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Introduction

Social statistics as a branch of statistical science and practice

Sample surveys in social statistics

Conclusion

Bibliography
Introduction

The origin of statistics as a science occurred in England in the second half of the 17th century. In the works of the school of so-called political arithmeticians John Graunt and William Petty, it was first shown that statistics are not only the recording of information. It allows, using special techniques for processing the collected material, to discover important patterns and relationships that allow a deeper understanding of the meaning of social phenomena. Only from the middle of the 20th century the emphasis in statistics was placed on the economic, economic aspects of society.

Thus, statistics are primarily social in origin and nature. Its focus is on population, education, culture and other social phenomena.

Social statistics data are needed to analyze the development of society, a kind of social diagnostics, to identify trends, the strengthening of which may threaten people’s livelihoods. Social statistics information is necessary for the authorities government controlled designed to ensure the safety of people's lives and activities.

Due to the fact that the spheres social life and social processes are very specific and cannot be adequately reflected using universal measuring and analytical tools; statistics use various measurement systems and indicators that are specialized for the corresponding social structures.

The purpose of this work is to consider the methodological foundations of social statistics and its individual areas: statistics of political and social life, social mobility of the population, employment and unemployment, families and households, moral and legal statistics.
Social statistics as a branch of statistical science and practice

social statistics public population

The concept of “social statistics” has two interpretations: as a field of science and as a field of practical activity. Social statistics as a field of science develops a system of techniques and methods for collecting, processing and analyzing numerical information about social phenomena and processes in society. Social statistics as a field of practical activity is aimed at carrying out work by state statistical bodies and other organizations to collect and summarize numerical materials characterizing certain social processes.

The autonomous existence of social statistics as a science or as a field of practical activity would be meaningless. These areas should and can only develop in unity and interconnection.

Social statistics differs from other branches of statistics not only in its special subject and object of study. Its originality lies in special channels for obtaining initial information, and in the use of special techniques for processing and summarizing this information, and in special ways practical use analysis results.

Statistical analysis of phenomena and processes occurring in the social life of society is carried out using methods specific to statistics - methods of general indicators that give a numerical measurement of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an object, the connections between them, and the trends in their measurement. These indicators reflect the social life of society, which serves as the subject of social statistics research.

The most significant areas of research in social statistics include:

- social and demographic structure of the population and its dynamics;

Standards of living;

Welfare level;

Level of population health;

Culture and education;

Moral Statistics;

Public opinion;

Political life.

For each area of ​​research, a system of indicators is developed, sources of information are determined, and there are specific approaches to the use of statistical materials in order to regulate the social situation in the country and regions. At the same time, all these directions ultimately provide unified, consistent and integrated information about the picture of social life, about trends and patterns of social development.

To display and study the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the phenomena and processes of social life, a system of indicators is used in social statistics. Statistical indicator is the most important category of social statistics. This is a very capacious and widely used concept. It is saturated with specific content in relation to various phenomena, their properties, forms. A statistical indicator is directly related to the quantitative side of a social phenomenon. Therefore, a statistical indicator is a quantitative-qualitative concept. It is impossible to name a specific statistical indicator without mentioning its qualitative content. These are, for example, indicators of real disposable cash income, volume paid services, average life expectancy of the population and others.

Since social statistics studies the phenomena of social life in specific conditions of place and time, then any statistical indicator in the form of a specific number contains spatial and temporal certainty.

Thus, a specific statistical indicator in its full definition contains:

Quantitative certainty;

Qualitative certainty;

Definition of space;

Certainty of time.

For example, the population of the Moscow region as of January 1, 1998 was 6.6 million people. Here the population size is the qualitative certainty of the indicator;

Moscow region - spatial certainty; as of January 1, 1998 - time certainty; 6.6 million - quantitative certainty.

There are no abstract numbers in statistics, regardless of space, time and qualitative content.

Thus, an indicator of social statistics is a generalized quantitative characteristic of a qualitatively defined social phenomenon.

When defining the tasks of social statistics, it is necessary to highlight those that are solved by any industrial statistics in relation to its object of study. Such tasks for social statistics are:

Systematic analysis in the social sphere;

Analysis of the most important trends and patterns of development of social infrastructure sectors;

Study of the level and living conditions of the population;

Assessing the degree of differentiation of these characteristics;

Dynamics analysis;

Forecasting the most likely course of development in the near and longer term;

Study of the factors under the influence of which this situation arose;

Assessment of the degree of compliance of actual parameters with their standard values;

Clarification of the relationships and roles of objective and subjective factors;

Study of the interaction of social processes with other components of social development.

In addition, there are special tasks inherent in social statistics. Their specificity depends primarily on the difficulties that arise in the practice of studying social processes. These include the following.

1. Overcoming the autonomy of individual areas of social statistics and the resulting incomparability of many statistical indicators; the actual formation of a unified interconnected system of social statistics. shortcomings in this area are explained not only by an objective reason - sharp differences in the essence and forms of manifestation of different social processes, but also by certain organizational prerequisites. The collection of social information is carried out by different departments of state statistics bodies: price statistics, budgets, labor statistics, etc. Social indicators are initially included in different subsystems of indicators of socio-economic statistics, which leaves an imprint on the solution of a number of methodological issues. At the same time, the different “age” of individual indicators of social statistics also influences: some indicators have been used in the practice of statistical work for a long time and, due to inertia, the traditional approach to solving methodological issues is preserved; other indicators are more recent and more focused on modern methodologies.

2. Achieving compliance of a number of statistical indicators with the assessment of the essence of social phenomena and processes, since indicators do not provide their qualitative characteristics. Only individual formalities are taken into account quantitative parameters. for example, the state of the health care system is difficult to realistically assess based only on data on the number of doctors and hospital beds per 1,000 people. As it expands various forms medical care, based on commercial principles, there is an increasing differentiation in the quality of work, accessibility, and variety of types of specialized medical institutions. Everything should be reflected in statistical indicators.

