Why is the rays of the blue part of the spectrum reach big depths than red?

From algology, section of botany dedicated to everything concerns algae, we can find out that algae of various departments are able to dwell on different depths of the reservoirs. So, green algae is usually found at a depth of several meters. Brown algae can live at depths of up to 200 meters. Red algae - up to 268 meters.

In the same place, in alrhology books and textbooks, you will find an explanation for these facts that establishes the relationship between the color of pigments in the composition of the cells of algae and the maximum depth of habitat. Explanation is about the following.

The spectral components of sunlight permeate water at different depths. The red rays penetrate only in the upper layers, and blue is much deeper. Red light is needed for chlorophyll. That is why green algae cannot live at large depths. As part of cells of brown algae there is a pigment that allows you to carry out photosynthesis with yellow-green light. And therefore the habitat of this department reaches 200 m. As for red algae, the pigment in their composition uses green and blue colors, which allows them to live deeper than all.

But does this explanation mean reality? Let's try to figure it out.

In the cells of algae, the pigment prevails chlorophyll . That is why this type of algae is painted in various shades of green.

In red algae a lot of pigment ficoErytrina characterized by red. This pigment gives this plant to these plants the corresponding color.

Pigment is present in brown algae fukoxanthin - Brown color.

The same can be said about the algae of other colors - yellow-green, blue-green. In each case, the color is determined by some pigment or a combination of them.

Now about what pigments are and for what they need a cage.

Pigments are required for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process of decomposition of water and carbon dioxide, followed by the construction of all sorts of organic compounds from hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. Pigments accumulate solar energy (photons of solar origin). These photons are just used to decompose water and carbon dioxide. The message of this energy is a kind of point heating of the connecting elements in molecules.

Pigments accumulate all types of solar photons that reach the Earth and pass through the atmosphere. It would be an error that the pigments "work" only with photons of the visible spectrum. They also accumulate infrared and radio photons. When light rays are not closed on their way with various dense and liquid bodies, a greater number of photons in the composition of these rays reaches a heated body, in this case, algae. Photons (energy) are needed for point heating. The greater the depth of the reservoir, the less energy reaches, the more photons are absorbed on the way.

Pigments of different colors are able to delay - accumulate on themselves - a different number of photons coming with light rays. And not only coming with rays, but also moving diffuses - from the atom to the atom, from the molecule to the molecule - down, under the action of attraction of the planet. Photons of the visible range protrude only as a kind of "markers". These visible photons indicate us the color of the pigment. And at the same time they inform these features of the power field of this pigment. The color of the pigment us about this and "says." Those. The attraction field prevails or the repulsion field, and what is the value of one or another. So it turns out, in accordance with this theory, that the pigments of red should have the greatest field of attraction - in other words, the greatest relative mass. And all because the photons of red color, as possessing pushing fields, the most difficult to keep in the element - attraction. The red color of the substance just us indicates that photons of this color in sufficient quantities accumulate on the surface of its elements - not to mention the photons of all other colors. Such a ability to keep more energy on the surface - just the previously named pigment ficherythrin.

As for the pigments of other colors, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the solar radiation accumulated on the surface of the solar radiation will be somewhat different than the pigments of red. For example, chlorophyll with green color will accumulate in its composition less solar energy than ficoerytrin. On this fact we just indicate its green color. Green - complex. It consists of the most "heavy" yellow visible photons and the most "light" blue. During its inertial movement, those and others turn out to be equal. The magnitude of their inertia is equal. And therefore, they are completely equally subordinate during their movement by the same objects with the fields of attraction, affecting them with their attraction. This means that in the photons of blue and yellow, forming a glorus-green, arises in relation to the same chemical element one and the same in size of the attraction.

Here you should distract and explain one important point.

Color of substances in the form in which he is familiar to the world around us - i.e. As the emission of visible photons in response to the fall (not only visible photons, and not only photons, but also other types of elementary particles) - the phenomenon is quite unique. It is possible only due to the fact that heavenly BodyHeated with a larger celestial body (powered), there is a constant course of all these free particles from the periphery to the center. For example, our sun eats particles. They reach the atmosphere of the Earth and move down - straight rays or diffuse (from the element to the element). Diffusedly propagating particles of scientists are referred to as "electricity". All this was said in order to clarify why photons of different colors - blue and yellow possesses the same inertia. But only moving photons may have force inertia. And this means that at every moment of time on the surface of any chemical element in the composition of the illuminated celestial body, free particles are moving. They pass in transit - from the periphery of the heavenly body to its center. Those. The composition of the surface layers of any chemical element is constantly updated .

This is quite fair for photons of two other complex colors - purple and orange.

And this is not all explanation.

Any chemical element is arranged exactly in the image of any celestial body. This is the true meaning " planetary model Atom, "and not at all that the electrons fly in orbits as the planet around the sun. No electrons in the elements do not fly! Any chemical element is a combination of layers of elementary particles - the simplest (indivisible) and complex. Also, as any celestial body is a sequence of layers of chemical elements. Those. Complex (unstable) elementary particles In the chemical elements, the same function is performed as the chemical elements in the composition of the celestial bodies. And just as in the celestial body, heavier elements are located closer to the center, and lighter - closer to the periphery, as well as in any chemical element. Closer to the periphery there are more severe elementary particles. And closer the center is heavier. The same rule applies to particles, transit passing on the surface of the elements. Heavier, whose power of inertia is less, dive deeper to the center. And those that are easier and whose power of inertia is more forming more superficial layers. This means that if the chemical element of red color, then its top layer from the photons of the visible range is formed by red photons. And under this layer, photons are located all the other five colors - on the downward - orange, yellow, green, blue and purple.

If the color of the chemical element is green, this means that the upper layer of its visible photons is represented by photons giving green. But he has no yellow, orange and red layers or practically no.

Repeat - heavy chemical elements have the ability to keep lighter elementary particles - red, for example.

Thus, it is not entirely correct to say that for photosynthesis of algae, one color scheme is needed, and others are different for photosynthesis. More precisely, the relationship between the color of pigments and limiting habitat is traced correctly. However, the explanation is not completely completely. The energy required by algae for photosynthesis consists not only of visible photons. We should not forget about IR and radio photons, as well as UV. All these types of particles (photons) are required and used by plants at photosynthesis. And it is not at all so - chlorophyll needed mostly red visible photons, fucoxantine - yellow and forming green, and ficoeroidrin - blue and green. Not at all.

Scientists completely correctly established the fact that the light rays of blue and green colors are capable of reaching in a larger quantitative composition of large depths than yellow rays, and even more so - red. The reason is still the same - different inertia strength of photons.

Among the particles of the physical plan, as you know, in a state of rest, only the red has a repulsion field. In yellow and blue outside the state of movement - the field of attraction. Therefore, inertial movement only in red can last infinitely. Yellow and blue stops over time. And what less power Inertia, the faster there will be a stop. That is, the light flux of yellow is slowed down slower than green, and green is not as fast as blue. However, as is well known, in the natural conditions of monochromatic light there is no. In the light beam, the particles of different quality are mixed - different pioneering of the physical plan and various colors. And in such a mixed light beam, the Yang particles support the inertial motion of the yin particles. And yin particles, respectively, brake yang. A large percentage of particles of some kind of quality undoubtedly affects the total speed of the light stream and on the average value of inertia.

Photons penetrate the water, moving either diffuse or straight. The diffuse movement is the movement under the action of the attraction forces of chemically elements, in which movement occurs. Those. Photons are transmitted from the element to the element, but at the same time the general direction of their movement remains all the same - towards the center of the celestial body. At the same time, the inertial component of their movement is preserved. However, the trajectory of their movement is constantly controlled by the surrounding elements. The whole set of moving photons (solar) forms a kind of gas atmosphere of chemical elements - like the celestial bodies - planets. In order to understand what chemical elements are from themselves, you must more often contact books on astronomy. As an analogy between the celestial bodies and elements is complete. Photons slide in these "gas shells", constantly facing each other, attracting and pushing out - i.e. We behave exactly like the land atmosphere gases.

