Spain is the most detailed information about the country with photos. Sights, cities of Spain, climate, geography, population and culture.

Spain

Spain is a country in Southwestern Europe. It is one of the largest countries in the European Union, located on the Iberian Peninsula and occupying more than 2/3 of its territory. Spain borders Portugal to the west, France and Andorra to the north, Gibraltar and Morocco to the south. The state consists of 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities and is a constitutional monarchy.

Spain is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe. The country is famous for its beaches and sea, cuisine and nightlife, special atmosphere and friendliness local residents. Interestingly, Spain is second only to Italy and China in terms of the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In addition, it is a country with great geographical and cultural diversity. Here you can find almost everything: from lush meadows and snowy mountains to swamps and deserts.


Useful information about Spain

  1. Population - 46.7 million people.
  2. Area - 505,370 square kilometers.
  3. Official language- Spanish (in some autonomous communities the local dialect is also considered the official language).
  4. Currency - euro.
  5. Visa - Schengen.
  6. Time - Central European UTC +1, summer +2.
  7. Spain is one of the 30 most developed countries in the world.
  8. In Spain, some shops and establishments may be closed during the daytime (siesta). Some restaurants and cafes do not serve dinner before 8-9 pm.
  9. Tips are included in the bill. If you liked the food or service, you can set aside 5-10% of the bill.

Geography and nature

Spain occupies 80% of the territory Iberian Peninsula. It also includes the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands and a very tiny part of the North African coast. The Iberian Peninsula is located in the extreme southwest of Europe.

The relief of Spain is extremely diverse. The main role in it is played by mountains and plateaus. The country is one of the most mountainous in Europe. The largest mountain systems: the Pyrenees, Cordillera Betica, Iberian, Catalan and Cantabrian mountains. The largest plain is the Andalusian Lowland, located in the south. In the northeast is the Aragonese Plain. The highest peak in continental Spain is Mount Mulacén (3478 and up). The highest peak in the country is located on the island of Tenerife - the Teide volcano (3718 m).


Tagus River

Largest rivers: Guadalquivir, Tagus, Duero, Ebro. Spain is known for its long coastline. There are several thousand beaches along the coast. The largest resorts: Costa del Sol, Costa de la Luz, Costa Blanca, Costa Brava, Costa Dorada, Canary and Balearic Islands.

Thanks to geographical features very diverse animal life and vegetable world Spain. The north of the country is similar to Central Europe, and the south resembles North Africa. In the northwest there are broad-leaved forests, in the south there are deserts and semi-deserts, and the coast is characterized by Mediterranean flora.

Climate

Spain is one of the warmest, even hottest countries in Europe. Although, thanks to the topography, several climatic zones can be found here. The predominant climate is Mediterranean, which is maritime on the coast and arid in the central part. In most regions of the country, summers are dry and hot, winters are quite warm and humid. In the central regions, frosts are not uncommon during cold times.


Best time to visit

Best time for visiting Spain - April-May and September-October. July and August are very hot in most areas. During the cold season it can be quite rainy.

Story

In the third millennium BC, the Tartessian civilization existed on the territory of the modern Iberian Peninsula. But already in the second millennium BC. Iberian tribes came here, who later mixed with the Celts. In ancient times the Pyrenees were called Iberia. The Iberians quickly settled throughout Castile and built fortified settlements. Around the same millennium, Phoenician and Greek colonies were founded on the coast.

Interestingly, according to the most common theory, the name of the country comes from the Phoenician “i-shpanim”, which translates as “shore of darmans”. The Romans used this word to refer to the territory of the entire peninsula.

In the 3rd century, almost the entire territory of the Iberian Peninsula was subjugated by Carthage. In 206, Carthage lost control of the Pyrenees. From this period, for almost two centuries, the Romans tried to subjugate these lands. The last free tribes were conquered by Rome in 19 BC under Emperor Augustus. Spain was one of the most prosperous and important Roman provinces. The Romans built expensive fortresses here. By the end of the 1st century, more than 300 cities had been founded here, and trade and crafts flourished.


In the 4th-5th century, Germanic tribes penetrated into the territory of Spain, who were soon completely supplanted by the Visigoths. Even earlier, the first Christians appeared here. The Visigoths founded their kingdom here, with their capital in Barcelona and later in Toledo. In the 6th century, the Byzantine emperor Justinian tried to return Spain to imperial rule.