3. Integrating research at the macro and micro levels, which allows us to more deeply and fully reveal the root causes and mechanisms of the processes being studied. So far, social statistics are focused primarily on the study of phenomena and processes at the macro level, where the final results of the process are discovered. Decentralization of the entire management system in the country increases the relevance information support at the regional level.

4. Development of indicators, construction of models, evaluation of hypotheses, differentiation for the most characteristic socio-cultural, socio-ethnic, socio-demographic groups of the population. The population grouping schemes used should be adjusted as shifts in population composition occur. current system indicators of social statistics practically eliminates the actual differentiation of living conditions of different groups of the population, their systems value orientations etc. the trend of increasing social stratification of society increases the relevance of this issue.

5. Overcoming the existing incomparability of social statistics indicators and indicators presented in other sectoral statistics.

6. Modeling socio-economic relations in order to discover mechanisms of interaction in social system. At the macro level, a number of objectively existing limiting factors are presented that predetermine the limits of possible fluctuations social indicators under specific conditions (without destroying the system). This is important to take into account when developing social programs.

7. Expanding the range of opinion statistics indicators. The relevance of this task lies in the fact that the most important component of social processes is the psychological factor. Subjective personal assessments of factors and events predetermine the population's reaction to them and the behavior of the population in various spheres of life.

8. Carrying out special measures to compensate, if possible, for such weaknesses of many indicators as: elements of subjectivity; inaccuracy of anamnesis data Anamnesis is information about events and facts of past years obtained through population surveys. ; incomplete accounting of facts about which people are reluctant to provide information; lack of objective unambiguous criteria and scales for various kinds of value judgments, etc. This is one of the important conditions for building a full-fledged system of social statistics indicators, increasing its reliability and information capacity. Negative manifestations can be mitigated using a number of special techniques. Among them: joint analysis of information about facts and opinions on the same issue; repeated reference in questionnaires to the same question with some changes in shades of meaning and wording; detailing the issue, that is, dividing it into several separate issues with the subsequent construction of an integral indicator; Control questions, allowing to identify unreliable answers, etc.

The examples given do not exhaust the list of current tasks for improving the methodology and methods of social statistics.

Statistics develops a special methodology for obtaining information: selecting, measuring, recording and aggregating data, as well as their subsequent transformations. Such special methods include: mass statistical observations, grouping method, methods of average values, indices, balance method and a number of others. Statistics as a science includes the following sections: general theory of statistics, economic statistics, industry statistics - industrial, agricultural, construction, transport, communications, etc. It is within the framework of industry statistics that social statistics are currently developing. Social statistics, in turn, also consists of several sections.

The main sections of social statistics as a science are:

theory of statistics, which examines the essence of statistics as a science, its subject, general categories, concepts, etc.

social statistics and its branch statistics that study social phenomena (political statistics, statistics of living standards and consumption material goods and services, housing and communal services and consumer services, public education, culture and art, healthcare, physical culture and social security, science and scientific services, management)

population statistics, studying the processes and phenomena occurring in the field of population - size, composition of the population, birth rate, death rate, migration, etc.

Sample studies in social statistics

By coverage of population unitsstatistical observation there is continuous and non-continuous. The task continuous observation is to obtain information about all units of the population under study.

Until recently, the Russian system of state statistics relied primarily on continuous observation. However, this type of observation has serious disadvantages: the high cost of obtaining and processing the entire amount of information; high labor costs; insufficient efficiency of information, since its collection and processing requires a lot of time. And finally, not a single continuous observation, as a rule, provides complete coverage of all units of the population without exception. A larger or smaller number of units necessarily remain unobserved, both during one-time surveys and during such a form of observation as reporting. For example, at present, a significant part of non-state sector enterprises do not provide the necessary information to state statistical bodies, even despite the adopted Law of the Russian Federation “On liability for violation of the procedure for submitting state statistical reporting.”

The number and proportion of units not covered depend on many factors: the type of survey (by mail, by oral interview); reporting unit type; registrar qualifications; the content of the questions provided for in the observation program; time of day or year when the survey is carried out, etc.

Incomplete observation initially assumes that only a portion of the units in the population being studied are subject to survey. When conducting it, it is necessary to determine in advance what part of the population should be subjected to observation and how to select those units that should be surveyed.

One of the advantages of non-continuous observations is the ability to obtain information in more detail. short time and with less resources than with continuous observation. This is due to a smaller volume of collected information, and therefore lower costs for its acquisition, verification, processing, and analysis.

There are several types of partial observation. One of them - selective observation. This is a fairly common type, based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population under study that should be subjected to observation. When properly organized, sample observation gives fairly accurate results that are quite suitable for characterizing the entire population under study. This is the advantage of selective observation compared to other types of incomplete observation.

The size of the sample population depends on the nature (character) of the socio-economic phenomenon being studied. The sample population must represent all types of units present in the population under study. Otherwise, the sample population will not accurately reproduce the proportions and dependencies characteristic of the population in its entirety.

A type of sample observation is moment observation method. Its essence is that information is collected by recording the values ​​of characteristics of units of the sample population at some predetermined points in time. Therefore, the method of momentary observations involves selecting not only units of the population under study (sampling in space), but also points in time at which the state of the object under study is recorded - sampling in time).

This type of observation is used when conducting population income surveys.

The next type of non-continuous observation is the method main array. In this case, the most significant, usually the largest units of the population being studied are examined, which, according to the main (for a specific study) characteristic, have the largest share in the population. It is this type that is used to organize monitoring of the work of city markets.

Monographic a survey is a type of continuous observation in which individual units of the population under study, usually representatives of some new types of phenomena, are subjected to a thorough examination. It is carried out with the aim of identifying existing or emerging trends in the development of this phenomenon.

A monographic survey, limited to individual units of observation, studies them with a high degree of detail, which cannot be achieved with a continuous or even sample survey. A detailed statistical and monographic study of one factory, farm, family budget, etc. makes it possible to capture those proportions and connections that escape the field of view during mass observations.