Thus, photons are moving due to the action of two forces in them - inertia and attraction (to the center of the celestial body and to the elements, in the environment of which they move). At any time of the movement of any photon to learn the direction and value of the total force, you should use the rulelogram rule.

Red photons are weakly absorbed by the medium in which they move. The reason is their repulsion fields at rest. Because of this, they have a great power of inertia. Stucking with chemical elements, they are more likely bounce, rather attract. That is why the smaller number of red photons penetrates the water stratum compared to the photons of other colors. They are reflected.

Photons of blue, on the contrary, can penetrate the deeper photons of other colors. Their inertia is the smallest. When a collision with chemical elements, they are braking - their inertia is reduced. They are inhibited and attracted elements - absorbed. It is this - absorption instead of reflection - allows a greater number of blue photons to penetrate the waterstop.

Make a conclusion.

Algology is incorrectly used to explain the dependence between the color of pigments and the habitat, the correct fact is the different ability to penetrate the aqueous thickness of the photons of different colors.

As for colors, then the substances stained in red have a greater mass (attract stronger), rather than substances painted in any other color. Substances painted in purple, have the smallest mass (the smallest attraction).

All algae differ well on the set of photosynthetic pigments. Such groups in plant systematics have the status of departments.

The main pigment of all algae is the green pigment chlorophyll. Four types of chlorophyll, which differ in their structure are known: chlorophyll A. - all algae and higher plants are present; chlorophyll B. - It is found in green, kharov, eugenous algae and at higher plants: plants containing this chlorophyll always have a bright green color; chlorophyll C. - occurs in heterobonte algae; chlorophyll D. - A rare shape, occurs in red and syneselen algae. Most photosynthetic plants contain two different chlorophyll, one of which is always chlorophyll a. In some cases, instead of the second chlorophyll present biliproteins. Snenelen and red algae there are two types of biliproteins: ficotianin - Blue pigment, ficoErytrin - Red pigment.

Mandatory pigments belonging to photosynthetic membranes are yellow pigments - carotenoids. They differ from chlorophylls by the spectrum of the absorbed light and are believed to perform a protective function, the prevention of chlorophyll molecules from the destructive effects of molecular oxygen.

In addition to the listed pigments in algae there are: fukoxanthin - Golden pigment; xanthophil - Brown pigment.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Seaweed

FISH UNIVERSITY .. INSTITUTE OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE NEWS AND IN THE ZhirMUNA DVO RAS .. L L Waterbuzova ..

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Cell cover
Cell covering ensure the stability of the internal contents of cells to external influences and give the cells a certain form. Covers are permeable for water and low-molecular dissolved in it

Flagella
Monad vegetative cells and monad stages in the life cycle (zyospore and gamets) of algae are equipped with flavored flames - long and rather thick magic of cells, outside the plasma-coated. AND

Mitochondria
Mitochondria is found in eukaryotic algae cells. The form and structure of mitochondria in algae cells are more diverse compared to the mitochondria of higher plants. They can be rounded

Platids
Pigments in eukaryotic algae cells are located in plasts, like all plants. Algae has two types of plastids: painted chromoplasts (chromatophores) and colorless leukoplasts (Ami

Core and mitotic
The core of algae has a structure typical of eukaryot. The number of cores in the cell can vary from one to several. Outside the core is covered with a shell consisting of two membranes, outer memb

Monad (flavor) Type of Taloma structure
The most characteristic feature determining this type of structure is the presence of flagellas, with the help of which monadic organisms are actively moving in an aqueous medium (Fig. 9, a). Movable J.

Rizoodial (Ameboid) Structure Type
The largest significant signs of the amoeboid type of structure are the absence of strong cell cover and the ability to the amoeboid movement using the Qi's temporarily formed on the surface

Palmello (hemimonade) structure
A characteristic of this type of structure is a combination of a fixed plant lifestyle with the presence of cellular organelle, characteristic of monad organisms: contracting vacuoles, stigma, harness

Koko-shaped structure
This type combines unicellular and colonial algae, fixed in vegetative state. Cocked-type cells are dressed as a shell and have a vegetable type protoplastic (Socrates tonoplastic

Trichial (nital) structure
A characteristic feature of the nichly type of structure is the filamental arrangement of fixed cells, which are formed in a vegetative way as a result of cell division, which is what is happening

Heterotrichal (discontended) structure
The discontinued type appeared on the basis of the nichly type. The discontinuous layer consists mostly from the horizontal, depressing on the substrate threads performing the function of attachment, and vertical,

Parenchimato (fabric) structure
One of the directions of the evolution of the disgraced layer was associated with the occurrence of parenchymal layers. The ability to unlimited growth and cell division in different directions led to

Siphonal type of structure
Siofonal (non-cell) type of structure is characterized by the absence of inside the layer, reaching relatively large, usually macroscopic sizes and a certain degree of differentiation, cells

SiphofoColdal type of structure
The main feature of the siphonoclander type of structure is the ability to form from the primary non-tossing layer of complexly arranged layers consisting of primary multi-core segments. IN

Dust reproduction
Miscellaneous reproduction of algae is carried out with the help of specialized cells - dispute. Sporing is usually accompanied by a protoplast division into parts and the release of fission products from

Simple division
This method of reproduction is found only in single-cell forms of algae. The most simply division occurs in cells having an amoeboid type of body structure. Division of amoeboid form

Fragmentation
Fragmentation is inherent in all groups of multicellular algae and manifests itself in different forms: the formation of hydrogonials, regeneration of broken parts of the layer, spontaneous disappearance of branches, relief

Reproduction of shoots, collises, brood kidneys, nodules, Akinids
In tissue forms of green, brown and red algae, vegetative reproduction acquires its finished shape, which differs little from the vegetative reproduction of higher plants. Keeping down

Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction in algae is associated with a sexual process, which lies in the fusion of two cells, as a result of which the zygota is formed, growing into a new individual or giving zyospore.

Change of nuclear phases
With a sexual process, as a result of the merger, the Games and their nuclei doubling the number of chromosomes in the kernel. At a certain stage of the development cycle, during meyosis, the reduction of the number of chromosomes, in the result

Endophytes / endozoites, or endosimbilation
Endosimbionths, or intracellular symbiontes - algae living in tissues or cells of other organisms (invertebrate animals or algae). They form a kind of environmental groom

Department of Ceanelen Algae (Cyanobacteria) - Cyanophyta
In the title of the department (from Greek. Cyanos - blue) reflects the characteristic feature of these algae - Taloma color, associated with a relatively high content of the blue pigment of the phycocianin. Cyanogen

Order- chroococcalas.
They meet in the form of unicellular "simple" individuals or more often form mucous colonies. When dividing cells in two planes, single-layer plate colonies occur. Division in three

Department of Red Algae- Rhodophyta
The name of the department comes from the Greek word Rhodon ("Rodon") -rone. Coloring of red algae is due to various combination of pigments. It happens from gray and purple

Order Bangian-Bangiales
The genus of porphyra has a layered in the form of a thin shiny plate with smooth or folded edges consisting of one or two layers of tightly connected cells. The base of the plate usually goes into

Order Raminous - Rhodymeniales
Genus sparlic (pondation) - flat plates up to 45 cm height, leafide and wedge-shaped, extended and palphatic laid up, from light pink or light orange

Coralinal order - Corallinales
Fog of coraline - segmental fan-shaped branched bushes up to 10 cm height, branched, lime, from pink-lilac to almost white. Multiplied with a petty and sexual way. SPO

Order Gigarontinov - Gigartinales
The genus chondrus is dense leathery shine bushes up to 20 cm height, 3-4 times branched, light yellow, light pink, purple-dark red. Grows at the bottom of the littoral and

Procedure Ceramium - Ceramiales
The genus Ceramium is gentle fluffy segic bushes up to 10 cm height, dichotomically or alternately branched, dark yellow with a pinkish color shade. Branching two or four orders

Diatoma Diatoma Department - Bacillariophyta
The department is called diatoms of algae (from Greek. Di - two, TOME - cut, dissection), or bacyllari (bacillum - wand). Includes single-celled single or colonial org

