extinct Volcano Pektusan, 65 km from the shores of the Japanese Sea, 55 km from the border with China and 189 km from the border with Russia. Considering how northern Korea is closed for foreigners, the main information on the activities of the landfill comes from photographs from satellites and measurements of oscillations earth crust. Thus, in 2006, South Korean specialists recorded fluctuations in 3.9 points, which after that increased - it was then that the first nuclear explosion at the landfill was produced. In 2009, during the second test explosion, the oscillations reached 4.4 points, and in 2013 - 5.0 points, which indicates an explosion of a power of 6-7 kiloton.

Zone 51Located in the south of Nevada, 133 km from Las Vegas. Due to the secrecy, which the military base is surrounded (its very existence of the US government has recognized not so long ago and with obvious displeasure), zone 51 is enveloped by various myths associated with the theory of conspiracy and extraterrestrial civilizations. But in addition to the development of experimental aircraftThe nuclear tests were also held here. Within the framework of the so-called "project 57", a nuclear attack was modeled. Under the ground, built a whole city, with sidewalks and buildings, inhabited by animals, which were brought there specifically for the experiment. The plutonium bomb was blown up in 1957. The object was closed in 1973, but still unknown, what other monstrous tests were held there all this time.

Iran. Despite the signing of an agreement on a comprehensive ban for nuclear testing, Iran is suspected of covering nuclear weapons, and the intended test site received the code name "Code".

Bahatytin V. N. Semipalatinsky nuclear polygon: how to pay off the echo of explosions? // Atomic Energy Bulletin. - 2006. - № 1. - P. 62-64.

Semipalatinsky nuclear polygon: how to pay off the echo of explosions?

Vianor Barahtin

The official history of eliminating the effects of the influence of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsky landfill on the health of the population of the Altai Territory began in 1992 after visiting the edge of the Russian President Boris Yeltsin. June 24, 1992 RESOLUTION of Government Russian Federation № 428 "On measures to improve the population and social economic Development settlements of the Altai Territory, located in the zone of the influence of nuclear tests. " A huge role is that this story still began, and physician scientists played.

Then, before the president and leaders of the region, Professor Yakov Shoyhet, who held the position of the Vicector on the scientific work of the Altai State Medical Institute. He outlined the data received by scientists and doctors on the impact on the health of the population of the Altai Territory of Nuclear Tests at the Semipalatinsky Polygon. The scientist's report was so convincing that Russian President immediately gave instructions to the government immediately begin the implementation of a complex of measures to eliminate the negative impact of nuclear testing. According to the Government Decision, the medical and social rehabilitation of the population undergoing radiation exposure began, scientific research continued in affected areas, larger and deep.

Altai physician scientists, together with scientists of the Institute of Biophysics of the Ministry of Health of Russia and the Central Physico-Technical Institute of the Ministry of Defense (CEFTI), not only estimated the dose of exposure to groups of the population, depending on the place of residence, but also revealed dose-dependent effects in the irradiated and their descendants. Researchers are convinced that the Semipalatinsk program should apply to at least two generations of descendants of irradiated. Today, the incidence in the Altai Territory grows, but mortality is lower than the average in Siberia. This Jacob Shohet explains the high detection of pathology in the early stages, which became the result of equipping the diagnostic equipment of regional health care institutions.

An equally important result of the implementation of the program "Semipalatinsky Polygon - Altai" was the development of a method for restoring doses of irradiation created in CEFs. The method was certified, approved by the Ministry of Health and can be used in other regions of Siberia affected by the tests of nuclear weapons. This is not only Kazakhstan and the Altai Territory, but also Tyva, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Irkutsk, Chita and Tomsk regions.