Thus, during a monographic survey, individual units of a population are subjected to statistical observation, and they can represent both truly isolated cases and populations of small size. A monographic survey is often carried out to design a new mass surveillance program. We can say that there is a close connection between continuous (or selective) and monographic observations. On the one hand, to select observation units that should be subjected to monographic study, data from mass surveys are used. On the other hand, the results of monographic surveys make it possible to clarify the structure of the population under study and, what is very important, the relationship between individual features characterizing the phenomenon being studied. This allows us to refine the mass surveillance program, character traits and the main features of the research object.

The accuracy of statistical observation is the degree of correspondence of the value of any indicator (the value of any attribute), determined from the materials of statistical observation, to its actual value.

The discrepancy between the calculated and actual values ​​of the quantities being studied is called observation error.

Data accuracy is a basic requirement for statistical observation. To avoid observation errors, prevent, identify and correct their occurrence, it is necessary:

Provide quality training to personnel who will conduct surveillance;

Organize special partial or complete control checks of the correctness of filling out statistical forms;

Carry out logical and arithmetic control of the received data after completing the collection of information.

Depending on the reasons for their occurrence, registration errors and representativeness errors are distinguished.

Registration errors- these are deviations between the value of an indicator obtained during statistical observation and its actual, actual value. This type of error can occur in both continuous and incomplete observations.

Systematic registration errors always have the same tendency to either increase or decrease the value of indicators for each unit of observation, and therefore the value of the indicator for the population as a whole will include the accumulated error. An example of a statistical registration error when conducting sociological surveys of the population is the rounding of the age of the population, as a rule, using numbers ending in 5 and 0. Many respondents, for example, instead of 48-49 and 51-52 years old, say that they are 50 years old.

Unlike registration errors representativeness errors characteristic only for partial observation. They arise because the selected and surveyed population does not accurately reproduce (represent) the entire original population as a whole.

The deviation of the value of an indicator in the surveyed population from its value in the original population is called a representativeness error.

Representativeness errors can also be random or systematic. Random errors occur when the sampled population does not fully replicate the population as a whole. Its magnitude can be estimated.

Systematic errors of representativeness arise due to a violation of the principles of selecting units from the original population that should be subjected to observation. To identify and eliminate errors made during registration, counting and logical control of the collected material can be used; representativeness (as well as registration errors) can be random and systematic.

When developing a sample observation program, the value of the permissible sampling error and the confidence probability are immediately specified. The minimum sample size that should provide the required accuracy remains unknown. Formulas for determining sample size (n) depend on the sampling method.

With selection proportional to the number of units in the group, the number of observations for each group is determined by the formula:

where n i is the sample size from the i-th group;

n is the volume of the total sample;

N i - volume of the i-th group;

N is the volume of the general population.

When selecting taking into account the variation of a trait, which gives a minimum value of sampling error, the percentage of the sample from each group should be proportional to the standard deviation in this group (y i). The sample size (n i) is calculated using formulas for the average

(- variance of the population characteristic; W i - sample proportion)

The use of selective observation instead of continuous observation allows for better organization of observation, ensures the speed of observation, and leads to savings in money and labor costs for obtaining and processing information. Sample surveys are widely used in the work of state statistics bodies. In some cases, sample observation is used in combination with complete censuses and records. As a result, it becomes possible to identify additional characteristics social processes that have great importance for social statistics.

Conclusion

Social statistics is one of the most important sections in the general theory of statistics. In the structure of this section, many significant areas can be identified, some of which were discussed in this course work. For each area of ​​research, a system of indicators is developed, sources of information are determined, and there are specific approaches to the use of statistical materials in order to regulate the social situation in the country and regions.

Social statistics studies the phenomena of social life in specific conditions of place and time, which are reflected using a special statistical tool - a statistical indicator. Social statistics indicators play an important role in identifying the characteristics of a society. Indicators are essential in social planning and management processes. Along with other features, social statistics is distinguished by the fact that not all phenomena and processes of the social world can be represented using indicators.

When studying some social phenomena, difficulties arise due to limited sources of information. The most significant source of information on the social sphere is population censuses. Analysis of its results should help improve public policy in the social sphere. The latest census is the first in post-perestroika Russia. This is a significant step towards the formation of our country in new political and economic conditions.

It is important to further improve the methods of collecting and analyzing social information, which will make it possible to make rational management decisions at all levels: from a small enterprise to the state.

Bibliography

1. Guryev V.I. Fundamentals of social statistics: Methods. System of indicators. Analysis. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1991. - 176 p.

2. Zaslavskaya T.I. Societal transformation Russian society: Activity-structural concept. - M.: Delo, 2002. - 568 p.

3. Course of socio-economic statistics: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. M.G. Nazarova. - M.: Finstatinform, UNITY-DANA, 2000. - 771 p.

4. Workshop on the theory of statistics: Proc. manual./Ed. prof. R.A. Shmoilova. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999. - 416 p.: ill.

5. Salin V.N., Shpakovskaya E.P. Socio-economic statistics: Textbook. - M.: Yurist, 2001. - 461 p.

6. Social statistics: Textbook / Ed. member-corr. RAS I.I. Eliseeva. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001. - 480 pp.: ill.

7. Socio-economic statistics / N.P. Dashchitskaya, S.S. Podkhvatalina, I.E. Teslyuk and others; Ed. S.R. Nesterovich: Textbook. allowance. - Mn.: BSEU, 2000. - 231 p.

8. Socio-economic statistics: Textbook. aid for students higher textbook establishments. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2001. - 272 p.

9. Sociology: Textbook for universities. - M.: Academic Project, 2001. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - 508s.

10. Statistics: Course of lectures / Kharchenko L.P., Dolzhenkova V.G., Ionin V.G. and etc.; Ed. Ph.D. V.G. Ionina. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house NGAEiU, M.: INFRA-M, 1998. - 310 p.

11. Tavokin E.P. Social statistics: Tutorial. - M.; Publishing house RAGS, 2001. 109 p.

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Plan.