Department of heterobonte (separation) algae - Heterokontophyta
All heteroconts seem like a flavor apparatus. There are 2 flagellas, and on one of them there are very characteristic tubular three-membered pasty grows, or hairs - mastigoons. It is right

Systematics
Fossil Coccolites are known from Mesozoic sediments and were abundant throughout the Holy Part of Jurassic and in the Chalome Periods. The maximum variety of remedicifications reached in Late Chalk,

Cryptophyted algae (cryptomanone) - Cryptophyta
The department is named according to the typical kind of cryptosas (from Greek. Kryptos - hidden, monas - a person). Includes unicellular, movable, monadic organisms. Cryptophyt cells

A B C D E
Fig. 53. Appearance of cryptophyte algae (by: G.A. Belyakova et al., 2006): A - Romononas, B - Hroyomonas, B - Kryptomonas, G - Khilonas, D - Goniomonas may form

Department Green Algae - Chlorophyta
Green algae is the most extensive of all algae departments, consisting of different estimates from 4 to 13 - 20 thousand species. All of them have a green layer, which is due to the predominance of Chloro

URLOTRICHES ORDER - ULOTRICHALES
Rod of Ulotrix (Fig. 54). Types of ulotrins dwell more often in fresh, less often in marine, saltwatened water bodies and in the soil. They are attached to underwater subjects, forming bright green bushes

Order of Briopside- Bryopsidales.
Most of the species are found in fresh and saltwatened water bodies. Some of them grow on the ground, on the stones, sand and sometimes in salt marshes. Rod Bropcis - Fit-shaped bushes up to 6-8 s

VOLVOKSE ORDER - Volvocales
The genus of chlamdomanade (Fig. 57) includes over 500 types of single-cell algae, which live in fresh, small, well-warmed and contaminated water bodies: ponds, puddles, ditch, etc. Etc

Harofite Department (Harovy) - Charophyta
Harofite - line of freshwater green algae, led to higher plants. These are forms predominantly with a nice Talomom. Often tall vertical, dismembered and carries

Dinophyte Department (Dinoflagellats) - Dinophyta
1. The name of the department comes from Greek. Dineo - rotate. Combines predominantly unicellular monads, less often cocked, amoboid or palmelloid, sometimes colonial

EUGLENOZOA DEPARTMENT - EUGLEMAL
The name of the name according to the typical family - Euglena (from Greek. EU is well developed, Glene is a pupil, eye). Combines single monads or amoeboid representatives. Occasionally meet K.

Dictionary Terminos
Autoga - sexual reproduction, in which two nursing haploid nuclei merge in a common cytoplasm. AvtoPora - the structure of the most powerful reproduction

SEAWEED

general characteristics

Algae are a large group of lower growers- from microscopically small, single-cell organisms tomulticellular giants. The term "algae" is not a systemmatic unit. Called "algae" combinesseveral systematic departments of lower plants having a different origin characterized in a similar waylife and autotrophic power type. As shows the name,for algae, a water lifestyle is usually characteristic.

The body of algae, like other lower plants, islocal - Tall, not dissected for root, stemboth the sheet and most species have a simple anatomical structure. Algae contain chlorophyll in their cells, capablephotosynthetic. Structurecells, bodies, breeding methods are different from individualvitelie of this group of plant departments.

The cells of most algae have a cellulose shell; Cells are found, the contents of which are surrounded by only a thin border membrane. Cellular shells of algae are diverse in structure and chemical composition. The basis of the shellis Belkovo- carbohydrate complex. The shell is characteristic of heterogeneity, lamination. Layers are different from each otherthickness, density and chemical composition. Often, the shells are impregnated with organic compounds (lignin and kutin).

In the shell there are special holes - pores. In addition, the shell of cells of many algae is equipped with various kinds ofstamps - bristles, spines and scales.

In protoplast, the cells distinguish the kernel and cytoplasm. In paintires algae in the cell there is only one kernel, but sometimesthey are 2, 3 and more. Cells of blue-green algae are devoid of decorated kernel. Shape, sizes and location of the core in the celldifferent algae varies greatly. In the core of the algaethe same structures as in the nuclei of other plants: shell,nuclear juice, nucleolo, inclusion of chromatin.

The cytoplasm consists of the main substance (stroma) and the calorie (organelle) immersed in it. A distinctive feature of Clethe algae current is the weak development of the endoplasmatic network.

In specific organelles - chloroplasts (named chromatophoras) are the calves rich in protein substances,which are called Pyrenoids. Pyrenoid is surrounded by a rings or separate plates usually starchnature. In chloroplasts contains green pigment chlorophyll,existing in several forms.

In addition to chlorophyll, algae contains other pigmentssome often masked the green color of watergrowle. The most characteristic and frequently found Pigmentami algae, except chlorophyll (green), carotene (yelloworange) and Xantofilla (yellow) are ficotian, fico-eryitrine and Fucoxanthin. Pigment Ficotian, soluble in water,paints algae in blue color (blue-green algae);ficoeroidrin, also soluble in water, gives red color(red algae); Fucoxanthin causes a brown color(Brown algae).

Possessing pigments, algae give the substrate on whichthey settle various color. In Antarctica, for example, 3 lakes with different coloring were opened with Soviet scientistswaters: blue, green and red. The color of the water of these lakes was due tothe presence of very small algae in them is the corresponding color.Greenland icy shores in many places with the onset of springit warming is painted in red (blood) color, which is due to mass reproduction of algae with red colorcoy.

The name of the Red Sea is obliged to grow in the bigthe quantities in this sea of \u200b\u200balgae having a reddish shade.Various algae color has an adaptive meaning.. Daylight to algae, immersed deep into water,it always comes in the modified composition. Water is relatively goodskips blue and green and absorbs red and yellowrays. At large depths of detention of green rays onechlorophyll comes badly, he comes to the rescuepigment that easily absorbs green rays. So redor crimson, algae are common at great depthseas.

In the form and sizes of algae are very diverse. Meetingmicroscopically small and reaching huge sizes (up to 50 m or more) single-cellular and multicellular forms. The transitional level between them is occupied by colonial algae.Colonies consist of several loosely connected homogeneouscells. With an increase in the size of algae and someparadise Differentiation of their body. For example, in brown algae,grooming large sizes, tallon is strongly disseminated. Such algae is attached to the substrate with thin colorless threads,which are called rhizoids.

There are unicellular algae, whose body reacheslarge sizes 0.5 m and more. They have a large numbernuclei and chromatophores. Externally, such algae has a flowthere is no partition inside partitions, i.e. is a unicellular one. An example of such a giant single-celled algae canlive sea caulepara.

The reproduction of algae can be vegetative, cull and sex. Vegetative reproduction is carried out by partsbody algae. Miscellaneous reproduction occurs due to the formation of zoospore, less often dispute. Sex process at various typesalgae is presented: isogamy, heterogamine, oogami andautogue.

Some more highly organized algae (red,brown) observes an alternation of sexual and most powerful generations.

Algae are characterized by a large variety. Generalthe number of their species over 20 thousand. Classification of algae is verycomplex, and at present it is not over. Species are combined into larger systematic units - childbirth, familiespros, orders, classes, departments (types).

All variety of algae is united usually in 6 ... 10 large departments (types), whose representatives differ in strictlya method of breeding, origin, but most oftenthe orders of these departments differ in color.

In this textbook, 6 departments of algae are considered:green, derogant, diatoms, green, brown and beauty.

Algae have a very ancient origin in whichmany still unclear. There is no single point of view of related relations between algae departments. Some representatives of themoccurred, apparently, from simpler organisms such as flagella, and algae themselves are ancestors of some more than oncetwisted plants (mushrooms, mosses).

Representatives of the modern diverse world of algaehave different antiquities for their origin, they appeared in different geological era. The most ancient are consideredblue-green algae.

The evolution of algae walked from moving forms to fixed.More primitive and ancient groups of algae are consideredthose that conduct life in a moving condition; more organichalf-called algae is characterized by a fixed lifestyle. Waythe evolution of algae went from the simplest - unicellular microskopically small forms to multicellular complex forms.