In 711, Arabs and Berbers from North Africa, who were later called Moors, came to the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. It is interesting that they were called to help by the Visigoths themselves (or rather, one of their factions). In just a few years, the Moors conquered almost all of the Pyrenees and formed the Umayyad Caliphate. It should be noted that the Arabs were quite merciful, preserving the property of the people, the language and religion of the conquered territories.


Around the same time, the Reconquista movement arose, the goal of which was to liberate the Iberian Peninsula from Muslims. In 718, the Moors were stopped in the mountains of Asturias. By 914, the Kingdom of Asturias included the territories of Galicia and Northern Portugal. After the end of the Umayyad dynasty in 1031, the caliphate collapsed. At the end of the 11th century, Christians captured Toledo and some other cities. In the 12th century, the Spanish Empire was proclaimed, which arose after the unification of Castile and Aragon and existed until 1157. Later, despite the division, the kingdoms fought together against the Moors. By the 13th century, only the emirate of Granada remained on the Iberian Peninsula.

Despite the power of the Castilian kingdom, the country was tormented by unrest and unrest. Dominance belonged to the orders of knights and powerful nobles. In Aragon, on the contrary, there were many concessions to the estates. In 1469, the dynastic marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile contributed to the unification of the two kingdoms. In 1478, the Inquisition was established, which served as the impetus for the persecution of Muslims and Jews. In 1492, Granada was conquered and the Reconquista ended.


In 1519, the Habsburg dynasty comes to power. In the 16th century, Spain became one of the strongest powers in Europe. An absolute monarchy was established as a form of government. The Spanish kingdom captured Portugal and numerous colonies in South and Central America. Already by the middle of the 16th century constant wars and high taxes led to economic decline. During this period, the capital of the kingdom was moved from Toledo to Madrid.

At the beginning of the 18th century, with the death of Charles II, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. As a result, the Bourbon dynasty reigned, and Spain became “pro-French.” In 1808, a popular uprising broke out, which led to the abdication of the king. Subsequently, the French were expelled from the country and the Bourbon restoration took place. In the 19th century, Spain was tormented by unrest and unrest. The state lost all American colonies. In 1931 the monarchy was overthrown and Civil War, in which Franco won. Francisco Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until 1975. This year Juan Carlos I of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty was crowned.

Spain consists of 17 autonomous regions, two so-called autonomous cities and 50 provinces.


Autonomous communities:

  • Andalusia
  • Aragon
  • Asturias
  • Balearic Islands
  • Basque Country
  • Valencia
  • Galicia
  • Canary Islands
  • Cantabria
  • Castile - La Mancha
  • Castile and Leon
  • Catalonia
  • Murcia
  • Navarre
  • Rioja
  • Extremadura

Population

The indigenous population of the country are Spaniards (Castilians), Catalans, Basques, Galicians, etc. The official language is Spanish. In autonomies, the language of the ethnic group or dialect is often spoken. Almost 80% of the population professes Christianity, of which 75% are Catholics. Interestingly, the average life expectancy in Spain is one of the highest in the world. She is 83 years old. The Spaniards themselves are quite friendly, open and emotional. They are noisy and temperamental people. They are often unpunctual, a little lazy and irresponsible.

Tips for communicating with Spaniards:

  • Spaniards are very patriotic towards their country or autonomy. You should not raise such topics: “is Catalonia Spain”, etc.
  • The vast majority of the population is Catholic, so words and actions that may offend the feelings of believers should be avoided.
  • Avoid talking about the colonial past and the Franco regime.
  • During lunch or dinner, Spaniards do not start eating until all the guests are seated. They also don't leave until everyone has finished eating.
  • Close people or Good friends hug or kiss each other on the cheeks when they meet. Otherwise, they are limited to a handshake.

Transport

Information about types of transport in Spain.

Largest airports:

  • Barcelona
  • Palma de Mallorca
  • Malaga – Costa del Sol
  • Gran Canaria
  • Alicante/Elche

Spain has an extensive network of high-speed trains that connect major cities. Rail services also include long-distance trains and a network of commuter trains. There are regular bus services between many cities. Largest cities connected by expressways. Highways here have tolls.

Speed ​​limits:

  • 120 km/h on motorways and motorways,
  • 100 km/h on normal roads,
  • 90 km/h on other roads,
  • 50 km/h when driving in populated areas.

The blood alcohol level should not exceed 0.5 g/l. The driver and all passengers must wear seat belts.