1. CONCEPT OF SOCIAL STATISTICS

5. MAIN OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL STATISTICS

6. PRACTICAL USE OF DATA

7. OBJECTS OF SOCIAL STATISTICS

8. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON THE SOCIAL SPHERE

9. LITERATURE

1. CONCEPT OF SOCIAL STATISTICS

The concept of “social statistics” has two interpretations: as a field of science and as a field of practical activity. Social statistics as a field of science develops a system of techniques and methods for collecting, processing and analyzing numerical information about social phenomena and processes in society. Social statistics as an area of ​​practical activity is aimed at the implementation by state statistical bodies and other organizations of work on collecting and summarizing numerical materials characterizing certain social processes.

The autonomous existence of social statistics as a field of science or as a field of practical activity would be meaningless. These areas should and can only develop in unity and interconnection.

Early primitive forms of recording information about various aspects of the life of society and the state did not have a specially developed scientifically based methodology. As the content of the data taken into account became more complex and as their importance in government and economic management increased, the need arose for more complex methods of recording and summarizing data. Special measures were required to ensure uniformity and reliability of information.

Even-statistical work became an independent type of professional activity, and special bodies were created to carry out this work in the center and locally. Scientific and methodological developments were separated from practical accounting work. Training of specialists in the field of statistics began. From the previously unified statistics, independent branches of this science emerged: industrial statistics, agricultural statistics, population statistics, etc. One of the last to receive “autonomy rights” was social statistics.

Social statistics differs from other branches of statistics not only in its special subject and object of study. Its originality lies in the special channels for obtaining initial information, and in the use of special techniques for processing and summarizing this information, and in special ways of practical use of the results of the analysis. All this confirms the need to distinguish social statistics as a separate area of ​​accounting and statistical work, as well as a special area of ​​scientific development, within the framework of which theoretical and methodological issues of social statistics are resolved.

2. RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIAL STATISTICS WITH OTHER SCIENCES

Social statistics, like any field of science, is connected with other fields of knowledge in various ways. Understanding these relationships contributes to a more accurate definition of the subject, object and methodology of social statistics. The closest are connections between social statistics and other branches of statistics, primarily with the theory of statistics, which develops a general methodological basis for branch statistics. Methodological techniques that are uniform in their essence are concretized and modified in relation to the tasks and conditions of the analysis of social phenomena and processes. In subsequent sections of the course it will be shown how well-known statistical methods take on a unique form if they are used in social statistics. Often the arsenal of research methods provided by the theory of statistics turns out to be insufficient. In such cases social statistics borrows the necessary methods from other branches of knowledge- sociology, psychology, etc.

There is complete or partial commonality of the object research of social statistics with objects of a number of sciences - demography, sociology, population statistics, labor economics, ethnography, medical statistics, etc. Social statistics has some points of contact with them in relation to the subject of research, although they are expressed much less clearly than the commonality of the objects of research. To a greater extent, the similarity of sciences can be manifested in matters of determining the methodology, technique, and object of research.

The partial community of sciences is historically determined. This may be a manifestation of “residual” connections between sciences that have emerged as independent fields of knowledge in the process of differentiation of scientific knowledge and isolation of the subject of research. This may be a consequence of the convergence of sciences, their integration, when in previously quite distant areas of knowledge, during their development, points of contact were discovered in questions of methodology, as well as in the subject and object of research.

However, such commonality does not at all mean identity. For example, both population statistics and social statistics address the population as the object of study. At the same time, if for the first the main interest is the entire population of the country, then for the second - its individual categories. Population statistics examines the dynamics of the number of inhabitants, the composition of the population, and its reproduction. These are all issues relevant to the population as a whole. Social statistics, focusing attention on various aspects of living conditions, should accordingly address primarily those groups of the population for which living conditions are most relevant and specific. Thus, social security issues concern primarily persons of retirement age and disabled people. Educational programs are addressed to school-age children and youth, maternal and child health programs are addressed to young families, etc.

Population statistics traditionally approaches the study of population as a biological population, while social statistics examines the social aspects of people's lives. Note that the line between these approaches is very conditional: when studying fertility, mortality, marriage, divorce, mechanical movement of the population (migration), one cannot do without analyzing social factors.

3. SUBJECT OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STATISTICS

Statistical analysis of phenomena and processes occurring in the social life of society is carried out using methods specific to statistics - methods of general indicators that give a numerical measurement of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an object, the connections between them, and trends in their change. These indicators reflect the social life of society, serving as the subject of social statistics research.

The social life of society, complex and multifaceted in nature, is a system of relationships of different properties, different levels, and different quality. Being a system, these relationships are interconnected and interdependent. Their unity manifests itself in various forms: in interaction, in subordination, in contradiction. It follows from this that the isolation of individual areas of research within the framework of social statistics is nothing more than a conventional technique that facilitates knowledge. Taken in isolation, statistics on the living conditions of the population or statistics on population budgets are just as conditional. such as, for example, the separation of specializations such as dermatology, microbiology, oncology, etc. into an independent field of medicine.

This kind of narrow specialization, while allowing one to deepen and expand knowledge in a specific area, carries the potential danger that general connections and relationships will be lost from sight. The root causes can be replaced by symptoms. Programs of healing and recovery (both of the body of each individual person in medicine, and of the body of society as a whole in the social sphere) will in this case be focused on eliminating not the causes, but only the consequences of an unfavorable situation.

Thus, by focusing on analysis within the framework of crime statistics, one may miss the main strategic task - overcoming the causes that give rise to a crime situation. Narrowly understood crime statistics will only provide conclusions and recommendations of a predominantly tactical nature - about the methods and main directions of the fight against crime in the current period. This implies the relevance of the trend towards the integration of scientific knowledge, since it is on this path that the advantages of differentiation are preserved and its weaknesses are neutralized,

The most effective approach to defining the subject of social statistics is one in which individual aspects of the social life of society are simultaneously singled out for analysis and their unity and interconnection are taken into account.