As already mentioned, in the overwhelming majority of algaelive in aquatic environment. Some of them grow in salted ocean waterboth seas, others - in rivers, ponds and freshwater lakes. Painthe effect on the spread of algae by depths of water bodiesit has light, therefore in surface layers of wateralgae is always greater. Sea algae red and brownoften form huge underwater thickets that dozens of kilometers occupy. Depending on the habitat of algaedivided by 2. large groups: Bentos and planktonny.

Bentos, or bottom, algae inhabit, attaching tobottom or underwater subjects and formed thickets mainlyin coastal stripe. Planktonal algae live in water insuspended state without attaching to the bottom, they may be perennosstroke the movement of water.

Algae live not only in water, they are found on topsoil, in the soil, on trees, on piles, but always on moistureplaces. Often, especially early spring, the soil is "blooming",or "green", which is explained by the development of the colossalmicroscopically small algae. "Blooming" soil fromalgae occurs in various districts of the Soviet Union - In northern, steppe and even deserted. Running in large quantities, they create conditions for the development of bacteria and othermicroorganisms.

Algae have great importance in nature and extensiveman is pushing.

As autotrophic plants they recycle a huge amountmineral and carbon dioxide in the organic mass. Algae create huge food reserves for animalworld of the seas, the ocean and freshwater reservoirs. So, 1 hectare of algae thickets can give a crop equal to 100 tons of raw or 10 tons drymasses.

Algae produce a colossal amount of oxygen.

The development of fisheries is inextricably linked with algae. Absorbing a lot of carbon dioxide and highlighting oxygen, algaeclean the reservoirs.

In seaside countries (England, France, Norway, Irelandet al.), especially in Japan, algae are widely used in food(sea cabbage, etc.) and on the feed livestock (in cheese, dry and silobathroom). Some algae use for fertilizerfields.

Many algae accumulate a large amount of iodine and bromine. Iodine is contained in algae ash about 0.2% of the dry mass.Often algae are the main source of iodine. Digestive, red and brown algae, get a valuable substance - agar-agar,which is used in microbiology as a nutrient mediumfor growing microorganisms, as well as in the confectioneryindustry in the manufacture of marmalade, etc.

In the ancient geological epochs diatoms algae togetherwith silica formed a sedimentary breed - tremble, whichused in the production of dynamite, brick, for polishingobjects and others.

In fresh water bodies, algae participate in the formation of Sapropla, or organic il. Sapropel contains a large amountin organic substances and is often used for mud.Sapropel, which contains a large number of calz saltsia, phosphorus, iron, can be used on food ruraleconomic animals.

Algae, especially marine, can bring harm whenin large quantities covered underwater parts of the ship. Formass casting algae is damaged water and, asconsequence, death fish.

Sin-green algae

Blue-green algae, or cyania, aremost primitive and most ancient by originorganisms. Based on paleobotanical dataleno that modern blue-green algae is little differentfrom their fossil ancestors. In most cases, they are represented by unicellular forms, although there are multicellularforms collected in colonies.

As the name of this algae department itself shows, for themit is characterized by a blue-green color of various shades.bridges from the ratio of pigments - chlorophyll, carotene, ficocyanin and FicoEritoline.

The cage shell of blue-green algae consists of pectinout of substances and covered outside the mucous meal. In their cellskah no morphologically separated core and chromatophores,cytoplasm is impregnated with pigments, and therefore called chromatoplasma.

In the process of assimilation instead of ordinary vegetable collapsemala is formed carbohydrate glycogen (animal starch).

Blue-green algae multiply very quickly, simplecell division in half. Sexual reproduction processabsent.

On the structure and nature of cell dividing blue-green waterrosings are similar to bacteria. They, as well as bacteria, do not have a clearly pronounced kernel, the flavors of the development of them. Some blue-green algae (nital) is spinedthe life occurs in areas that these algaes are disintegrated. Such areas are called hormone. With necchonice conditions from ordinary cells are formed disputes thatcovered with a thickened sheath. It protects the contentsfrom unfavorable conditions, thanks to which the algae savesviability for a long time. At the occurrencefavorable dispute conditions germinate and give rise to newcell.

Sine-green algae live mainly in freshwaters - ponds, lakes, rivers, but are also found in the seas,on the surface of the soil, on the rocks. Sine-green algae canlive both at low temperatures on snow and ice and with highkih temperatures (up to 80 ° C) in hot keys. After dyingcells Mass of algae in the form of a cereal of dirty greenish colorcaps to the surface of the water.

Ancient origin, undifferentiated plugcurrent, lack of decorated kernel and sexual processnie simple division cells, ability to form disputes -all these features indicate the primitiveness of blue-green Algae. In its simplifiedthey are significantlydiffer from other algaeto her and closest to bacteria.

Blue-green algae differ in good fitfor various conditionsnucleus of the environment ascontributed to the preservation of themto this day without specialchange.

Sin-green Departmentif it combines about 1400 vidov. Representatives of this department can serve such watergrew like chroococcus, oscillatorium, nostok, etc.

Chrookokk - Single-cell algae balla prominent form, sometimes these algae form as if colonies.Often such algae are collected in groups of 2 ... 4, separatedthin partition and surrounded by shared rather thick mucusso layer.

Chropokk is widespread on swamps among water racesbetween bodies and among Tina.

Oscillatoria - Nitchy blue-greenalgae common in reservoirs with standing water, oftenforms a dark green film on the surface of the water or on the orst day. Cells of this algae have a cylindrical shape, tightconnected into one thread.

Nostok - Nichtage blue-green algae, threador the chain is connected in the colony, often spherical shape,size with plum fruit. Outside, these colonies are covered with pupilmass. Sosttok on the shores of ponds and lakes, on wet soiland at the bottom of the reservoirs.

Some blue-green algae together with mushrooms formvarious types of lichens.

Department of Divorce seaweed

Separation, or yellow-green,algae are characterized by the fact that their zyospores have2 unequal flavors, and a short flagery is smooth, and a long - periody. Chromatorms of yellow-green color, disk shape.Unicellular, colonial, thread and non-tank organisms.An example is the Botridium.

Botridium- the most characteristica rocket algae. Tall is a green bubble 1 ... 2 mm in diameter, from the bottom side of the bubblelocated colorless branching grows - rhizoids, whichalgae is introduced into the soil. This is a unicellular multi-techalga. The middle of the bubble is filled with cellular juice, the cytoplasm is located postily. Chromatophores contain many karotinoids, so Botridium has a yellowish green color.Pyrenoids are absent.

Multiplied mainly by zoorces that are formedin colossal quantity in the middle of the bubble. It dwells on rawearth, along the edges of the puddle, forms on the soil the raids of the dark greencolors.

Diaton Division seaweed

Diatoms, diatoms, or silica, or bacillary, algae - extremestea-diverse, microscopically small, in mostcases of unicellular organisms. This algae department characterries a kind of cell structure. Cell is covered with solidshell in the form of pectin, studdow-shaped film, outsideit is covered by a siliceous shell, which consists of twostanding halves, so-called sash. One of theserock covers another like a lid box. Along the halvesthe shell on both sides is a sliding hole. Through itcell cytoplasm hole communicates with the external environment. Setki have exceptional strength. They do not digestanimals and birds, not destroy even when glowingnii on fire. There are over 5000 species. Distinctive speciesby signs are the form of cells and various thickening onshells in the form of logs, grids, etc.

The shape of cells of individual types of diatoms of algae happensextended square, elliptical, round, star, in the formribbons, spirals, etc. Cells contain cytoplasm, core and oneor several chromatophores. In addition to chlorophyll and fucoxanthin,Chromatophores contain other yellow-brown pigments,therefore, chromatophoras have yellow. Starch in diatom algae cells is absent, spare substances appearlena oil.

Multiply by direct division thatit goes peculiar. During the division, each subsidiarygets the kernel, one chromatophore and only one of the shell sash,the second flap is anew. In addition to direct division, diatiamove algae multiply in sexual means when mergedtwo cells pre-dropped shells.