Despite fulfillment in the 1990s. The State Scientific Program "Semipalatinsky Polygon is Altai", today remains an unresolved question about the radiation consequences of the landfill activities for the population of other regions of Siberia. Now work to identify basic dose-forming traces and their consequences for the population is limited only by the territory of Altai. Traces of these artificially break on the borders of the neighboring regions. In the process of research, it was discovered, but remains unexplored the effect of "remote deposits" from radiation clouds formed after nuclear explosions. Russian legislation is based on the negative consequences of only two explosions - 29 August 1949 and August 7, 1962, traces of which were studied only within the administrative borders of the Altai Territory. By the way, only when performing altai program In 1993, with materials on these explosions, a vulture was filmed "completely secret, special importance." Therefore, it was not by chance that the State Duma's appeal to the President of Russia (published in the Russian Gazette on April 10, 1997), in which the deputies are asked to cancel the order of the Government of the Russian Federation, which contains a list of settlements of the Altai Territory, affected by nuclear explosions. IN

the text of the appeal is: "This disposal is based on the results of the calculation of the doses of radiation from two explosions from 143 (August 29, 1949 and August 7, 1962), which contradicts the law on the social protection of the victim from the radiation impact of the population and restricts further work but to identify the affected Territories (highlighting ed.). No reaction has caused the appeal.

The author (together with his colleague R. A. Yagudin) worked at the Semipalatinsky landfill from 1967 to 1989, fulfilling the functions of the official representative of the former state government agency of the USSR - a member of the State Commission for the preparation and conduct of underground nuclear explosions.

Attracting Novosibirsk meteorologists who know the features of the local circulation of air masses, this responsible work was associated with the need to fulfill the requirements of the Treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater signed in 1963 in Moscow. One of the requirements of the Agreement is to prevent the exit of the explosion products by atmospheric transfer abroad of the USSR for 3-5 days (if an accident occurred with the yield of radioactivity into the atmosphere during underground explosions). Such cases, with the exception of the accident on January 14, 1965, was not.

Control of the radiation situation was carried out on the network of state paragraph stations in 470 points former USSR. In a number of items located around the landfill, the divisions of Roshydromet carried out air radiation intelligence with the help of the Li-2 aircraft. In addition, systematic radiation quality control of water and food was carried out by the SanEpid Sanitary Service. A large amount of information was collected by geological batches engaged in exploration of uranium ores. All this information remained secret until 1989, which imposed his imprint on the problem of studying the consequences of the activities of the landfill to the surrounding areas and the population.

The leaders of a number of Siberian regions, including the Novosibirsk Region, believed that the Altai program would simultaneously decide their problems. But that did not happen. Nobody knows exactly what a dose load fell to the share of Siberians, and sediments and radionuclides from Semipalatinsky also fell down on whose territory, as well as Novoemel polygons.

To solve this problem on September 20, 1994, the Novosibirsk Regional Scientific Program was adopted, providing for the study of the consequences of radioactive pollution of the area from nuclear testing. But since the program was financed only for three months, it was only clarified which explosions had the most negative impact. The decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 534 was sown, adopted on May 31, 1995. According to paragraph 19 of this document, a number of federal departments (EMERCOM of Russia, the service of state-poidnadzor, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Defense, Roshydromet, the Ministry of Defense and the Administration of the Novosibirsk Region) were instructed to "ensure On the territory of the Novosibirsk region scientific researchassociated with establishing the degree of influence of nuclear

tests on the medical and demographic situation in the region, based on the results of which to develop a complex of measures to improve the population and socio-economic Development of settlements in the zone subjected to radiation impact. The scientific leadership of the problem of the regional leadership for some reason decided to convey to the Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences and the Rosatomnadzor Service, although in the government decree it was not provided. Alternately, three academicians (V. Noisy, V. Trufakin and V. Lyakhovich) and heads of the regional administration, replacing one of the other, and could not achieve federal financing of work.

The dose of irradiation of the region of the region as the main evidence effect of radiation exposure was never calculated. As a result, it was not fulfilled its own decision, taken following the fulfillment of the regional scientific program: to transfer data from Sibnigs to the EMERCOM of Russia to calculate the doses of irradiation from the emergency low-power explosion of high power, adding their archival materials from other departments.