The most significant areas of research in social statistics include: the social and demographic structure of the population and its dynamics, the standard of living of the population, the level of well-being, the level of health of the population, culture and education, moral statistics, public opinion, political life. For each area of ​​research, a system of indicators is developed, sources of information are determined, and there are specific approaches to the use of statistical materials in order to regulate the social situation in the country and regions. At the same time, all these directions ultimately provide unified, consistent and integrated information about the picture of social life, about trends and patterns of social development.

4. RELEVANCE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS

It is advisable to consider the issue of the relevance of social statistics first in more detail. general view. As is known, social problems depend on the specific historical conditions that have developed in a given society at a given stage of its development. In this regard, there is a need to identify the main ones: the degree of urgency of the decision is determined social problems and their character.

With all the diversity of socio-political structure different countries the severity of social problems in them depends on the same conditions. These include: the degree of humanization of relations in society and the amount of resources that can be directed to meeting the needs of the population; the degree of development of various types of needs and the level of awareness of them by the population. Significant role are played by national and cultural traditions, a measure of the balance of needs and opportunities to satisfy them, the degree of differentiation of the living conditions of various groups and categories of the country's population.

Conditions such as the presence of examples from other countries with different levels and structures of consumption, the speed of changes in the life of the population, which determine the possibility of its adaptation to new conditions, are also relevant. The intensity of social and territorial mobility of the population, the methods adopted in a given society for solving social problems, the ratio of objective and subjective factors that influence the degree of people’s satisfaction with their living conditions are far from indifferent.

The historical experience of mankind shows how wide the range of differences is in all the factors listed above. For example, in modern society There is a state program for providing for the disabled population. At the very early stages of development, some peoples had a custom of physical destruction of those completely unable to work. Apparently, only in this way, in conditions of extremely limited life resources, could the survival of the remaining children and adults be ensured. If now a significant part of society members only begin to engage in productive labor at the age of 20-25 (before that they were in the position of a dependent of the family and society), then in ancient times (in some cases to this day) already from the age of 5-6 a person was obliged to work, participating in providing for the maintenance of their family. In the course of historical development, ideas about the categories of persons who could count on social support from other family members and society changed radically. Significant differences in the structure of needs in different historical eras are also obvious.

From here it is clear how necessary it is to take into account specific historical conditions when analyzing the social problems of a particular society, so incomparable can be essentially outwardly similar indicators. It is impossible to correctly evaluate and interpret statistical indicators of living conditions if we abstract from the factors listed above.

There is another one important aspect. This is the connection between social problems and the restructuring of political life and a change in the political system. It is well known that a change in the political system also changes the living conditions of the people. The reverse direction of communication is no less significant. The initial stimulus for mass political movements is the dissatisfaction of large groups of the population with their position in society - material, socio-cultural, etc. Leaders of political movements rely on this psychological phenomenon to gain the support of large groups of the population.

In some cases, such political leaders sincerely and selflessly strive to create better living conditions for the entire people or certain sections of society, guided by their ideas and ideals. Other political leaders cleverly manipulate the public consciousness of people in order to achieve their personal goals. However, in both cases, the severity of social problems is the source and driving force of political events, and individuals can give this movement a certain direction.

Social - social science Statistics... compare the main socially-economic indicators...

  • Method And tasks socially-economic statistics

    Abstract >> Economics

    ... "Socially-economic statistics"

    • Statistical analysis of phenomena and processes occurring in the social life of society is carried out using methods specific to statistics - methods of general indicators that provide a numerical measurement of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an object, the connections between them, and trends in their change.

    These indicators reflect the social life of society, which serves as the subject of social statistics research.

    The most effective approach to defining the subject of social statistics is one in which individual aspects of the social life of society are simultaneously singled out for analysis and their unity and interconnection are taken into account.

    The most significant areas of research in social statistics include: the social and demographic structure of the population and its dynamics, the standard of living of the population, the level of well-being, the level of health of the population, culture and education, moral statistics, public opinion, political life.

    Social statistics are characterized by a multiplicity of research objects. They can be divided into two types:

    1) Consumers of services, material and spiritual values, information. They are represented by individual and group objects. Individual object – person (population as a collection of individuals). This is also the entire population and its individual categories, depending on the subsequent social process. Collective object - a group of people jointly carrying out consumption, jointly participating in the social process. Such objects are: family, work collective, gardening partnership, etc.

    2) Persons, organizations, structures that provide services to the population and organize one or another social process. Their activities determine the volume and quality of services and values ​​provided.

    Production and consumption of services, values, information are two interconnected aspects of the process. Thus, the housing problem can be revealed if information is obtained on different types of objects: families, where a system of indicators characterizes housing conditions and their dynamics, and organizations that form the housing market (construction organizations, housing departments, various intermediary companies for the exchange, purchase, sale and renting housing, etc.).

    Society and governing bodies need to see what goals social development must be put forward at one time or another, whether they are achieved or not. This requires the publication of data on key social indicators. In our country, such data is contained in statistical collections published by local and central state statistics bodies. Publications of social indicators for countries of the world are carried out by international organizations: the UN, European Union, World Bank.

    SOCIAL STATISTICS

    Tutorial

    (for students of non-economic specialties of all forms of study)

    Topic 1. Subject, methods and tasks of social statistics.

    1.1 Subject and methods of social statistics.

    Social statistics is considered in two directions: as a science and as a field of practical activity. As a science, social statistics develops techniques and methods for collecting, processing, and analyzing numerical information about social phenomena and processes in society and a system of indicators for studying these phenomena. As a practical activity, social statistics is aimed at the implementation by state statistics bodies and other organizations of work on collecting and summarizing statistical data characterizing various social processes.

    Hence, subject of social statistics is a quantitative analysis, inextricably linked with qualitative, of phenomena and processes occurring in the social life of society.

    Objects of study of social statistics are divided into two types:

    1) the main type of objects are consumers of services, material and spiritual values, and information. They are divided into individual objects - this is a person, the population as a whole, certain categories of the population (children, the working population, pensioners and other groups) depending on the social process being studied, as well as collective objects - these are groups of people who jointly consume and jointly participate in social process. These include, for example, family, work collective, gardening partnership, members of cooperatives, etc.