Dyaste algae in sea and fresh waters,often they are the main component of the plankton and serve as valuable food for animals. The sash of dead algae cells are lowered to the bottom and gradually form huge deposits,famous, called "Mountain Flour, diatomit, tremble.

Large sediments of diatom algae in the form of diatomacela is concentrated in the aspiral areas of the oceans, near Alaska,Aleutian islands, in the Okhotsk and the Bering Seas. Availablethey are in the Baltic Sea.

Diatomic includes freshwater algae piniumria,frangilyriaand Tabellarye; These algae form colonies in the form of ribbonsor chains;navikula Grows a bush roller.

Department Green Algae.

Green algae are one of the most diverse departments of algae ", it combines about 5,000 species.For representatives, this department is characterized by green color,which is determined by chlorophyll and does not maskeither-other pigments. Green algae are represented by single-cell, multicellular, colonial forms. Greenalgae are most often a filamentous structure, threads consist ofone row of cells. The cell has a cellulose shell, cytoplasma, core and chromatophores. Reproduction takes placevegetative and sexually Green algae lives in water,but some of them live on land, ontopics.

Most will representiley live ontrees on camnyah in raw, shaded places. In ponds and rivers formtina.

The department of green algae is divided into several classes, from whichconsider equally, or actually green, algae linkage, or conjugates, and khardy, or raysThe class is equally equal among green watergrowing this class is the most extensive. Representatives are diversein appearance and inland structure. For them is characteristicthe presence of two identical flavors This class combines onecell and colonial, movable and fixed forms.The class is divided by 8 orders. Consider representatives of 4rows.

Order volvoxes . Mostcharacteristic representatives of the order of Volvoksoy arechlammedonad and Volvoks.

Chlammedonad - unicellular,mobile algae. In large quantitiesin freshly shallow water bodies - puddles, ponds, ditchalong roads. With abundant reproduction, paints water in greencolor. Is a microscopically small oval cellor rounded form. On one (front) end of the cell stretchedin the form of a nose, there are 2 equal flavors, which contribute to the movement of algae. All cavity Cells Fillnon cytoplasm in which the kernel is located closer to the nose

Volvo.kS, orwolfis a characteristic example of colonial forms of microscopic algae. The colony of this algae is noticeable with the naked eye, it reachesthe magnitudes of the pin head and has a ball shape. Such a spherical colony of Volvox consists of a huge number of cells (up to 50 thousand), located in one layer along the periphery of the ball.Each cell carries 2 flashes. All flagellas are locatedperipherals and contribute to the movement of the entire colony. Trafficall cell flagelves are always consistent. The cavity of the ballpointnon liquid mucus. Breeding volvox vegetative andsexually. With vegetative reproduction inside the maternalcolonies (ball) forms 8 ... 15 subsidiaries (balls). Forripening the child colonies of the wall of the adult bowl burstand the young colonies go out, after which the maternal colosources dies.

Sexual reproduction - oogami - happens only in naibmore large cells. At the same time in the cells of the Tolvox colony aboutnaked two-pure gamets are rushing, only grounds from different parts of algae merge.

There are many types of Volvoks. All of them are commonmainly in the continuing well heated Presnowater reservoirs with standing water - ponds, lakes, less often in rivers

Chlorella Microscopic one-cell microscopicalgae spherical shape. For chlorells are characteristic of fastreproduction and very active process of photosynthesis. Thanksthe presence of a large number of plastids chlorella is different effecttive use of solar energy, ordinary culturalplants consume only 0.1% of solar energy with biochamtransformations, and Chlorella -2,5%, i.e. 25 times more.Other positive quality chlorella - very fast bit.

Ulotriks Nitchtaya Rady Algae,consisting of one row of cells. Lower colorless thread cellhas a kind of extended formThis cage is algae attached to underwater subjects.

The thread of the ulotrus is lengthened due to cross-division of cellsand it may unlimited increase in length. Uniform cells,short, every of them cytoplasm, core, chromatoformwith pyrenoids. Blind of Ulotriks is mainly punishableby forming 4-hardened zyospores. These zyospores are sometime move, and then settle on any underwater itemand they germinate in a new thread the sexual process - isochimia. And men's and female gamets are not visible, but physicallylogically they are different and come out of different threads, so differentgamets are indicated by the sign + and sign -.

Ulotriks lives in fresh reservoirs, where they are becomingwater items (stones, piles) who acquire bright greencolor.

Cladofor Nichtage Green Algae.The layer consists of branching threads formed by onemulti-core cells, individual plants are underwaterbuckets Cells are large, multi-core, with thick,layered clamp. Meets in fresh and salted waters

Red Division algae, or bugsthere are more than 600 genera and about 4,000 species. From other algaediffer paint coloring, which is determined by the presencein addition to chlorophyll, they have two more pigments - ficoeroidrin (red) and ficotian (blue-green). From ratiothe painting of algae depends on these pigments (varies fromred to almost black). Representatives of the department in the overwhelming majoritycomplex structural organisms, and only the most primitivehave a unicellular or colonial layer. More often layerit has the shape of bushes, plates, some it is very strongly disseminated.

Red algae inhabited in the seas at high depths thangreen and brown. This is explained by the fact that the red pigment methodcatching at large depths of green and blue raysthe spectrum and thus improves the process of photosynthesis. In redalgae is not postponed by ordinary starch. Unlikeof the usual starch it is not painted in blue, but in redbrown color.

Red algae has no zyospores and spermatozoa.Miscellaneous reproduction occurs with fixeddispute. Sexual reproduction - oogami, but instead of spermatozoamen's cells are formed - sperm, they are transferred to water eggs. Eggs are formed in special organs -carpogony.

_K red algae belongsdelesseciawith Talomom in the form of a cook; polysifoniain which Tall has the kind of branching thread.

The Department brown seaweed

For representatives of the Brown Algae Departmentturn brown painting due to presence in chromatophorasbrown pigment - Fukoxanthin. Availability of Fukoxanthinmasks green and gives these algae staining colordifferent shades. In addition to fucoxanthin, they contain xantofill and Carotene. Division of brown algae unites over900 species.

Brown algae is usually the largest multicellular talloma. The largest representatives of algae are among the brown algae. Some of them, such as poppyrocistis, reaches 60 m length, but there are and small forms ledseveral millimeters.

Instead of starch in the cells of brown algae there are glucofor and sugar substances - manit and laminaries that givethese algae in the boiled form are sweet taste. Asspare substances they often lay oil.

Tall brown algae many years old, but leaf-shapedthe plates die each year, and the early spring is growing again.

The complex external structure of brown algae determinesw.them and differentiation in an anatomical structure (they havevarious cage shapes). Some scientists believe that thesealgae there are even different tissues.

Brown algae multiplied in various ways. Somesome of them multiply primitive sexual means - igmiah, when 2 are merged with the same gamete. Other's,more developed algae (laminaria) is observed more complexsex process - oogami, in which a large eggmerges with shallow moving male games - spermhouse.

Dust reproduction in brown algae is carried outzoospores that are formed in large quantitiesrangings. In the brown algae is quite clearly expressed alternation of generations; Miscellaneous and sex. On sheet platesthese algae formed single-celled parasoprangia, assembledin groups, among which there are fruitless threads.In each zooprangia, 16 ... 64 and morezoosport. Zosporos are externally the same, and physiologically different.Some of them germinate and form microscopically small wivessky, and others - Men's Gametophytes. On male gametophytesin the future, tariffs are formed and in them one spermatozoido, and on female gametophytes are formed oogoniaone eggs. After the fusion of the sperm with an eggthe zygote is formed, from which the most powerful generation develops -sporophyte.

Brown algae are marine inhabitants, many ofthey are more common in the northern seas, they often formin the seas and oceans huge thickets. In the northern atlantiocean, in Sargasso Sea, in a huge number of meetingsrod of brown algae - Sargassum. These algae more oftenall are in a floating state due to the presence of themspecial bubbles filled with air.

Brown algae are considered an ancient group of plants, they havethe degree of differentiation is found not onlyexternal, but also the inside of Taloma. Externally they are similarby bush plants, so some botany believe that thesealgae may have gave rise to higher plants.