The reason for such a situation was not only the passivity of local leaders, but also the lack of a coordinating role of the central departments, among which the leading role was supposed to belong to the EMERCOM of Russia. In the early 1990s In this department, the appropriate structure was in the face of the territorial administration for rehabilitation, but soon it was eliminated. The atmosphere of special secrecy associated with the tests conducted by nuclear weapons led to the fact that on the ground and today many managers do not represent where and what information is available, as the problem of rehabilitation should be solved and is there such a problem at all.

There is even the opinion that Roshydromet hides this information. And the authors of the book "Ecocide in Russia" M. Feshbach and A. Fredlin (M., 1992) accused the Russian hydrometeorological service that she deliberately "hid and hides a true situation on the new land, the Semipalatinsky landfill, etc. " Let us try to figure out: As for the first years of nuclear testing, L. P. Beria solved this question, who oversaw all the nuclear program, and the answer to the current situation should be sought, obviously, the joy who spent in the early 1990s. Political and economic transformations in the country. So, in the late 1980s. On the orders of Roshydromet on the ground, all information about the last radiation situation was destroyed even before it was shot by a secrecy. Now it is all open, is in various central archives and has a commercial value: pay money and get what you need.

The concentration of radioactive fallouts and the power of the exposure dose fixed by the hydrometer from 1954 is important, but not the only types of information necessary for calculating the doses of irradiation. Operational receipt of information on the doses of exposure of the population is not included in the functional responsibilities of any of the state structures. Such information should be the result of special scientific research, which must be carried out according to Government Decree No. 534 as well as done for the territory of the Altai Territory.

Thus, analyzing the radiation consequences of the explosion No. 100 (September 17, 1961), we found that the next day a record density of radioactivity of radioactivity from the atmosphere was registered in Novosibirsk for the entire monitoring period. It exceeded the same indicators in Barnaul, associated with an explosion on August 7, 1962, which is officially recognized by emergency. But it turned out that the data on the power of this explosion and the number of radionuclides fell into the atmosphere were not published. Without this information, it is impossible to reliably evaluate the dose of irradiation of the population. However, since 1996, it continues to replicate the results of preliminary evaluation of doses and the conclusion that there was no radioactive infection in the territory of the Novosibirsk region from this explosion.

Obviously, while in such conditions of limited information, nor the Novosibirsk region nor other regions to obtain objective data on radioactive contamination and doses of irradiation. At the same time, on January 24, 1997, the decision of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Prevention and Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Defense and the FSB of Russia was proposed to remove the secrecy of the materials necessary for a reliable estimate of the doses of irradiation. But WHO, as they say, and now there.

The critical mass of protest performances against the silence of facts and subjective estimates of the last radiation situation in Siberia is growing, and it is impossible to continue to ignore it. For Russia, many decades staying in the conditions of totalitarian regime, closedness and isolation, openness information, including environmental, is extremely important. The absence of such information deprives the management bodies and society of the possibility of assessing and monitoring the state of affairs in defense and security, including environmental.

What conclusions and suggestions leak out of the above?

1. It remains not realized by the need for generalization and objective analysis of all accumulated materials on the radiation impacts of nuclear tests into the territory and the population. The government decision obliging this to do for the Novosibirsk region has not been fulfilled (Resolution No. 534, paragraph 19 of May 31, 1995). The financial resources necessary for this are not allocated.

2. In solving this task, there is no coordination of the actions of the head research institutions. Created to this territorial rehabilitation control in the Ministry of Emergency Situations in the 1990s. ceased to work.

3. Existing estimates of the last radiation situation are based on incomplete information. They do not contain all data on extreme cases (emergency situations). In particular, the "emergency statistics" did not entered the explosion of September 17, 1961, which indicates the materials of land monitoring of Roshydromet. Not published and not used aeronautical materials

roshydromet radiation intelligence, conducted in 1950-1960, information of the SanEpidezor service, data of geological exploration.