Spain is the second country in Europe in terms of the number of cruise ship calls. Main ports of Spain:

  • Barcelona
  • Palma de Mallorca
  • Las Palmas
  • Santa Cruz de Tenerife
  • Malaga
  • Bilbao

Cities of Spain

In Spain there are hundreds of ancient and interesting city. But the most popular are the following:

  • - a noisy and vibrant capital that will amaze you with its modernist architecture, wide streets and squares, museums and vibrant nightlife.
  • Barcelona is the second largest city in Spain and the capital of Catalonia. Famous sights, masterpieces of modernist architecture and art nouveau by Gaudí are concentrated here.
  • Bilbao is a large industrial city.
  • Cadiz is considered the oldest city in Western Europe.
  • Granada is a stunning city in the south, surrounded by the snow-capped Sierra Nevada mountains.
  • Cordoba is an ancient city with a rich Moorish heritage.
  • Toledo is an ancient capital with sights from a variety of periods.
  • Seville is the capital of Andalusia and one of the most beautiful cities in Spain.
  • Valencia is one of the largest cities in the country. The place where paella was invented.
  • Alicante is the resort capital of the east coast and the Costa Blanca region.

In the south of Spain in Andalusia you can find many evidences of antiquity. Cadiz is located here, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe, with remains of a Roman settlement. Nearby is Ronda - a beautiful city located on steep cliffs. The cities of Cordoba and Granada maintain a rich Moorish heritage. Seville, Cultural Center Andalusia and the whole of Southern Spain, has a dazzling collection of attractions and the largest Gothic cathedral in the world.


Crossing north across the La Mancha plains into central Spain, it is worth visiting picturesque Toledo. This ancient Spanish capital and beautiful ancient city is located on a hill. Close to the Portuguese border, Merida has an impressive Roman heritage. If you are interested in relaxation and beaches, then you should go to Alicante, Malaga, the Canary and Balearic Islands.


Popular tourist destinations:

  • Costa Blanca - 200 km of coastline, beaches and charming seaside towns.
  • Costa Brava is a coast with many seaside resorts.
  • Costa del Sol is a sunny beach in southern Spain.
  • Ibiza is one of the Balearic islands, famous for its clubs and discos.
  • Mallorca is the largest of the Balearic Islands.
  • Sierra Nevada is the highest mountain range of the Iberian Peninsula with ski slopes.
  • Tenerife has lush nature, volcanoes and excellent beaches.

Attractions

Historically, Spain has been an important crossroads between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, North Africa and Europe. Thus, a fantastic collection of unique attractions can be found here. The country amazes with the number of UNESCO World Heritage sites, historical and cultural monuments.


The most famous sights of Spain

  • Old town of Toledo.
  • Historical center of Salamanca.
  • Burgos Cathedral in the city of the same name.
  • Moorish heritage of Granada and Cordoba.
  • Architectural masterpieces of Gaudi in Barcelona.
  • Gothic cathedral in Seville and Mudejar style architecture.
  • Rock paintings in the Altamira cave
  • The historical centers of the cities of Cuenca, Merida, Caceres, Zaragoza, Avila and Segovia.
  • Romanesque churches of Lleida.
  • Ancient Roman walls in the town of Lugo.

Famous festivals:

  • Feria de Abril is the best fair in the Pyrenees. If you love folklore, flamenco and wine, then you will definitely enjoy this event. Takes place in April-May.
  • Fallas is a festival in Valencia.
  • Dia de Sant Jordi is a Catalan holiday.

Accommodation

Spain is an extremely popular tourist destination, so you need to look for accommodation in advance. When traveling here during high season, accommodation will cost more. Many cities, even small ones, are focused on tourism. Therefore, it is not a problem to find accommodation for any groups of tourists and financial capabilities.

Kitchen

The Spaniards love to eat, drink wine and are very proud of their cuisine. Spanish cuisine can be described as quite light with lots of vegetables and a huge variety of meat and fish. Interestingly, traditional cuisine does not use many spices but relies entirely on the use of high quality ingredients and their taste. The Spaniards' meals are a little different from ours. Their breakfast is light. Lunch is served at 13.00-15.00. After lunch there is a siesta. Dinner is late.


Traditional food and products: paella, jamon, tapas, Chorizo ​​(spicy sausage), Bocadillo de Calamares (fried squid), Boquerones en vinagre (anchovies with garlic), Churros (Spanish donuts), Empanadas Gallegas (meat pies), Fabada asturiana (stew meat), various versions of gazpacho (soups), Tortilla de patatas (egg omelette with fried potatoes). The main alcoholic drink is wine, which is very popular here good quality. The most popular non-alcoholic drink is coffee.

