It cannot be denied that climate influences humans. Climate and human health, habits, and lifestyle are interconnected. The climatic conditions of a given area and weather changes directly or indirectly affect all aspects of people's lives. The influence of climate on people's activities, their well-being, culture, habits, and lifestyle is undeniable.

No matter how far scientific and technological progress has advanced, humanity remains a biological species dependent on the natural environment. Let us briefly consider the impact climate has on human health and economic activity.

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Climate and people

Climatic conditions mean a complex of factors that are characteristic of a specific area or season. Here are the climate elements included:

  • air temperature;
  • humidity;
  • Atmosphere pressure;
  • number of sunny days per year;
  • strength and direction of winds;
  • amount and types of precipitation;
  • length of daylight hours;
  • frequency and severity of changes in weather conditions;
  • air ionization.

The Chukotka region is one of those places in the world that seem to be created to test a person’s “strength.” The life philosophy of indigenous peoples was formed in this extreme climate. The way of life of people here is initially subordinated to the goal of survival.

A person depends on these and other indicators, acting individually or in combination. Although we are able to make our living environment more comfortable, it is impossible to eliminate the influence of climate on people’s activities and health.

Impact of climate on human health

Climate and human health are interconnected. Weather and climate conditions not only accompany us through life, but also intensely influence people’s well-being and can improve or worsen their health. We are affected by all climatic factors and their combinations. Below is an assessment of the influence of natural factors on the human body and shows how climate affects humans.

Low temperature is dangerous to health. It can cause hypothermia, frostbite, and lead to colds. Although a light frost in sunny and windless weather gives us positive emotions. Such a climate brings only benefits to humans.

Heat can have a negative effect on the body. A person suffers from heat stroke, increased sweating, and dehydration.

High and low temperatures are especially difficult to tolerate at high humidity. Prolonged exposure to high humidity conditions can cause rheumatism and other diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

Climate change has a significant impact on human health. Even if the temperature and humidity are far from extreme, their sudden change is a serious stress for the body. A sudden change in humidity can cause shortness of breath, apathy and other symptoms. The influence of climate on human health is stronger with sudden changes in weather conditions.

The sun is the source of life, it contributes to the existence of living organisms on planet Earth. Sunlight brings great benefits to humans, helping to increase immunity and improve health. But don't get too carried away with sunbathing. Excessive exposure to direct sunlight can cause heatstroke and skin burns.

The so-called magnetic storms cannot be felt by the senses, but they affect the general well-being of a person, especially if he is weather dependent.

During magnetic storms, a person begins to feel severe, causeless fatigue and headaches:

Excessive wind speed, turning it into a hurricane, can cause catastrophic destruction, accompanied by loss of life. But not such a strong wind has an effect on the human body. The negative effect of low temperature increases significantly for a person in cold weather with strong winds. On the other hand, a light seaside breeze has a beneficial effect on us and allows us to better tolerate the heat on the summer beach.

Foehn winds blowing from mountain slopes into valleys negatively affect a person’s well-being, causing depressed mood and irritability. They are dangerous for people suffering from cardiovascular diseases.

If you are caught in a dust or sandstorm, it is advisable to cover your face to prevent small particles from entering your respiratory tract. This wind makes breathing difficult and irritates exposed skin.

Even a light, gentle breeze causes the expansion or contraction of blood vessels in open areas of the body surface.

With increased ionization of the air with positive ions, a person feels a loss of strength and quickly gets tired. An excess of negative ions in the atmosphere has a beneficial effect on the body.

A decrease in atmospheric pressure causes a feeling of discomfort. High blood pressure up to a certain limit has a positive effect on the body.

An important factor is a person’s dependence on the climate to which he is accustomed. Climate change has a tremendous impact on health. If a person has lived in one climate zone, then when moving to another, a deterioration in well-being may occur. It was not for nothing that they said: “What makes a Russian happy, means death for a German.” And the point here is not in nationality, but in the familiar environment. The most favorable climate for a person is the one to which he is accustomed.