4. There was no assessment and a map of accumulated effective doses of exposure to Siberia, except the territory of the Altai Territory, was not created. Not taken into account in the total dose of local deposits from the Novoemel polygon.

5. The commissioning of the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin No. PR-2085 dated October 24, 2000 (EMERCOM of Russia, Foreign Ministry, the Ministry of Health of Russia, and others. Departments) Regarding the establishment of the status of persons who have been subjected to radioactive effects due to nuclear tests can be performed Only after the complete analysis of all materials and the removal of the secrecy griff with the information of the Ministry of Defense.

6. Radiation research data and their professional interpretation should be available to the entire region. It seems that only this way can overcome the fear of radiation and objectively assess the situation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Semipalatinsky polygon: ensuring general and radiation safety / call. Auto Under hands. prof. V. A. Logacheva. M.: Pubds, 1997. 319 p.

2. Bahatytin V.N., V. I. Semipalatinsky Polygon's eyes of independent experts. C-PB.: Hydrometeoisdat, 2002. 110 s.

3. Logachev V. A., Mikhalikhina L. A., Filonov N. P. The influence of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsky landfill on the health of the population of the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions // Bulletin of the Center of Societies. inf. by atomic energy. 1996. Special issue.

4. Bulatov V.I. 200 nuclear polygons of the USSR. Geography of radiation disasters and pollution. Novosibirsk: Ceris, 1993. 88 p.

5. Plutonium in Russia. Ecology, economy, politics. Independent analysis / under the hands. ChL-Corr. Wound, prof. A.V. Yablokova. M.: CEPR, SES, 1994. 144 p.

6. Klezental G. A, Kalyakin V. I., Seriezhenkov V. And Doses of Radiation, obtained by the Northern Deer of the New Earth, filed with EPR analysis of the enamel of teeth // Radiation and society. Vol. 1. M.: International Chernobyl Security Background, 1995. P. 123-127.

7. Bulatov V.I. Russia Radioactive. Novosibirsk: Ceris, 1996. 272 \u200b\u200bp.

8. Apzalihov K.N., Gusev B. I., Dusk V. I., Leongard R. B. Semipalatinsk atomic lake. Alma-Ata: Gylm, 1996. 301 p.

9. Tleubergenov S. T. Polygons of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata, 1997. 746 p.

10. SELEGEY V.V. Radioactive pollution of Novosibirsk is the past and present. Novosibirsk: Ecology, 1997. 148 p.

11. Voronin G. V. Nuclear Polygon - Triumph and Tragedy of the People. Novosibirsk, 1998. 67 p.

12. Yakubovskaya E. L., Nagibin V. I., Suslin V.P. Semipalatinsky Nuclear Polygon - 50 years. Novosibirsk, 1998. 141 p.

13. Bulatov V.I. Russia: Ecology and Army. Geoecological problems of MIC and military defense activities. Novosibirsk: Ceris, 1999. 168 p.

14. Yakubovskaya E. L., Naginin V. I., Suslin V.P. Semipalatinsky Nuclear Polygon: Yesterday, today, tomorrow. Novosibirsk, 2000. 128 p.

15. Yakubovskaya E. L., Nagibin V. I., Suslin V. P. Semipalatinsky nuclear polygon - an independent analysis of the problem. Novosibirsk, 2003. 144 p.

Barakhtin Vianor Nikolaevich Senior Researcher of the Siberian Regional Research Hydrometeorological Institute Roshydromet, Candidate of Geographical Sciences

The Institute of Radiation Security and Ecology of Kazakhstan, which is based in Kurchatov (the East Kazakhstan region, the former center of the closed Semipalatinsky nuclear landfill) stated that Kazakhstan's scientists are not aware of the accidents at facilities with nuclear infrastructure, which were supposedly occurred in Kazakhstan at the end of September.

"We have two reactors: one in Alma-Ata, two in Kurchatov. If something was, we would all know about this," said Yuri Strelchuk, head of the Branch of the Institute of Radiation Security and Ecology in Kurchatov .