Spanish dances are widely popular all over the world. Their names are known to many. At the same time, few people thought about where they originated. But people knew the names of Spanish dances (the list is given below) back in ancient times. Even dance forms that existed during the Hellenistic era have survived to this day.

general information

For many millennia, Spain was known as Iberia. Its first inhabitants were characterized by a very diverse ethnic composition, which made the Spanish names of which are very sonorous, so unique and diverse. The art of dance was largely influenced by the Celts who lived in Iberia in the year 500, as well as by the Moors, who occupied Spain for seven hundred years.

Even greater variety in ethnic composition contributed by Jewish immigrants and Indian and Pakistani gypsies who arrived in Spanish lands after its conquest by Castile. The combination of ethnic forms and new immigrant cultures in art led to the emergence of extraordinary Spanish dances. Their names are familiar today. The dance has unique features in accordance with the region where it originated. This is not surprising, because each region of Spain has its own cultural roots and specific characteristics.

Spanish dances: names

Historically, the most temperamental and passionate women and men live in Andalusia and others. They know how to love passionately, without looking back, and to suffer bitterly. Such uncontrollable passion brought everyone’s favorite Spanish dances to the world. Names such as flamenco, bolero, paso doble are on everyone’s lips today. Undoubtedly, these dances are the most emotional in the world. They combine the rhythms of castanets, southern temperament, guitar sounds, and the refined movements of stately brunettes and brunettes.

Not everyone knows that Spanish dances include many stylistic incarnations and varieties. Let's consider individual types.

Flamenco

If you ask any person to say the name of the famous Spanish dance, with almost one hundred percent probability he will say the word “flamenco”. And indeed it is. This most popular dance throughout the world originated in the lands of Andalusia when gypsies arrived there in the fifteenth century. It was they who formed a special dance caste.

There are many theories as to why flamenco got its name. Some consider it synonymous with the word “gitano”, which is translated from Spanish slang as “gypsy”. Others identify the origin of the term with the Flemish soldiers who guarded the Spanish-Belgian territories. They wore special clothes that emphasized ostentatious pride and self-confidence. The same qualities were inherent in the character of the gypsies.

Thus, it is impossible to reliably know where the name of the famous Spanish dance - flamenco - came from. But if we study all the available sources, they will lead us to Seville, Cadiz and Jerez. In general, flamenco includes two schools: Castilian and Andalusian. The first is characterized by poorer and drier postures and movements. The second one is somewhat pretentious.

Gypsies say that flamenco expresses their soul. Now this dance is popular not only in Spain, but throughout the world. It is probably even a mistake to position it as exclusively Spanish or Gypsy - this is a unique combination of dance forms of all the peoples who lived in Spain throughout its history.

Fandango

This Spanish dance, whose name comes from a Portuguese folk song, originated in the Huelva region. The development of fandango was significantly influenced by flamenco. It is based on the rotations and figures typical of courtship dance. In the provinces of Andalusia, different variations of the fandango are now popular, but only the special features of the old style, which originated in Huelva, make this dance unsurpassed. However, it must be said that fandango is little known outside of Spain.

Paso Doble

This dance actually originated in the south of France, but its movements, drama and sound reflect bullfighting - a Spanish bullfight. WITH spanish word“paso doble” translates to “double step.” The dance is based on music that plays when the bullfighters enter the arena, or immediately before the bull is killed. The Paso Doble is characterized by speed of movement - it consists of turns and steps. Currently, the Latin American dance program cannot do without it.

Bolero

This is the national dance of Spain, whose ancestor is a court dancer named Sebastian Cerezo. He came up with it back in 1780 for his French ballet. The basis was taken from dance forms from Morocco. Bolero can be called one of the oldest “school” dances. Presumably its name comes from the Spanish verb “volar”, which translates as “to fly”. This is due to the fact that during the performance of the bolero it feels as if the dancers are floating in the air.

Since the eighteenth century, many dance compositions have been created. A guitar is used as accompaniment. This national dance is one of the favorites of the Spanish people. Thanks to his interesting dance steps and beautiful rhythms, he became famous all over the world.

The bolero can be performed by one pair of men and women or by several pairs at once. There is a dance option in the form of a quadrille.

Sarabande

This dance has been known in Spain since the twelfth century. At one time she even insisted on its ban, since during the performance some explicit movements were used, the grace and curves of the female body were too openly demonstrated. The songs to which the sarabande was sung were also considered indecent. Then a conscious rethinking of the dance began, as a result of which it became more solemn and serious. They even began to perform it at funerals, and the music was written to order in a minor mode.