    2) the second type of objects are persons, organizations, structures that provide services to the population, organizing any social process. Their activities determine the volume and quality of services and values ​​provided.

    Both types of objects need to be studied simultaneously, since the production and consumption of services, values, and information constitute two interrelated aspects of one process (for example, the housing problem). In some cases, both types of objects appear in unity, for example, if a family is constructing a residential building on its own.

    Social statistics is closely related to other areas of knowledge and sciences, especially with theoretical statistics, which develops general methods for analyzing various phenomena. Social statistics have partial commonality of research objects with demography, sociology, ethnography, labor economics, as well as with industry statistics: population statistics, medical statistics, population budget statistics, etc.

    To study its subject, social statistics uses all the methods of theoretical statistics: statistical observation, summary and grouping of data, relative indicators, average values, dynamics indicators, sample observation, index method, methods for identifying relationships between phenomena, as well as methods of other sciences: sociology, psychology , balance method.

    Social statistics includes the following sections:

    1) study of the composition of the population (population statistics);

    2) study of the structure of families and households;

    3) study of the standard of living of the population;

    4) statistics of income and expenses of the population;

    5) statistics of consumption of goods and services by the population;

    6) statistics of housing conditions and consumer services for the population;

    7) statistics of leisure and free time of the population;

    8) employment and unemployment statistics;

    9) sanitary statistics;

    10) statistics on the level of education of the population and the development of the education system;

    11) moral statistics;

    12) statistics of political and social life.

    1.2 Objectives of social statistics in modern conditions.

    The general objectives of social statistics are the following:

    1) current analysis of the situation in the social sphere;

    2) analysis of trends and patterns of development of infrastructure sectors;

    3) study of the level and living conditions of the population;

    4) analysis of the dynamics of social indicators;

    5) forecasting the development of social processes;

    6) study of factors influencing changes in social indicators;

    7) determination of the proportion and ratio of objective and subjective factors influencing the development of the social sphere;

    8) study of the interaction of social processes with other components of social development.

    In addition, social statistics solves its own specific problems:

    1) the formation of a unified interconnected system of indicators of social statistics, since the collection of data and calculation of indicators of social statistics in practice is carried out by different departments of state statistics, and they are included in the system of indicators of socio-economic statistics. In addition, some of them are determined traditional methods, but new indicators require modern approach to calculation and analysis;

    2) integration of research at the macro and micro levels for a more in-depth study of the mechanism of social processes, since so far social statistics are focused mainly on the macro level;

    3) development of indicators, construction of models, forecasting for certain groups of the population: socio-demographic, socio-ethnic, socio-cultural;

    4) overcoming the incomparability of social statistics indicators and industry statistics indicators;

    5) modeling of socio-economic relations in order to determine the mechanisms of their interaction in the social system;

    6) expanding the range of opinion statistics indicators, since a component of social processes is the psychological factor;

    7) carrying out special measures to eliminate the incompleteness of taking into account factors, the inaccuracy of data obtained during a survey of the population and the lack of unambiguous criteria, judgments, and rating scales.

    1.3 Modern organization statistics in the Russian Federation.

    As a practical activity, there are state, departmental and private statistics.

    In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 9, 2004 No. 314, the main body of state statistics is the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation as an executive body (FSGS RF or Rosstat). Until 2004, the management of state statistics was carried out by the State Committee on Statistics (Goskomstat of the Russian Federation).

    The activities of the FSGS are managed by the Government of the Russian Federation (approved by the head of Rosstat). The FSGS of the Russian Federation is a legal entity, financed from the federal budget.

    Rosstat carries out its activities on the basis of the “Regulations on the Federal State Statistics Service”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2008 No. 420 and on the basis Federal Law No. 282 – Federal Law of November 29, 2007 “On official statistical accounting and the system of state statistics in the Russian Federation.” There are territorial bodies of the FSGS in each federal subject of the country (in territories, regions, cities, joint-stock companies). FSGS and its territorial subordinate organizations, computer centers, educational establishments, research institutions make up unified system state statistics.

    The FSGS performs the functions of generating official statistical information on the social, economic, demographic, environmental situation of the country, as well as the functions of control and supervision in the field of state statistical activities on the territory of the Russian Federation (in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation).

    The main tasks of the FSGS:

    1) provision of official information to the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, federal executive authorities, international organizations, the public, business entities, individuals;

    2) development of statistical methodology and systems of statistical indicators that meet the needs of a market economy and international standards (SNA - system of national accounts);

    3) coordination of state statistical activities in the country;

    4) current analysis of socio-economic processes, compilation of national accounts and balances;

    5) forecasting trends in the country's development;

    6) guaranteeing the scientific validity and reliability of statistical information.

    The FSGS is headed by a head appointed by the Government of the Russian Federation, who can have up to four deputies. The structural divisions of the central apparatus of the FSGS are departments for the main areas of activity, which include departments.

    On the territory of the Omsk region there is a Territorial Authority Federal service state statistics for the Omsk region (Omskstat). It also includes a computer center.

    Omskstat is headed by a director who has four deputies. They oversee sectoral areas of statistical activity. The structure of the regional body consists of statistics departments, formed as departments of statistics of economic sectors and consolidated departments: department of summary information, department of industry statistics (enterprises), department of agricultural statistics, department of trade statistics, department of construction and investment statistics, department of labor statistics, department of finance statistics , department of statistics of prices and living standards of the population, department of the population census, department of social statistics, department of regional accounts, department of maintaining the Unified State Register of Enterprises, etc.

    In addition, Omskstat includes departments for general economic purposes: accounting, financial and economic department, printing department, economic department.

    Since October 1, 1999, all employees of state statistical bodies have been transferred to the category of civil servants who carry out their labor activities in accordance with special regulations.

    The FSGS and all its territorial bodies have their own addresses on the INTERNET to provide consumers with information:

    Rosstat website: www.gks.ru

    Subject and object of socio-economic statistics

    Introduction

    As society developed, accounting and statistical work became deeper in content, wider in the range of objects surveyed, and more perfect in the rules applied.