There are many regions in Russia, the influence of climate on the life activity of which is very different from each other. Residents of the Far North, when they first arrive in Crimea or the Krasnodar Territory, especially in the summer, will experience discomfort from high temperatures. For residents of the North Caucasus or Kuban who come to St. Petersburg, climate change has a significant impact on their health. They will suffer from lack of sunlight and high humidity.

Climate affects human health and economic activity not only directly, but also indirectly. For example, different regions have different nutritional conditions. In the Far North there cannot be the abundance of vegetables and fruits that is observed in the south of Russia, which leads to a lack of vitamins in the diet, and this affects health.

Impact of climate on agriculture

Agricultural activities are highly dependent on the weather. In the Far North they do not grow vegetables and fruits not because they do not want to, but because of unfavorable climatic conditions.

The influence of climate on the activities of farmers is of paramount importance. The availability of agroclimatic resources is a critical factor for sustainable agricultural development. These include:

  1. the duration of the period when the temperature exceeds 10 degrees Celsius;
  2. average annual temperature;
  3. humidity;
  4. thickness and stability of snow cover.

You should also pay attention to geography.

The Astrakhan climate is favorable for growing melons, as it has a large number of hot, sunny days. Here summer lasts 4.5 months (from early May to mid-September). There are also excellent conditions for grazing livestock.

The Astrakhan region is the historical birthplace of Russian watermelon:

The weather conditions of the South of Russia contribute not only to resort and recreational holidays, but also to the cultivation of various crops, including those with a long ripening period. Farming in rural areas here is accompanied by abundant watering. The food supply is sufficient for livestock raising.

The climatic conditions of the Center of the European part of Russia are favorable for the cultivation of frost-resistant plant varieties and the development of livestock farming.

The northern regions of Russia are characterized by harsh weather. Here the conditions for agricultural activity are limited. Livestock farming is more developed here, sometimes of a nomadic type. For example, due to poor vegetation cover, herds of deer are often driven from place to place.

The influence of climate on human life and economic activity in rural areas is decisive, therefore meteorological information is important.

The influence of climate on people's lives and activities

The influence of climate on human activity in the economic sphere is difficult to overestimate. Weather changes are monitored not only by agricultural workers. It is impossible to list which professions people study climate, because the dependence of human activity on climate is present in various fields.

Certain climatic conditions are necessary for construction workers, maritime, air and land transport workers, and representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations to carry out their activities. Knowledge of the weather forecast is important for logging, in the mining industry, for fishermen and hunters, the military and many others, since the influence of climate on the activities of representatives of these and other professions is great.

The economic activities of the Russian population are characterized by significant diversity. The influence of climate on the nature of occupations is a decisive factor in human life. The existence of many professions in Russia depends on the climate typical for a given area. They exist in one climate zone and are absent in others. For example, the profession of a reindeer herder is associated with the conditions of the Far North, and a lifeguard on the beach can most likely be seen in Sochi. You are unlikely to see him in Murmansk.

Climatic features affect all aspects of our lives. The influence of climate on everyday life, housing, and clothing is undeniable. Let's look at how climate affects human life using examples. Living in the tropics, we don't wear warm clothes, but in the harsh Arctic conditions we need them. In a cold climate, a bamboo hut is unlikely to be appropriate, but in the tropics it is just right. For reindeer herders of the Far North, a light, warm tent made of reindeer skins, which can be quickly rolled up and transported, is an ideal home, while in the Siberian taiga a chopped wooden hut would be more appropriate. All this shows how climate affects people's lifestyles.

The original owners of the Far North - the Chukchi, Eskimos, Evens - have carefully preserved their culture, original art, and traditions for centuries:

All this is reflected in the traditions, customs, and lifestyle of every person in the world. There is even an influence of climate on the character of people living in certain conditions. This is clearly visible in the example of European peoples. It has been noticed that Mediterranean residents are more emotional than the reserved Scandinavians. Thus, the role of climate in the life of peoples and their formation was decisive. Climate shapes the character of a person living in a given area.