Division of brown algae consists of 4 orders. Consider beforethere are two orders of orders: laminary and fukusovy.

Laminarium order. itvery large algae, reaching sometimes 60 m and more.Tallom them strongly dissected and, moreover, has well developedbranched rhizoids, which algae are firmly attached to the bottom of the sea. Laminarium in the coastal strip of the seaspa in depth 5 ... 10 m and often form huge underwater thickets"Forests".

Laminarium refers to Laminaria (includes 30 species), the genus of Lesson (has5 species) and the genus macocystis. These algae - perennial plants that differ in one of the otherbuild Talloma.

The Department slisia

Plasmodium is formed as a result of a merge of naked Amebobdifferent cells of the mucus and in some types of mucus reachessizes of human palm.It usually painted in bright yellowcolor and has the ability to very slowly ambifornlymove (0.1 mm / min). When moving plasma seeksembody from light and go to the source of moisture. Meetmucus usually in shady forests; on rotten plants, betweenbore and wood, in stump cracks, under fallen leaves.We multiply disputes.

The position of mucus in the phylogenetic system is unclearapparently, they originated from some flavored. From thisdeposit Consider the plasmodiofore.

The disease spreads through the soil and especially rapidly developedit is on acidic soils.

Subject. Brown algae. Red algae or bugs.
Purpose:introduce students with the characteristics of the structure, the processes of vital activity and a variety of brown and red algae, show their meaning in nature; Next, form general training skills and skills to work with a microscope, microcreparations and a textbook, to find answers to the questions to the questions, compare, compare, compose.
Equipment:table "Algae", Stand "The Evolution of Plants".
I.Motivation of educational activities. / Conversation /
1. Name the signs of inherent plants?
2. Why do plants have a green color?
3. What method of nutrition is inherent in plants?
II. Actualization of reference knowledge. / Conversation /
1. Name the signs of inherent diatoms. What is their structure?
2.What type of food in diatom algae?
3. In which media is dying the diatoms of algae? What are they living in vitality?
4. What features distinguish diatoms algae? How to move diatomovodeliy?
5. What are the features of the supply of nutrients in diatom algae?
6. Name how reproduction occurs from diatoms of algae?
7. What is the role of diatom algae in nature and economic activity?
III. Studying a new material.
1. Brown algae. / Story, conversation, student messages, filling table /
Brown algae - multicellular plants are most common in the seas of moderate silo latitudes. The brown color is due to the presence of green, yellow chicken pigments. The main component of the plants, the substance of laminarin, is also placed oil, starch and iodine. There are all types of reproduction: Vegetative - carried out by parts of the layer, the most pun - using brood kidney,
disputes and zoospores and sex with the help of Games formed in gaments. It is characteristic of a clear alternation of sexual and forgenous generations. Live at middle depths of 20 - 30 m, where they absorb green and blue rays. Have a strong branched layered. Attachments - Riçoids
Cells are placed in several rows. Cell layers are represented by two layers. The outer layer of mucous (pectin and alginates salts), and the interior is formed from cellulose.

The value of brown algae in nature - They are able to create a large amount of organic matter, and for a person - the presence of valuable chemicals in them: laminarin, alginates, nutrients, vitamins, iodine, bromine, are used as fertilizer. Representatives: Laminaria or Sea Cabbage, Bite, Poksistis, Sargassum, Cistosair.

2. Red algae or bugs. / Story, conversation, students' reports, Table Filling /
Red algae live at a depth of 200 - 250 m. These are mostly multicellular organisms, only some species of these algae are unicellular or colonial.
Their taal is dissected and has the form of bushes or records. The substrate is attached using rhizoids or soles. Cell cover
it is represented by several layers in which there are cellulose pectin and agar, some species are deposited by mineral salts. In addition to green pigments, red algae contain red, blue and yellow pigments. Red and blue pigments - ficobilins. Miscellaneous combination of ficobilines with yellow and green pigments give pink, red, orange-yellow, purple or almost black painting. Cells in them are single and multi-core. The main substance is the bugger starch.
The reproduction is carried out in vegetatively - parts of Taloma and additional "shoots", incomplete - disputes, polo - with the participation of Games. Neither the dispute nor Games the bugs do not have flavors. They do not have flavored stages. Red algae are predominantly marine organisms, only individual species are found in fresh water bodies and sushi's wet soil. Red Algae - Food Source for
marine animals enriched with oxygen reservoirs, participate in self-cleaning
water. They have a lot of economic importance. They are used in food, in cattle cattle, like fertilizer, in medicine, mining iodine. Representatives: Porfire, Coralina, Philofor.

I V. Generalization and systematization of the studied. Ready
1. Name characteristic signs Brown algae?
2. Note the characteristic signs of red algae?
3. Burous algae, what building have? What are they pigments?
4. What dispensation have red algae? What pigments do they have?
5. How to multiply storms and red algae?
6. What is the significance of brown algae in nature and in human economic activities?
testing
1. Scroll of brown algae define such pigments: a) red; b) brown; c) green; d) Yellow D) blue.
2. Pigments of red algae define such pigments: a) red; b) yellow; c) storm; d) blue; d) green.
3. Exceptionally multicellular organisms are: a) green algae; b) diatoms of algae; c) brown algae; d) red algae.
4. For the food industry, the substance laminarin is obtained from: a) brown; b) diatoms; c) green; d) red algae.
5. The onboard games are formed in special organs of gaments in a) of green; b) brown; c) diatoms; d) red algae.
6. In the process of reproduction there are no harness stages in: a) green; b) brown; c) diatoms; d) red algae.
7.Thowing generation alternation is peculiar: a) green; b) diatoms; c) brown; d) red algae.
8. The cells are presented in two layers in: a) green; b) diatoms; c) brown; d) red algae.
9. The substance of the substance Bagrenic starch is postponed in cells: a) green; b) diatoms; c) brown; d) red algae.
10.kt life in the cold seas at a depth of 20 - 30 m adapted a) green; b) diatoms; c) red algae; d) storms.
11.Ficobilins are a combination of such pigments a) burshe and yellow; b) red and blue; c) yellow and brown.
12. In the composition of the cells of the layer of red algae include the following substances: a) agar and mineral salts; b) Pectic substances and alginates.
answers:

V. The results of the lesson
Feedback at today's lesson I understood ... I learned ... Evaluation of students' work in class
Vi. Homework:
1. Read §30, §31 Abstract;
2. Upload tasks on C.130, 134.
3. Prepare the message "Events in nature, which caused plant output to land", "Higher Spore Plants".

What is the phenomenon of spirulina? Hundreds of scientists from all over the world conducted a thorough study of its chemical composition and biological impact on the organism of animals and people. With the results of these studies, you can get acquainted with the works of Hiroshi Nakamuro (Japan), Christopher Khilza and Robert Henrichson (USA).

The feature of spirulina lies in the fact that it is based on photosynthesis - the process of direct assimilation of the energy of sunlight, which is typically for plant forms of life. At the same time Bio chemical composition Spirulina cells to a certain extent similar to the composition of animal cells. The combination of the cells of the microalgae properties of both vegetable and animal organisms is another factor determining the high biological value of spirulina.

Spirulina biomass contains absolutely all substances that human needs for normal life. A number of special substances - bioprotectors, biologists and biostimulants - no more than any product of natural origin. This causes truly the phenomenal properties of spirulina as a food and therapeutic and prophylactic agent of a wide range of action.

The syneselen algae, to which the spirulina belongs, have a cell wall consisting of a mucopolymer of Minein, easily digested by human digestive juices, in contrast, for example, from unicellular green chlorella algae having a cellulose shell, which can only destroy the microflora of ruminant animals.

The soft cell wall makes it the most digestible product in the world. Studies have shown that Spirulina does not have equal due to the highest quality of protein of plant origin, the greatest digestibility of dietary elements, saturation of the most necessary vitamins and minerals.