    During the period of the formation of capitalism, the need for statistical information on the size and location of industrial and agricultural enterprises, production volumes and sales markets for goods, labor markets, raw materials, etc. increased significantly.

    The expansion and complexity of accounting and statistical work, covering mass phenomena over vast territories, required the establishment general rules processing and analysis of mass numerical data. There was a growing need for theoretical understanding and generalization of statistical practice. The accumulated factual materials served as a good initial basis for the creation of a statistical theory. All this together led to the emergence in the second half of the 17th century. scientific statistics, which began to develop in two directions.

    First direction originated in Germany and is known as statecraft, or descriptive school of statistics.Second direction development of statistical science originated in England and is known as the school political arithmetic. There were two main directions in the school of political arithmetic:

      demographic (based D. Graunt, E. Halley), within the framework of which the patterns of population reproduction were studied, mortality tables were compiled for the insurance business, determining the probability of survival to a certain age;

      statistical-economic(based W. Petty), which paid main attention to methods of quantitative analysis of economic processes.

    1. Socio-economic statistics

    Term "statistics"(derived from the Latin word status - state, state of affairs) was used in the meaning of "political state", hence the Italian stato - state and statista - expert on states. This word entered scientific literature in the 18th century. and was initially understood as “state science.” But statistical science arose even earlier, in mid-17th century c., in response to the state’s need to have consolidated data, generalized by country, on the availability of resources for production, trade, organization of interstate relations, etc. During this period, statistics was called political arithmetic. It was a science that combined the principles of political economy and statistics. Its founder was the English scientist W. Petty. In the first half of the 19th century. in the works of A. Quetelet and his followers, an attempt was made to present statistics as a science about the patterns of social phenomena. However, these patterns were considered metaphysically. The laws of society were identified with the laws of nature (“social physics” by A. Quetelet). Then a formalistic interpretation of the subject of statistical science became widespread in statistics, reducing it to quantitative relationships in isolation from the qualitative content of phenomena.

    Russian scientists and public figures made a great contribution to statistical practice and science. In the works of M.V. Lomonosov, I.K. Kirilova, V.N. Tatishchev, and later K.I. Arsenyev's ideas for a comprehensive economic and statistical description of the country were developed. A.N. Radishchev formulated valuable proposals in the field of judicial statistics. In the works of D.P. Zhuravsky shows the role of groups in statistics, and proposes a system of statistical indicators for studying social life. The history of statistics is outlined in the works of Yu.E. Janson. P.L. Chebyshev and his students formulated a mathematical basis for the scientifically based application of the sampling method. A.A. Chuprov worked on methods for establishing relationships between phenomena and developed the theoretical foundations of mathematical statistics.

    Currently, statistics (socio-economic statistics) is a social science that studies the patterns of formation and change in quantitative relations of social phenomena, considered in direct connection with their qualitative content.

    Socio-economic statistics, or statistics, is: 1) a branch of knowledge - a science that is a complex and branched system of scientific disciplines (sections) that have certain specifics and study the quantitative side of mass phenomena and processes in inextricably linked with their qualitative side; 2) branch of practical activity - collection, processing, analysis and publication of mass data on phenomena and processes of social life; 3) a set of digital information characterizing the state of mass phenomena and processes of social life or their totality;

    4) a branch of statistics that uses methods of mathematical statistics to study socio-economic processes and phenomena.

    1.1 SES indicators

    Socio-economic statistics is a scientific discipline that studies the quantitative characteristics of mass phenomena and processes in the economy and social sphere. Socio-economic statistics data provide a systematic quantitative description of various economic and social processes occurring in society. This discipline includes sections such as socio-demographic statistics, statistics of living standards, labor and employment statistics, price statistics, investment statistics, national wealth statistics, statistics of various industries (transport, construction, population, agriculture, etc. .).

    The following indicators are used in socio-economic statistics:

    Price dynamics indicators;

    Indicators of volume and cost of manufactured products;

    Indicators of population size and composition;

    Indicators of the standard of living of the population;

    Indicators of income and expenditure of the population;

    Indicators of labor, material and financial resources;

    Performance and remuneration indicators;

    Indicators of the availability of fixed and working capital;

    Macroeconomic indicators.

    The above indicators are calculated by various methods using the tools of the general theory of statistics. An important condition in statistical methodology is to ensure comparability of data in time and space and internationally.

    1.2 Objectives of the SES

    The main objectives of socio-economic statistics are:

    Providing information necessary for government authorities to make appropriate decisions in the field of formation of socio-economic policy and government programs;

    Informing everyone interested parties and institutions about the state of the economy and social sphere of the state and population groups;

    Providing data on the results of the country's socio-economic development to research institutions and socio-political organizations.

    The listed tasks of socio-economic statistics are in close interaction with the implementation of the country's socio-economic development program. In modern socio-economic statistics, great importance is attached to indicators of economic conditions that reflect changes in the volume of production of gross domestic product (GDP) depending on an increase or decrease in the level of capacity utilization and, as a consequence, changes in consumer demand. Economic growth indicators indicate a change in the volume of GDP production as a result of increasing production capacity, attracting investment, and increasing labor productivity.

    In addition to the above, an important task of socio-economic statistics is the analysis of the state budget, the study of its structure, dynamics, sources of formation and directions of spending. In this regard, various absolute and relative indicators are used, including the ratio of the government budget deficit to GDP to assess the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies. Another equally important task is to study the factors influencing the savings rate. Such factors include the size of the bank interest rate, the amount of disposable income, the return on deposits, etc.

    Currently, foreign economic relations are actively developing in Russia, so there is an increased interest in reliable statistical data on foreign trade, in conducting statistical monitoring of exchange rates, and in analyzing factors influencing the dynamics of exchange rates.

    The next important task of socio-economic statistics is to analyze the activities of the money and stock markets and their impact on the development of various macroeconomic indicators.