On November 9, the Institute of Nuclear and Radiation Security of France (IRSN) said that he also recorded a radioactive cloud over Europe. Experts of the Institute stated that this may indicate an accident with a radiation leakage on a nuclear facility in Russia or Kazakhstan at the end of September. Previously radioactive cloud over Europe. They also pointed out as a likely source of leakage of the south of the Urals, where the radioactive substance of Ruthenium-106 was released.

The departments of the branch of the Institute of Radiation Security and Ecology of Kazakhstan Asan Aydarthanov believes that leakage occurred not in the territory of his country.

"We have no such object, as a result of the accident on which rutheniums would be in the air. Yes, we have research reactors, but if it were an accident on a nuclear fuel cycle object, then [in the atmosphere] would be Not only ruthenies. Most likely, this suggests that there was an accident at the enterprise, which is engaged in the manufacture of radioisotopes, in medical and research purposes. In Kazakhstan is the Institute nuclear physics In Almaty, they produce radiopharmaceuticals. But there were no accidents, I didn't hear about the accident, "said Asan Aydarthanov.

The director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan, the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan, Kenzhin, said that in the West of Kazakhstan, the Institute has an object next to the city of Aksai in the West Kazakhstan region.

"This is an underground polygon, there are gallery at the depth of one and a half kilometers and a kilometer. These are the former Polygons of the USSR, where there were underground nuclear explosions in the 1980s. Everything is canned there, that is, there are no works related to the release of [Radiation], there is no Already dozens of years. And there is absolutely no radioactivity of radioactivity, "said Yerghase Kenzhin.

"This [emission] does not apply to Kazakhstan 100%," he believes. "But between France and our region there is a powerful European part of Russia, where dozens are concentrated, hundreds of enterprises that can potentially do it."

Scientists IRSN talk about the leakage of Ruthenium-106, which is mainly used in medicine. Aviaria by nuclear reactor Experts of the French Institute exclude.

Russian authorities earlier stated that there were no accidents at Russian nuclear power plants in September. The State Corporation Rosatom, with reference to the data "Roshydromet" in October, reported that in the territory of Russia, including in the Southern Urals, Ruthenium-106 "was not found."

However, the Kommersant with reference to the vice-governor of the Chelyabinsk region Oleg Klimov reported that the ruthenium isotope was still found in the air in this region, and the Vice-Governor was going to hold a meeting on this topic with the participation of specialists from the state corporation on atomic energy " Rosatom "and the production association" Lighthouse ". There is no information on the results of this meeting in open sources.

One of the main, final stages of the development of nuclear weapons are polygon tests. They are carried out not only to determine the characteristics of the power and verification of the correctness of theoretical calculations on the newly created and modernized samples, but also to confirm the shelf life of the wip.

From the history of the central nuclear landfill

In 1953, a government commission was created under the chairmanship of the commander of the Belomor Military Floutilla, the counter-admiral Sergeeva N. D., which included academicians of Sadovsky M. A. and Fedorov E. K., representatives of the 6th administration of the Navy (Fomin P. F ., Puchkov A. A., Azbukin K. K., Yakovlev Yu. S.), as well as other ministries with the aim of choosing a landfill suitable for testing new types of Navy nuclear weapons in marine conditions.

After the Commission's report to the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Menstimen Engineering of the USSR and the detailed justification of measures for preparing for testing for testing in maritime conditions, a closed resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 31, 1954 was held number 1559-699 on the equipment on the new land "Object-700", subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of the USSR (6th Navy Management). The Commission has chosen on the archipelago New Earth. It was decided: to conduct underwater nuclear tests in the black lip, create the main base of the landfill in the lip of the Belushye, and the airfield in the village of Rogachevo. To ensure construction and installation work on this facility, construction control "Specstroy-700" was created. "Object-700" and Specstroy initially headed Colonel Barkovsky E.