All this led to the fact that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, an ennobled version of the sarabande spread throughout the country as a ballroom dance. However, by the mid-eighteenth century it had lost its popularity.

Ethnic dances

In general, the first dances that appeared in Spain were based on the theme of magic. They were based on a variety of religious rituals that were inextricably linked with the cycles of nature. For example, witch dance has been popular since pagan times. Its name is Sorgin Dantza. In addition, the Basques have a sword dance that symbolizes the arrival of spring - the Galicians. These people are also known for their martial dance art. These dances involve two competing dancers using sticks or swords. Their jumps look exciting and grandiose.

Folk dancing in a circle is popular in Spain and involves both men and women. People stand in a circle, hold hands and perform certain steps synchronously. There is the Catalan Sardana dance, when men and women also stand in a circle, take their neighbors’ hands, lift them up and begin to move in slow steps.

Each Spanish dance represents the history of its people and shows the color and individuality of its soul.

Spanish Spanish - belongs to the Romanesque and comes from Latin, mixed with many other elements. The language of the original inhabitants of Spain died during the Roman-Germanic conquests and migrations, and only in the Pyrenees, in the so-called. Basque language, the remains of the ancient I. folk language have been preserved. In other Spain, as in other Romanized countries, from the so-called. Lingua latina rusticana - the Roman folk language, which penetrated the peninsula simultaneously with the Roman rule - formed a national colloquial and common language, which, after the fall of the Roman Empire and the invasion of the Germanic peoples, when both the political and literary connection with Rome weakened, little by little became the only one in use and generally understood. Emerging, therefore, from Roman elements and enriched with a stock of Germanic words; Thanks to the Arabs, the Indian language received a stock of new words in the field of industry, science, trade, etc.; The Arabs did not influence the etymological structure of speech. The oldest traces of I. language are found in Isidore's "Origines"; from the second half of the 12th century. begins a series of monuments to the I. language, which is approximately approx. At this time, according to the three main political units of medieval Spain - the states of Castilian-Leonese, Portugal and Aragonia, it was divided into languages: Portuguese-Galician, Catalan and Castilian, which later became dominant in the united Spain. Currently, the Catalan dialect is widespread in the provinces of Girona, Barcelona, ​​Tarragona and Lleida (the former Principality of Catalonia), in Castellon de la Plana, Valencia and Alicante (the former Kingdom of Valencia) and on the Balearic Islands. From the 9th to the 12th centuries. it gradually spread beyond Catalonia, in 1229 it was brought to Majorca by the Conqueror, and in 1238 it was brought to Valencia; in the south it did not spread beyond the river. Seguru, to the west the political border of Castile and Aragon was also his border. The main features that prove the connection of the Catalan dialect with the Roman dialect of Southern France (langue d'oc) rather than with Castilian and Portuguese are the following: 1) it, like Provençal, does not tolerate more than one syllable after the tonic stress: anima gives arma, camera - cambra; the only one the tonic Latin vowel sound preserved after - a: mare gives mar, gratu (s) - grat; when a word ends in a group of consonants that require, to facilitate pronunciation, a vowel after it, this is e: arbor - cat. arbre (Castilian arbol), populus - cat. poble (cast. pueblo); the remaining initial final vowels sometimes remain, forming a diphthong (Dens - Deu, Hebraeus - Ebriu), sometimes they drop out and the penultimate vowel remains: diluvium - diluvi, servicium - servici, labium - labi 2) conjugated: a; ) the so-called inchoative forms dominate, i.e. lengthening of the verbal stem of the present tense with the syllable ex or ix, similar to what is seen in the languages ​​of Italian, Romanian, Provençal and French. (finir - finissait, etc.); b) many of the past participles are formed by prefixing the ending not to the stem of the indefinite mood, but to the stem of the perfect: tingut from tinch, pogut from poch, conegut from conech (cast. tenigo, podido, conocido from indefinite, inclination). The sound u, held in rolled adverbs, the original purity of sound is the phonetic connection between this adverb and other Italian languages ​​- Castilian and Portuguese. These two dialects, now representing two languages, with significant differences from each other, come from the same common Spanish-Romance source, while Catalan is more likely of Gallo-Romance origin. The Castilian language (Castellano), currently identified with I. (Espanol, old French Espanon), as a folk language, belongs to all of central Spain and vast areas of America and Asia, since the 16th century. populated by the Spaniards; the name Castellano nevertheless remained with him, especially in America. As the language of all educated classes of society and all literature, this is, in a narrower sense, an I. language. Despite some fairly widespread dialects, the Castilian language presents a uniform system, unparalleled among the Romance languages. In some cases, it is distant from Latin no further than Italian, sometimes reaching the same level as Provençal; the stress, for the most part, is no further than the penultimate syllable, although there are a considerable number of words like lampara, lagrima, rapido, etc. Long vowels: e, i, o, u in Castilian. language are preserved, but e and o have disintegrated into diphthongs ie and ue (from uо); Latin au became o. The pronunciation of vowels is the same as in Latin; double vowels are pronounced separately. Features of some consonants: r is pronounced either softly, almost like a vowel sound (for example, in amor, burla), or like a hard consonant sound (for example, rendir, in