    In this regard, statistical authorities are obliged, relying on an interconnected system of statistical indicators that comprehensively and fully characterizes the relationships between socio-economic phenomena, to collect, process and provide for further analysis all the necessary information for policy formation and management decisions in the field of economics and social life of society. The study of the country's labor, material and financial resources is another important task of socio-economic statistics, which is solved using the system of national accounts by compiling a balance sheet of assets and liabilities.

    Condition monitoring environment and its monitoring is also the responsibility of statistical authorities, which must monitor the depletion of natural resources and provide the necessary information on the state of natural resources and the conditions of their consumption.

    2. SES facility

    Each science has its own object, subject and methodology of knowledge real world. Science object- these are real world phenomena to which science extends its knowledge. Science subject constitutes that specific range of questions for a given science that are subject to research when science studies its object of knowledge. The principles, methods and techniques of studying the subject of science form the methodology of this science.

    The object of study of socio-economic statistics is society in all the diversity of its forms and manifestations. This connects socio-economic statistics with all other sciences that study society, the processes occurring in it, the patterns of its development - with political economy, industrial economics, agriculture, sociology, etc. In this object common to all social sciences, each of them finds its a specific aspect of the study - any characteristic essential properties, aspects, relationships of the phenomena of social life, certain areas of human activity, etc.

    But do social phenomena have such properties, such an aspect that could be studied only by socio-economic statistics and, therefore, constitute the subject of knowledge of statistical science? The answer to this question is not very simple. Throughout the history of the development of socio-economic statistics, disputes have arisen and continue to arise on this issue. As noted in Chap. 1, some argue that socio-economic statistics has a specific subject of knowledge and therefore is a science, others deny that it has only an inherent subject of knowledge and consider it a doctrine of method (statistical method of research). The latter argue that everything that socio-economic statistics studies is the subject of other sciences. However, it is necessary to distinguish between the object and the subject of knowledge. Already from what was said above about the social sciences, it is clear that the same object, depending on the complexity and diversity of its properties, relationships, etc., can be studied and in many cases is studied by a number of sciences.

    3. Subject of socio-economic statistics

    The subject of knowledge is socio-economic statistics. Naturally, the question arises: what objective properties of the phenomena of social life constitute the subject of knowledge of statistical science?

    Along with qualitative certainty, the phenomena of social life are also characterized by quantitative certainty. Both of these sides are inextricably linked. At any given historical moment, social and economic phenomena have certain sizes and levels, and there are certain quantitative relationships between them.

    These are, for example, the population of the country on a certain date, the ratio between the number of men and women, the growth rate of the gross domestic product, its growth rate and much more. These objectively existing dimensions, levels, quantitative relationships, which are in a state of continuous movement and change, which in general represent the quantitative side of economic and social phenomena, the patterns of their change, constitute the subject of knowledge of socio-economic statistics.

    Thus, socio-economic statistics studies the quantitative side of mass social and economic phenomena in inextricable connection with their qualitative side, i.e. qualitatively defined quantities and patterns manifested in them. She studies production in the unity of productive forces and production relations, the influence of natural and technical factors on quantitative changes in social life, the influence of the development of society and production on the environment.

    Socio-economic statistics studies the production and consumption of material and spiritual goods in society, patterns of their change, economic and social living conditions of people.

    Using a system of quantitative indicators, socio-economic statistics characterize the qualitative aspects of the phenomena of social relations, the structure of society, etc.

    The subject of the study of socio-economic statistics is also the processes occurring in the population - birth rate, marriages, life expectancy, etc.

    Statistical data reveals characteristic features, trends, patterns of development of social and economic phenomena and processes, connections and interdependence between them.

    Socio-economic statistics have developed a system of scientific concepts, categories and methods through which it understands its subject. The most important part of this system is the system of basic indicators of the state and development of the economic and social life of society.

    Many phenomena become precisely defined and significant only when they are statistically expressed, i.e. presented in the form of quantitative statistical indicators. It is impossible, for example, to form a clear idea of ​​the yield of any crop in a country without a generalized statistical expression of it in the form of average yield, or to imagine the size of automobile production without statistical data on the production of automobiles by the country's industry, etc.

    Without quantitative characteristics, it is impossible to imagine with sufficient clarity many economic categories of a general nature, categories of political economy. What is, for example, the structure of social capital? This average value from its buildings in the country's economic sectors. K. Marx explains the concept of the structure of an industry and the economy as a whole as follows: “Numerous individual capitals invested in a specific branch of production are more or less different in their structure from each other. The average of their individual structures gives us the structure of the total capital of a given branch of production. Finally, the general average of these average structures of all branches of production gives us the structure of the social capital of a given country...”

    Conclusion

    At the present stage in Russia, statistical authorities must use new modern technologies for collecting, processing, transmitting and distributing statistical information.

    The use of selective observation methods in studying the activities of various economic entities and various social processes is expanding.

    The basis of information systems should be database management systems, powerful packages for analysis, and modern means of providing information for end use. Further development of electronic information exchange is associated with the transition to more advanced telecommunication systems using the capabilities of the Internet.

    The transition to an international methodology introduces changes in ideas about productive economic activity, the attitude towards the service sector is revised, the classification of economic sectors by areas of activity is clarified, a new division of the economy into sectors is introduced, new concepts of residents, transfers, economic territory, enclaves, etc. are introduced.

    References

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    2. L.A. Blue Socio-economic statistics. Tutorial. - M.: Humanitarian Publishing Center VLADOS, 2003.

    3. V.N. Salin, E. P. Shpakovskaya. Socio-economic statistics. Textbook. - M.: YURIST, 2002.

    4. Socio-economic statistics: workshop / Ed. V.N. Salina, E.P. Shpakovskaya. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2004.

    5. I.I. Eliseeva, M.M. Yuzbashev. General theory statistics. Textbook / Ed. I.I. Eliseeva. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2004.

    6. State program for the transition of the PMR to the international system accounting and statistics. Decree of the PMR government No. 56 of February 25, 2000.