We looked at how climate affects people's lives. But there is also a reverse process: human influence on the climate. Human economic activity causes warming and causes a softening of weather conditions. It has been noticed that in cities the temperature is slightly higher than outside the city. Warming occurs due to the following reasons:

  • increase in the number of cars;
  • deforestation;
  • combustion of fuel at thermal stations;
  • work of heavy industry enterprises.

The conclusion is simple: as a person treats the environment, so will it treat him.

Where is the most favorable climate?

The climate of Crimea is considered one of the most favorable. The warm sea, a large number of sunny days a year, and healing air attract thousands of vacationers here every year from all over Russia and other countries.

Crimea is an amazing place, as if specially created for relaxation:

It’s a sin to complain about the climate in Crimea. The mild maritime climate, the absence of cold winds, and the abundance of fruits create a comfortable environment. But this is not suitable for everyone. Local weather conditions contribute, for example, to the growth of a large number of plants, some of which are strong allergens. For the northern regions, people depend on a climate that is colder and less sunny, so the abundance of sun and hot weather of Crimea is an unusual phenomenon for them, and not every organism is able to easily adapt to this.

For example, for children under 2 years old it is better to spend their holidays in their own climate zone. It has been noticed that even older children get sick after a sea trip. This is not surprising, because at first their body adapts to the coastal environment. And as soon as the child gets used to the maritime climatic conditions, it’s time to go home, where he again has to acclimatize. Thus, the body receives a double blow, to which it immediately reacts with illness.

But in general, it was not for nothing that famous and influential people moved to Crimea for permanent or temporary residence. They understood how climate affects people's lives. During the Russian Empire, the summer residence of the Romanov royal dynasty was here, Chekhov and Aivazovsky lived here. In Soviet times, dachas of state leaders and cultural figures were built on the Crimean coast. After the decline of the Soviet Union, Crimea was chosen by bohemians and oligarchs.

Each person is individual, so the most favorable climatic conditions are different for everyone. The main thing is that the influence of climate on human life is beneficial.

Authors:

7th grade students

Municipal educational institution secondary school s. Buturlinka

Olga Smyslova

Sergey Feduleev

Alesya Romanycheva


Objectives and research plan:

  • Consider the features of human residential buildings in different climatic zones.

  • Identify the connection between living conditions and climate and natural areas.

  • Find similarities in the method and material of construction on different continents, but within the same zone.

  • Find out whether the lifestyle and traditional occupations of the population influence their type of housing.

  • Make a conclusion: in the process of building a house, what does a person put in first place: beauty, convenience or practicality?


What do we want to know?

  • 1. What are houses built from in different parts of the world?

  • 2. How does climate determine the architecture of a building?

  • 3. Do the way of life and traditional occupations of peoples influence the form, content, and appearance of living quarters?


The climatic features of the place where a house is built have always had a significant impact on the types of housing.


Climate zones of the Earth


Equatorial climate zone

The territory located within this belt is characterized by

the predominance of equatorial air masses and low atmospheric pressure; high air temperatures and large amounts of precipitation throughout the year.



Types of housing in the equatorial zone

Houses on stilts are common in the south-east. Asia, Oceania, some areas of Africa and South America. Such buildings

are reliable protection against floods. Light huts made of bamboo, covered with palm leaves, stand high above the ground, and the inhabitants are not afraid of either floods or predators.

Residents of the equatorial forests

A humid and hot, stable climate, generously supplying people with everything they need, led to the emergence of peoples who were not inclined to long hard work. Some tribes of the tropical forests do not know how to build houses, sculpt pots, or cultivate the soil

Subequatorial belt


Residents of savannahs and woodlands


Tropical climate zone

The territory within the tropical zone is characterized by high atmospheric pressure and the dominance of tropical air masses; In summer the air temperature is high, in winter it is cool. Rain is a rare occurrence.

The area is poor in vegetation.

Typical types of housing in the deserts of Asia


Pueblo

In dry, treeless, as well as in foothill and mountainous areas, starting from the Neolithic, stone, adobe, mud-brick, adobe and combined dwellings of various types developed, which exist today in Middle, Central and Western Asia, the Caucasus, S.-E. Europe, North Africa, South-West. North America, Mexico, Yucatan, Andean Highlands.