Old Castilian rrendir); ll(l, I moiulle) replaces Lat. l, ll, and at the beginning of words - cl, gl, pl, bl, fl: llama (flamma), llave (clavis), llorar (plorare); n (н, n mouille) corresponds to dates. mn, nn, sometimes initial. n: ano (annum), dano (damnum), nudo (nodum); ch (= Russian ch) replaces lat. ct: derecho(directum), pecho (pectus), in Old Castilian. ochubre, instead of octubre or otubre; d replaced t between two vowels: omado (amatus), padre (cf. lat. patrem); s and z before e and i used to be pronounced like Russian. ts, currently time = lisping s or middle sound between s and English. th, x in the original alphabet meant the sound Russian. sh, then Russian X; finally, in the last meaning it was replaced by the letter j (now always Mejico instead of Mexico) and acquired in the alphabet the meaning kc, g before e, i and j, which at first had the sound Russian. Well, now, after the spelling reform in 1815, they are pronounced as Russian. x, s is pronounced like Russian. with and intervowels; the guttural aspirate sound comes from Lat. j (juego - lat. iocum), g (gente - gentem), s (jabonsaponen), x (cojo-coxum), li, cl (consejo-consilium, ujooc "lum); Latin f ordinary replaced by h, which the present tense is not pronounced and only in the Andalusian local dialect =x (Danish filius - I. hijo, facere-hacer), the sound b in the middle is pronounced almost like v. There is no declination in the Castilian language: the number is formed by the ending s. ; member - el, la, los, las is formed from the indicative pronoun ille. In conjugation there are many archaic forms: expresses the past in the form of a conditional (cantara, vendiera), the second future in the form of a future (canlare, vendiere). , 2nd person plural imperative (vended, partid - in the present vendeis, partis). (so-called bable of the natives), Navarro-Aragonese, which borrowed a lot from Ucatalan, and Andalusian. Literature. For the history of the Italian language, general textbooks: “Grammatik derromanischen Sprachen” (Bonn, 1882) and “Etymologisches Worterbuch” Diez (Bonn, 1878). ). For the Old and New Catalan language, the works of Manuel Mila y Fontanals: “De los trovadores en Espana” (Barcelona, ​​1861) and “Estudios de Lengua catalana” (Bars., 1875). Octalan dialect in Algheri (Sardinia) cf. G. Morosi, in "Miscellaneadi Filologia" (Florence, 1885). For Castilian The grammar of the Academy was the legislator (a number of publications since 1771). The best dictionaries: Spanish dictionary. Academy (Madrid, 1726 - 89; 12th ed. V. Salva, P., 1885), Dominguez "a (Mad., 1856) and P. Cuervo (Mad., 1887 et seq.). In German there is good manuals: for the history of the caste language P. Forster, "Spanische Sprachlehre" (Berl., 1880), grammar of Funk (Frankf., 1885), Schilling (Lpts., 1884), Wiggers (Lpts., 1884) and Booch dictionaries -Arkossy (Lpts., 1887), Tollhausen "a (1886), Franceson"a (Lpts., 1885). Etymological dictionaries were compiled by: Covarruvios (Madr., 1674), Cabrera (M., 1837), Monlau (M. , 1882), P. Barcia (M., 1883), L. Egilas, Grenada (1880). For spelling, the Academy published a special Tratado. For the language of American Spaniards, there is an excellent work by R. J. Cuervo, “Apuntaciones Criticas sobre el Lenguaje Bogotano” (Chartres, 1885). Narussk. language there is a “Brief I. grammar, arranged according to the rules of the grammar of the Royal I. Akd.; ed. Yakov Langen (Mitava, 1811). Of the new works, if you don’t count “Russian Mezzofanti” by A.V. Starchevsky (St. Petersburg, 1887), can be called "Brief practical guide for self-studyI. language", compiled by Papellas (Odessa, 1893). War of the Spanish Succession - The inheritance remaining after the death of the childless Charles II of Habsburg was the subject of claims from the French King Louis XIV and Emperor Leopold I, and the former wanted to deliver the Spanish throne to his grandson, Philip of Anjou, and the latter - to their second son, Archduke Charles. Both sovereigns based their claims on kinship with the Spanish Habsburg dynasty; both of them were married to the daughters of King Philip IV, the father of Charles II: the first - to Maria Theresa, the second - to Margaret, although the younger, but did not abdicate. , like Maria Theresa, from the rights to the Spanish inheritance. The third contender was, before the start of the war, the young Bavarian Prince Joseph Ferdinand; the grandson of Emperor Leopold. At first, it was planned to resolve the controversial issue peacefully, through negotiations, in which England and Holland took an active part under the general leadership of William III. of Orange. Both maritime powers, taking advantage of the internal weakness of Spain for their trade purposes, did not want to allow any European state to dominate in Spain and sought to divide the Spanish monarchy between all three contenders. Louis XIV expressed his consent to this project, and in this sense, a treaty was concluded between England, Holland and France, during the life of Charles II, in The Hague, October 11, 1698. When, in 1699, the Bavarian prince died, negotiations on the division resumed and led to a new agreement on March 13, 1700, according to which only the other two contenders were divided. When the assumptions about the partition, despite the secrecy in which they were clothed, became known in Spain, they caused general indignation. Wanting to preserve the integrity of his possessions and rid the state of foreign interference, Charles II appointed as his successor first the Bavarian prince, and after his death, under the influence of the French party, Philip of Anjou. On November 1, 1700, Charles II died: Louis XIV, contrary to the treaties of 1698 and 1700, recognized the will of the late king as valid and proclaimed his grandson king of Spain. 