September 17, 1954 it is customary to consider the birthday of the landfill. It includes: experimental and engineering parts, energy and water supply services, fighter aviation Regiment, Division of ships and ships special purpose, Transport Aviation Detachment, Rescue Service Division, Communication Node, Requirement Parts and Other Divisions.

By September 1, 1955, the "Object-700" was ready for the first underwater nuclear test. The black ships of a target brigade of the experimental ships of various classes came to their move to her lip.

On September 21, 1955, at 10.00 on the North Polygon, the first underwater nuclear test in the USSR (at a depth of 12 meters) was produced. State Commission in his report recorded the conclusion that not only underwater explosions can be carried out on the "Object - 700" autumn-summer The period, but also testing samples of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere of practical without limitation in power and for the entire time of the year.

By the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 5, 1958, the "Object" 700 was transformed into the State Central Polygon - 6 (6HSP) of the USSR Ministry of Defense for Testing Nuclear Chambers.

The most "bright" test, which caused the whole world to feel all the power of the Soviet Union occurred on the new Earth on October 14, 1961. Almost 43 years ago Soviet Union Tests "Tsar Bomb" with a capacity of 58 megatons (58 million tons of trotyl).

"Tsar Bomb" exploded at an altitude of 3,700 meters above the Earth. The explosive wave tried around the planet three times. One observer said that "wooden houses were destroyed in the zone with a radius of a hundred kilometers from the site of the explosion and the roofs with stone buildings were destroyed."

The outbreak could be observed at a distance of 1000 km., Although the explosion place (almost the entire archipelago) was shrouded with a dense cloud. The skies rose a mushroom-shaped cloud with a height of 70 km.

The USSR showed the world, which is the owner of the most powerful nuclear weapons. And it was demonstrated in the Arctic.

A lot of various tests of nuclear weapons was carried out on the new land nuclear landfill. The presence of this remote, deserted region allowed our country to keep up in the race of nuclear weapons; It made it possible to carry out all types of tests and explosions without prejudice and danger to the health of citizens of the country.

In 1980, the USSR on the XXXY session of the UN General Assembly proposed as an integral part of some urgent measures to reduce military danger - to declare a one-year moratorium on carrying out all tests of nuclear weapons. Western powers and China did not respond to this offer.

In 1982, the USSR presented for consideration by the XXXII session of the UN General Assembly "The main provisions of the Treaty on the full and universal ban on nuclear weapons." The supervising majority of votes, the General Assembly took note of them, called on the Disarmament Committee urgently proceed to practical negotiations in order to develop a contract. However, the West and this time blocked the work of the disarmament committee.

On August 6, 1985, the USSR unilaterally introduced a moratorium on all types of nuclear explosions. Almost a 19-month term of this moratorium extended four times and remained until 26.02.87, reaching 569 days. During this, the US moratorium produced 26 underground nuclear explosions in 1987. The US State Department confirmed the intentions to conduct explosions in Nevada, "while US security depends on nuclear weapons."

On October 26, 1991, the Order of the 67-RP of the President of Russia B. Yeltsin was declared the second - the Russian - moratorium. This happened against the background of a fairly active activity of the polygons of other nuclear powers.

On February 27, 1992, the President of the Russian Federation was signed by Decree - 194 "On the Polygon on New Earth", which he was defined as the Central Polygon of the Russian Federation (CPU RF).

Currently, the CPU of the Russian Federation is functioning in full compliance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 05, 1993 No. 11008, which is prescribed:

Extend the term of the moratorium on nuclear tests of the Russian Federation declared by the President of the President of the Russian Federation of October 26, 1991 No. 167-RP and the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 19, 1992 number 1267, until such a moratorium declared by other states with nuclear weapons will be de-jurade or deceitly respected by them.

To entrust the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation to hold consultations with representatives of other states with nuclear weapons in order to start multilateral negotiations on the development of a comprehensive prohibition of nuclear tests.