Often such dwellings, closely intertwined with each other and even piled on top of one another, form multi-tiered stone or adobe structures (for example, settlements like pueblo to the south-west North America).


Desert Dwellings

Nomadic Bedouin Arabs in Saudi Arabia even now contemptuously call settled Arabs people of clay, and proudly call themselves people of wool - due to the fact that they live in tents made of coarse fabric, which Bedouin women make from goat hair. This wool is good because the material from it almost does not absorb water, otherwise it would be impossible to load the tent on a camel after rain - it is already quite heavy. In cold areas, tents usually have double walls, and the open side of the dwelling is covered with a special curtain.


Humid tropics and subtropics

Unlike the dry tropics, they are rich in forests.

In warm and humid zones - pavilion-type houses to allow through ventilation.

Traditional dwellings of the Australian aborigines are windbreaks, sheds, huts. In Oceania, it is frame-and-post with a high gable roof made of palm leaves.

Temperate climate zone

This command post occupies vast areas of the Earth. Main features:

the predominance of moderate air and westerly winds; seasons are clearly expressed. Increasing continental climate from west to east, cold winters and hot summers. There is a lot of precipitation, but it is unevenly distributed.

The flora is diverse, with a predominance of coniferous and deciduous forests.




Typical types of housing in the temperate zone

In regions with cold winters, compact houses with thick, insulated walls and small windows were built. Typical representative countries are Canada, Russia, Norway.

Since these latitudes are rich in forests, the main building material is wood.

Temperate steppes and semi-deserts

The steppes and semi-deserts of the arid zone of the temperate zone of Central Asia are characterized by the economic and cultural type of semi-nomadic and semi-sedentary pastoralists-farmers with portable, collapsible dwellings in the form of yurts of various types.

Arctic and Antarctic belt

The predominance of cold air masses, low air temperatures all year round, insignificant precipitation.

Absence of almost any vegetation except mosses and lichens.



Arctic and Subarctic

An igloo is a house made of snow blocks, usually domed, which is built by the Eskimos of Canada and Greenland during their winter camps.

Yarangas are traditional Eskimo dwellings, reindeer herders, which was also built from available materials. The walls of the yarang were often covered with turf and made of stones or boards.

As a conclusion:

Home is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Home gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, their culture and the peculiarities of their way of life are largely revealed. The appearance of the home, building materials and construction method depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people creating it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter what it looks like, all nations consider it the center around which the rest of the world is located.

Progress has come a long way, but many peoples continue to live and build traditional houses characteristic of their area.

Man always called his house a fortress.




Conclusion:

1. Housing is one of the most important elements of the material culture of every people.

2. In the architecture of the peoples of the world, natural and climatic conditions and human lifestyles are always taken into account.

3. Housing must meet all necessary requirements to ensure comfortable and safe living. When building his house, a person strives to ensure that it is for him first of all:

- practical, resisted and protected him from all natural adversities;

- convenient, so that life flows easily; useful;

- and finally, beautiful, for the joy of the owner’s eyes and beauty on Earth.


Information sources:

  • http:/ www.etnolog.ru/

  • http:/www.cultinfo.ru/

  • http://images.geo/

  • http://www.geoport.ru/

  • MBOU Makarichskaya secondary school

    PROJECT ON GEOGRAPHY

    SUBJECT:

    “The influence of climate on people’s homes in different parts of the world”

    Head: Lyudmila Mikhailovna Khramtsova, geography teacher

    Performers: 7th grade students

    Problem: which explains the variety of house types.

    Objective of the project: : prove the relationship between climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people in different parts of the Earth and create a visual aid for geography demonstrating this relationship.


    Hypothesis: Does the type of housing depend on climatic conditions?

    To achieve this goal, the following were decided tasks:
    1. Study the material in a geography textbook about climate and its types.
    2. Select and analyze information from various sources about traditional dwellings of people in different parts of the world.
    3. Determine whether the type of housing depends on the climate.
    4. Select materials for making house models.
    5.Construct house models from scrap materials and place them on the world map.
    6. Analyze the results of the work and draw conclusions.