23 Jan 1701 Philip V arrived in Spain, meeting with an enthusiastic reception everywhere. Foreign states, with the exception of Austria, which did not want to give up its hereditary rights, were apparently ready to come to terms with the accomplished fact; but Louis, by his further actions, armed almost all of Europe against himself. England and Holland agreed to Philip's accession to Spain only on condition of its complete independence from France. Meanwhile, by recognizing Philip's hereditary rights to the French crown, Louis thereby showed that he considered the interests of Spain and France to be identical. Louis's actions regarding the Spanish Netherlands were a direct violation of the Peace of Ryswick: having entered into a close alliance with Max Emanuel (Bavarian Elector and Stadtholder of the Spanish Netherlands), he encouraged him to expel, with the help of French troops, the Dutch garrisons from the Belgian fortresses, after which French troops occupied the port cities of Ostend and Nieuwport. It was also known that Louis intended to close access to South American harbors for English and Dutch ships and leave them open only to French and Spanish ones. Finally, his desire to deliver the English throne to the son of James II Stuart was a decisive challenge to England. Under the influence of all these circumstances, a revolution took place in the public opinion of England, which had been peace-loving until that time: a rapprochement took place between Parliament and William III on the basis of a militant policy, which was not abandoned after his death (March 8, 1702) by Queen Anne, who was subject to the influence of Marlborough and, especially his wife Sarah. On September 7, 1701, an alliance was concluded against Louis XIV by England, Holland and Austria, which was later joined by Denmark, the Elector of Brandenburg, most of the princes of the German Empire, Portugal and Savoy, which had previously been allied with France. Thanks to the influence of the great pensioner of Holland, Heinsius, Marlborough was appointed generalissimo of the Anglo-Dutch troops. Another great commander of the 18th century, Eugene of Savoy, was placed at the head of the imperial troops. France stood against such a powerful coalition, having in its alliance only Spain, the Elector of Bavaria and his brother, the Elector of Cologne: Victor Amedee, Duke of Savoy, soon went over to the side of the opponents. The usual self-confidence did not leave Louis, however, and he did not abandon offensive actions. The war between the Habsburgs and the Bourbons was fought simultaneously in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain and on the seas and became especially intense after the death of Leopold I, when his eldest son, Joseph I (1705 - 11), ascended the imperial throne. For a long time it represented a series of defeats for the French and a series of triumphs for Eugene of Savoy and Marlborough (battles of Hochstedt, August 13, 1704; at Ramilly, May 23, 1706; at Turin, September 7, 1706; at Udenard, 11th name 1708. ). General devastation, pestilence and disease among the war-starved population of France made it difficult for Louis to continue the war. Back in 1706, he was forced to begin peace negotiations, cat. lasted for several years. The allies' demands were extremely arrogant and humiliating for Louis. He was offered to renounce the Spanish Netherlands, Milan, and French possessions in the West Indies and the South. America. Moreover, they demanded from him the overthrow, with the help of French troops, of his grandson from the Spanish throne and the installation of Karl Habsburg on the throne. Deeply offended by the arrogant demands of his opponents, he made the greatest efforts to continue the fight, but the French suffered a new terrible defeat at Malplaquet (September 11, 1709). Louis began to advise his grandson to abandon Spain and be content with the possession of Sicily and Sardinia; but how is this critical moment in general situation Changes took place in Europe that were favorable to Louis. Lady Marlborough's gradually weakening influence on Queen Anne finally ceased completely, and she was given the court. The militant policy of the Whigs lost its main support; the Tory party, which considered the continuation of the war against the interests of England, strengthened. 17 Apr In 1711, Emperor Joseph I died, having no male offspring and leaving as heir to the vast Austrian monarchy his brother, Archduke Charles, a contender for the I. inheritance. The union of Spain with the Habsburg Monarchy could resurrect the times of Charles V. Austria's allies had no interest in disrupting the political balance of Europe in its favor, which had until then been threatened by Louis XIV. This consideration had crucial to conclude peace between France and England, the preliminary terms of which were signed in London, in October 1711. The following year, a congress opened in Utrecht, at which, in addition to the English and French ministers, representatives from Holland, Spain, Savoy and Portugal took part in the peace negotiations. The conclusion of peace was facilitated by the victory won by Villarom over Eugene of Savoy at Denen (1712). On April 11, 1713, a peace treaty was concluded, which has the same importance in the diplomatic history of Europe as the Peace of Westphalia. Austria, with the imperial princes, continued to fight against France and Spain until 1714, when, finally, peace was concluded in Rastadt and between them. The main results of the War of the Spanish Succession were the following: Philip V, having renounced his personal and hereditary rights to the French throne, was recognized as the king of Spain and its colonies; England received Gibraltar (this fortress was captured by the British on August 3, 1704), Port Mahon, the islands of Minorca and St. Domingo, French possessions in Nova Scotia (Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland). Holland received only the right to maintain garrisons in the fortresses of Menen, Namur, Tournai, Ypres and others. The Duke of Savoy was recognized as the king of Sicily: he was granted Chateau-Dauphine, Nice and Montferat. Prussia received Geldern, and the royal title and supreme rights over Neuchâtel were recognized for its sovereign . Belgium, Milan, Naples and Sardinia were annexed to Austria. Their possessions were returned to the Electors of Cologne and Bavaria. France retained the main acquisitions of Louis XIV, but, despite the elevation of Bourbon to the Spanish throne, it lost its formidable power. The new kingdoms - Prussia and Savoy - are destined