Russian civilization

On July 29, 1985, the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev declared the decision of the CCR to unilaterally stop any nuclear explosions before January 1, 1986. We decided to talk about five famous nuclear landfills that existed in the USSR.

Semipalatinsky test landfill

Semipalatinsky test polygon is one of the largest nuclear polygons of the USSR. He also gained fame as a shyup. The landfill is located in Kazakhstan at 130 km north-west of Semipalatinsk, on the left bank of the Irtysh River. The area of \u200b\u200bthe landfill is 18,500 square meters km. On its territory there is a previously closed city of Kurchatov. The Semipalatinsky polygon is known for the fact that the first test of nuclear weapons in the Soviet Union was conducted here. The test was conducted on August 29, 1949. The capacity of the bomb was 22 kilotons.

On August 12, 1953, the Polygon was tested by the Bermonuclear BDS-6C power with a capacity of 400 kilotons. The charge was placed on the tower at an altitude of 30 m above the ground. As a result of this test, part of the landfill was very infected with radioactive explosion products, and so far in some places a small background is saved. On November 22, 1955, a test of the RDS-37 thermonuclear bomb was carried out over the polygon. She was dropped by plane at an altitude of about 2 km. On October 11, 1961, the first nuclear explosion was produced at the Polygon in the USSR. From 1949 to 1989, at least 468 nuclear tests, including 125 atmospheric, 343 test nuclear explosions underground, were produced at the Semipalatinsky nuclear landfill.

Nuclear testing at the landfill is not held since 1989.

Polygon on a new earth

The landfill on the new land was opened in 1954. Unlike Semipalatinsky landfill, he was removed from settlements. Nearest major locality - The village of Amderma - was located 300 km from the landfill, Arkhangelsk - more than 1000 km, Murmansk - more than 900 km.

From 1955 to 1990, 135 nuclear explosions were produced at the landfill: 87 in the atmosphere, 3 underwater and 42 underground. In 1961, the most powerful in the history of mankind was blown on the new land h-bomb - 58 megaton "Tsar-Bomb", also known as Kuzkina Mother.

In August 1963, the USSR and the United States signed an agreement on the prohibition of nuclear tests in three environments: in the atmosphere, space and under water. Restrictions and charge power were taken. The underground explosions continued to be carried out until 1990.

Totsky polygon

The Totsky landfill is located in the Volga-Ural Military District, 40 km east of the city of Buzuluk. In 1954, tactical teachings of troops were held here under the codenate name "Snowball". He led the teachings Marshal Georgy Zhukov. The purpose of the exercises was to work out the possibilities of a breakthrough of the enemy defense using nuclear weapons. Materials related to these teachings are still not declassified.

During the exercises on September 14, 1954, the Tu-4 bombarder dropped from the height of 8 km nuclear bomb of the RDS-2 capacity of 38 kilotonn in Trotil equivalent. The explosion was produced at an altitude of 350 m. 600 tanks were sent to the infected area, 600 BTR and 320 aircraft. The total number of servicemen who participated in the exercises was about 45 thousand people. As a result of the exercises, thousands of its participants received different doses of radioactive irradiation. From participants in the teachings, a subsidization was taken on non-disclosure, which led to the fact that the victims could not tell the doctors about the causes of diseases and get adequate treatment.

Kapustin Yar.

Polygon Kapustin Yar is located in the northwestern part of the Astrakhan region. The polygon was created on May 13, 1946 for testing the first Soviet ballistic missiles.

Since the 1950s, at least 11 nuclear explosions at an altitude of 300 m to 5.5 km, the total capacity of which is approximately 65, was held at the Kapustin Yar polygon. atomic bombs, dropped on Hiroshima. On January 19, 1957, a testing of an anti-aircraft managed rocket type 215 was conducted at the landfill. It had a 10 kiloton nuclear warhead, designed to combat the main nuclear shock power USA - strategic aviation. The rocket exploded at an altitude of about 10 km, hitting target airplanes - two IL-28 bombers managed by radio control. It was the first high air nuclear explosion in the USSR.