The protein content in spirulina (60-70%) is much higher than in any other traditional food. For comparison: the egg contains protein 47%, in beef - 18-21%, in soybean powder - 37%. In addition, Spirulina protein contains all the necessary (indispensable) for the normal vital activity of the human body of amino acids, ensuring the normal development of growing cells and the living needs of the already formed and aging.

Spirulina contains from 10 to 20% sugars that are easily absorbed with minimum quantity insulin. Spiruline contains very little cholesterol (32.5 mg / 100 g), while in the egg to the same amount of protein it accounts for 300 mg, so regular consumption of spirulina leads to a decrease in cholesterol in the body. Its composition includes up to 8% fat submitted by the most important fatty acids (Laurin, palmitic, stearinovaya, oleic, linoleic,? -Linolen ,? -linolen and others). In particular ,? -linolenic acid is of great value in the treatment of impotence in men, frigidity, lack of libido in women, etc. In combination with vitamin E, these components improve the function of reproduction organs, contribute to the offensive and normal course of pregnancy, and after childbirth and An increase in milk mining is enriched with macro - and microelements necessary for the normal flow of metabolic processes in the body. And, most importantly, in spirulina concentrated in the optimal relations of the most important vitamins - A, B, B, B, in 6 , IN 12 , RR, biotin, folic acid, pantothenate, C and E.

Spirulina is the richest beta carotene content, it is 10 times more in it than in carrots. Beta carotene is one of the most powerful antioxidants and immunostimulants warning the development of cardiovascular and oncological diseases. Under the optimal conditions of cultivation, spirulina accumulates beta-carotene in the amount of 3000 μg / g and more, which repeatedly exceeds its concentration in traditional products. The normal level of beta-carotene in the blood plasma (0.5-1.5 μmol / l) can be provided with daily optional (in addition to food) with 2-6 mg vitamin per day. Such a number of beta-carotene is connected to only 1-2 g of spirulina. Wherein therapeutic and prophylactic effect of the Beta Carotene of Spirulina is several times superior to the synthetic beta carotene, currently used by medicine.

Spirulina contains group vitamins in much larger than meat products, legumes and various cereals, with a culinary processing of which up to 40% of the latter collapses. In 1 g of the dry mass of spirulina contains: thiamine (b 1 ) - 30-50 μg, riboflavina (B 2 ) - 5.5-35 μg, pyridoxine (in 6 ) - 3-8 μg, cyancallamin (b 12 ) - 1-3 μg. Spirulina is especially rich in vitamin B 12 (Taking into account the digestibility of 1 g of spirulina is 100 g of boiled meat). It is the high content of vitamin in 12 A high positive therapeutic effect is explained, during the reception of spirulina patients with bleeding disorders (primarily with anemia of various nature), lipid metabolism (hypercholesterolemium), fat rebirth of the liver, polyneuritis and neuralgia. Spirulina also contains folic acid in its composition (vitamin B 9 ) (0.1-0.5 μg / g), niacin (vitamin V 3 ) (118 μg / g), inositol (vitamin B) (350-640 μg / g), biotin (vitamin H) (0.012-0.05 μg / g), ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (2120 μg / g) ,? -Okoferol (vitamin E) (190 μg / g). According to the content of vitamin RR, spirulina is much superior to beef liver, kidneys, tongue, poultry and rabbit meat.

The usefulness of Vitamins Spirulina is in their balanced complex. According to modern ideas, natural balanced antioxidant complexes (beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, folic acid, iron, selenium, etc.) contained in vegetable food, which is spiritulin. Despite low concentrations (not comparable with the recommended current daily needs) have a more pronounced protective effect on the human body than large doses of individual synthetic vitamins or their mixtures, which far from always give a tangible positive effect, and sometimes damage. This, according to many researchers, is largely determined by repeatedly confirmed immunostimulating, radioprotective and antitumor properties of spirulina.

Spirulina contains almost the entire need for man set of minerals. And they are in Spirulina in an easily digestible form. The content of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in spiruline is significantly higher (by about 2-3 times) than in plant and animal products rich in these elements (pea, peanut, raism, apples, oranges, carrots, fish, beef, etc.) but The most important thing is that minerals contained in plant products and boiled treated meat (fish) are digested worse than those contained in spirulina. The iron, the vital for the hematopoietic system of a person (part of the hemoglobin, erythrocytes, myoglobin muscles and enzymes), is absorbed by the body by 60% better than in other additives, such as iron sulfate. Reception 4 g of spirulina per day provides a rapid increase in blood hemoglobin. Special attention deserves increased content in spirulina such trace elements as zinc, selenium, chrome, iodine, iron, copper, manganese.

Spirulina contains three pigment-dye: Crateinoids, chlorophyll and ficotine, which help the body to synthesize many enzymes necessary to regulate the organism metabolism. The most important of them for a person is a blue-blue pigment Ficotianin. Studies conducted by Japanese and American doctors show that the Ficotianin strengthens the immune system and increases the activity of the body's lymphatic system. The main function is protective, aimed at maintaining healthy organs and body tissues and protection against infections and other diseases.

Chlorophyll spirulina has a structure and a chemical composition close to the blood hem molecule. In combination with the complex of the substances contained in the spirulin, it contributes to the hemoglobin biosynthesis, which allows short term Normalize the function of the blood-forming organs.

Thus, spirulina, which has a full-fledged protein, carbohydrates, fats, micro - and macroelements, vitamins, phycocianine, beta-carotene ,? -lins and other biologically active components, is capable of each individually and all the more together to have a powerful Positive impact on the human body and contribute to the normalization of existing disorders, if there is a need for this, or increase the body's protective forces and, as a result, its performance and resistance to adverse environmental factors.

Kelp

Brown algae are excellent raw materials for the production of a number of medical preparations and biologically active additives.

A feature of the composition of the brown algae, to which laminaria belongs is the high content of alginic acid and its salts (13-54% of the dry residue), which are absent in green and red algae. In addition to alginic acid, other polysaccharides are included in Laminaria: Fucoidan and Laminarin.

Fucoidan is connected with a sensational discovery made in Japan. Scientists noticed the fact that on Okinawa island the lowest level of cancer. Numerous studies were conducted. It turned out that the inhabitants of Okinawa Island eat brown algae raw, and the rest of the Japanese are boiled. It turned out that the reason in Fucoidan polysaccharides and laminarine. When they get into the human body, cancer cells begin to die. But fucidade disintegrates when boiling. Fucoididane prevents cell sticking process, prevents metastasis. Stimulating phagocytosis, alginates, fucoidan and laminarin render antitumor effect destroying not only cancer cells, but also metastases in the late stages of cancer. Fucoidan and laminarine are effective not only for various forms of cancer, but also allow the functions of the body of patients under the course of intensive chemo and radiation therapy. The recovery process is much faster, the overall condition of the body is improved, the harsh hair grow again, the liver function is restored.

Another property of fucoidan and laminarin polysaccharides are prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. These diseases largely depend on the balance of lipids, the violation of which leads to an increased inclination to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessels. Fucoidan and laminarin polysaccharides allow us to correct the situation, especially when the disease has not yet developed. Laminarin also has a hypotensive effect and exhibits anticoagulant activity, which is 30% of the activity of heparin, prevents radiation disease, protects against the destructive effects of ionizing radiation.

To date, it is known that Fucoidan is a regulator of metabolic processes and immunocorrect, which is based on the activation of natural protection mechanisms for pathogenic microorganisms. Fucoidan polysaccharides and laminarin stimulate phagocytosis. Phagocyte cells are the main sanitary panels in the body, they capture and digest the microorganisms, the products of their decay.

But still the main active substance of laminaria is alginic acid. For the first time alginic acid was opened in 1883 by Stenford. The applied value of alginic acid and its derivatives is determined by its structure formed in the process of natural biosynthesis in brown algae of various regions of the world ocean. Currently, a number of researchers argue that this is a high-molecular weight polysaccharide, consisting of d-mannuronovoy and L-hyaluronic acids. Their ratio in alginates produced in different countries is noticeably different, which in turn determines the difference between physico-chemical properties. It is the complex of these properties in alginates, in particular the ability to form viscous aqueous solutions, even pasta, homogenizing and emulsion properties, film-forming ability and a number of others, served as the basis for the widespread use of these substances in various industries, including pharmaceutical.