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

Synonyms:

See what "Spanish" is in other dictionaries:

    SPANISH, Spanish, Spanish. adj. to Spain and to the Spaniards. Spanish language. Spanish literature. ❖ Spanish onion is a type of onion with a large bulb. Spanish collar (med.) is the same as paraphimosis. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Brief information about the country

Date of foundation

Official language

Spanish

Form of government

Parliamentary monarchy

Territory

504,782 km² (51st in the world)

Population

47,370,542 people (26th in the world)

Timezone

CET (UTC+1, summer UTC+2)

Largest cities

Madrid, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Seville

$1.536 trillion (13th in the world)

Internet domain

Telephone code

A colorful, cheerful, sunny country located in southwest Europe. It occupies approximately 85% of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula, and also Balearic and Pitiuz Islands in Mediterranean Sea And Canary Islands V Atlantic Ocean. Spain is home to many cities whose history goes back thousands of years, works of architectural art and pristine beaches, which attract travelers from different parts of the world to this fertile land. The heights of the Pyrenees, Sierra Morena and Andalusian mountains do not leave lovers of active recreation indifferent: ski resorts with equipped slopes and magnificent landscapes welcome hundreds and thousands of vacationers every year. The country of flamenco and bullfighting, as it is also called, is visited annually by an average of 30 million tourists. Can be called a real paradise for a beach holiday Canary And Balearic Islands.

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