In modern medicine, there are three main directions for the use of alginates:

1) as auxiliary chemical-pharmaceutical substances for the production of various medicinal forms of medical preparations;

2) as medical devices in the form of gauze, cotton wools, napkins, sponges and other for local hemostasis with external and intra-high bleeding;

3) as medicinal products and dietary supplements of various focus.

The widespread use of alginates is due to their practical harmlessness, good tolerance.

Alginic acid and its salts have a number of useful properties, but at the same time they are distinguished and unique inherent in their quality. Externally alginates are a jelly-like substance, under adhesive strength superior starch at 14, and gumiarabic is 37 times. This property made it possible to use them in various industries as thickeners and jelly workers.

Alginic acid and its salts have a number of unique healing properties, some of which are due to their jelly-like consistency. The property of alginic acid and its salts stop bleeding was useful in the treatment of peptic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.

Alginic acid salts when taking inside have antacid properties (reduced aggressive increased acidity of gastric juice), stimulate healing of ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa and intestines. Finding into the gastrointestinal tract, alginates interact with hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid and form a gel that covers the mucous membrane, preventing it from the further effect of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, stopping bleeding.

A positive effect on the gastrointestinal tract and the processes of digestion are also associated with the ability of alginates to a pronounced sorbing action. They are able to bind and remove products of the decomposition of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, salts from the body. heavy metals and radionuclides. It also made it possible to use alginates in complex treatment of dysbacteriosis, neutralizing by-products that prevent the development of a normal natural intestinal flora. Studies found that alginates hold their own intestinal microflora, suppressing the activities of pathogenic bacteria, such as staphylococcus, mushrooms of the genus Candida and others. Alginates show antimicrobial effect even in minor concentrations.

Alginates are able to strengthen the weakened peristaltics of the intestines and the gallbladder ducts, which allows them to use them in the weakening of the intestinal motor activity (meteorism and the bloating), as well as when dyskinesia of biliary tract.

Alginates are widely used to maintain and restore the impaired immune system, as they have unique immunostimulating abilities. First of all, alginates stimulate phagocytosis. Stimulation of phagocytic protection provides antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral activity of drugs from laminary. Alginates are capable of sorbitize (associate) excessive amounts of special-class immunoglobulins (E) participating in the development of acute allergic diseases and reactions. The hypoallergenic effect is particularly inherent in calcium alginate, which due to the content of calcium ions prevents the emission of biologically active substances (histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, etc.), as a result, allergic inflammation is not evolving.

Alginates stimulate the synthesis of antibodies of local specific protection (class A immunoglobulins). This in turn makes the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract are more resistant to the pathogenic action of microbes.

Alginates and locally use periodontitis treatment, cervical erosions, stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcerative disease.

Surgeons are widely used for the treatment of wounds, burns, trophic ulcers, straggling self-seeding wound-raising bandages made on the basis of alginates. Alginate dressings have good drainage properties, absorbed the wound exudate, contributing to the fastest purification of the wound, reduce intoxication of the body. The dressings have a hemostatic property and stimulate tissue regeneration processes.

The antisclerotic effect of laminaria is explained by the presence of cholesterol antagonist in its composition - betasitosterine. It contributes to the dissolution of cholesterol sediments on the walls of the vessels. In addition, the biologically active components of algae activate the enzyme systems of a person, which also contributes to the purification of vessels. Reducing cholesterol content in the blood is largely due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in laminarials. In algae, hormone-like antiCleotic substances were found. The laxative effect is associated with the ability of laminary powder a lot to swell and, increasing in volume, cause irritation of the intestinal mucosa receptors, which enhances the peristaltics. The enveloping effect of alginic acid contributes to the detention of suction of water in the intestine, which leads to the normalization of the chair. A favorable combination of fiber and mineral salts in the sea carade not only eliminates constipation, but for a long time regulates the impaired function of the digestive organs.

Nutritional food products for the content and quality composition of proteins and carbohydrates are significantly inferior to food products prepared from land plants, but they have valuable properties that the vegetable food raw materials of terrestrial origin. These properties include the following:

1) the ability to absorb a large amount of water and increase in this amount;

3) higher than in land plants, the content of a variety of macro and trace elements.

In this regard, seaweed in the food diet should not be considered as a source for coating the energy costs of the body, but as a dietary ingredient.

Algae to a greater extent than other living beings of the underwater kingdom, have the ability to extract from sea water and accumulate numerous elements. Thus, the concentration of magnesium in the sea cabbage exceeds such a 9-10 times in seawater, sulfur - at 17 times, bromine - 13 times. In 1 kg of laminarial, it contains so much iodine how much it is dissolved in 100,000 liters of sea water.

In the content of many chemical elements of algae, ground plants are significantly superior. So, boron in algae is 90 times more than in OVE, 4-5 times more than in potatoes and beets. The number of iodine in laminaries several thousand times more than in ground flora. Mineral substances of algae mainly (75-85%) are represented by water-soluble potassium and sodium salts (chlorides, sulfates). The algae contains a rather large amount of calcium: in 100 g of sea cabbage - 155 mg. In dry algae, it contains an average of 0.43% phosphorus, while in dried potatoes and dried carrots almost twice as smaller.

Algae in large numbers accumulate not only various micro - and macroelements, but also many vitamins. The laminaria contains such a number of provitamin A, which corresponds to its content in common fruits: apples, plums, cherries, oranges. In the content of vitamin in 1 Laminaria is not inferior to dry yeast. 100 g of dry brown algae contains up to 10 μg of vitamin in 12 . Of great interest are algae as a source of vitamin C in a food diet. In laminaria, a rather large amount of this vitamin is contained: in 100 g of dry laminaria - from 15 to 240 mg, and in raw algae - 30-47 mg. The content of this vitamin brown algaes are not inferior to oranges, pineapples, strawberries, gooseberries, green onions, sprout. In addition to the above vitamins, other vitamins are found in algae, in particular vitamins D, K, PP (nicotinic acid), pantothenic and folic acid.

Sea plants contain a colossal amount of iodine. So, in 100 g of dry laminary, the content of iodine ranges from 160 to 800 mg. It is known that in the brown edible algae to 95% of iodine is in the form of organic compounds, of which approximately 10% is associated with a protein, which has an important meaning. In addition, there is a certain amount of mono and diodthyrosine in the sea cavity - inactive hormonal substances contained in the tissue of the thyroid gland, which are also organic products.

Thus, the artificially created product can not compete with wildlife: not just a lot of iodine in the sea carade - it contains also biologically active substances that help this iodine learned. Organic Laminarian iodine compounds are faster than an equivalent amount of iodide sodium, contribute to the normalization of the function of the thyroid gland. And this can be explained not only by iodine, but also content in marine plants important for metabolic processes of macro - and microelements (molybdenum, copper, cobalt, etc.) and vitamins.

Red marine algae

Red algae used in the Far Eastern Seas, used since ancient years in food and medical practice, contain various hydrocolloids, including Karrageenan. Carrageans, sulfated polysaccharides are found only in red seaweeds, there are no analogies among other plant polysaccharides and are widely used both in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Production interest in Carrageenans is due to their ability to form gels, increase viscosity aqueous solutions, as well as their versatile biological activity.

There are several types of carrageinov, which can be divided into so-called gelling and non-relieving. In each plant form, several types of carrageins may be present. In addition, the composition and number of extracted carrageenan depends on the place of growth of algae, the phases of its life cycle and the season. The practical use of carrageenan is largely determined by its physicochemical properties. Structural differences in carrageations significantly affect their biological activity. Carrageenas exhibit high anticoagulating activity at low concentration. They are used as enterosorbent and radio protector. There are positive results when using carrageins in patients with atherosclerosis and duodenal ulcer.

The beneficial properties of Carrageenov open the unique opportunity to create therapeutic and preventive products based on them. For the needs of the production based on carrageenan, a formulation of various confectionery jelly, which can be used for dietary food are developed.