    The novelty and practical significance of this research project lies in the fact that we have created a manual for geography lessons that can be used in primary and secondary schools to increase interest in studying the subject.
    Object Our research is the traditional dwellings of people. Subject of study – connection between climate and structural features of housing.

    At the beginning of the study, we assumed that there is a close connection between the type of climate and the type of traditional people’s homes: the harsher the climate, the warmer and more durable a person’s home should be.

    During the research we used methods:
    1.Theoretical:
    Selection and analysis of information from scientific sources about climate types and traditional people's houses.
    2. Comparison of types of housing.
    3.Analysis of the obtained data

    There are several zones on Earth with different weather conditions

    From weather forecasts broadcast on television and radio, published in newspapers and the Internet, it is clear that the weather is different in different parts of the Earth.
    Changes in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation and moisture in the air, and cloudiness occur in the lower part of the atmosphere. All these phenomena characterize the weather.     Weather – This is the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere (troposphere) in a given place for a certain period of time.
    The weather in the same place on Earth is constantly changing, but each area is characterized by a special weather regime, which is called         climate.
    The climate in each area of ​​the globe has its own characteristics. The main characteristics of the climate are average temperatures, the average amount of precipitation per year and the mode of its occurrence, as well as information about the prevailing winds.

    Climate zones
    Due to the uneven distribution of solar heat and precipitation on the earth's surface, the Earth's climates are very diverse. The famous climatologist Boris Pavlovich Alisov identified 13 climate zones on Earth, which differ from each other in temperature conditions and air masses (Fig. 1). Climatic zones are divided into main and transitional. Transitional climatic zones are located between the main zones; their names contain the prefix “sub”, which means “under” in Latin.         1. Equatorial climate zone – from year to year the weather here is uniformly hot and humid;

    2. Subequatorial belts - the climate changes in two seasons: in summer it is similar to the equatorial one, and in winter it is similar to the tropical one;
    3.     Tropical zones – there are very high temperatures and little precipitation all year round;
    4.     Subtropical zones – the climate changes in two seasons: hot summer and warm winter;
    5.     Temperate zones – the seasons are clearly defined here (winter, spring, summer and autumn), much colder than in the tropics and a significant annual amount of precipitation;
    6.     Subarctic and subantarctic belts – two seasons are distinguished: temperate air predominates in summer, and arctic air predominates in winter;
    7.     Arctic and Antarctic belts – here there is little precipitation, low temperatures and strong winds all year round.

    In our project we will prove how the type of traditional dwellings and modern human houses depends on the climate, available natural materials, and human skills.

    Types of dwellings

    1.Traditional dwellings of peoples living in equatorial climate zone. Equatorial Africa, Indonesia, Amazonia (South America). The hot and humid equatorial climate requires protection from the sun, rain and poisonous insects in homes.
    About these places you can say: “Here, if it rains, it’s a downpour, if a tree, it’s a giant, if a butterfly, it’s as big as a bird, and if it’s a house, it’s on stilts.” When the time of the Big Rains comes, the whole month rains like buckets. Wherever you step, there is water. And the houses are dry, because the “stilts” raise them high above the ground. Can't get water. And it is difficult for snakes, insects and rodents to climb.
    Houses here are built in the form of huts, tents and awnings; they are necessarily raised above the ground.
    The building materials are branches of low bushes, bamboo, palm trees, and clay. Depending on the climate zone, homes are covered with leaves of ficus, banana and other herbs. The connecting material is always clay, sand and camel dung.

    New Guinea . The Korowai tribe live in tree houses, some of which reach 40 meters in height, so they avoid attacks from large predators and a variety of small pests. The house is light, made of straw and branches, because protection from the cold is not required, since it is hot all year round.
    Houses here are built in the form of huts, tents and awnings; they are necessarily raised above the ground to prevent flooding.

    2 .Traditional dwellings of peoples living in subequatorial climate zone.




    3. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in tropical climate zone.
    Mexico, Sahara Desert and southern Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Australia. People's homes here should be protected from the scorching sun and sandstorms.
    Mexico. Anasazi is a prehistoric Native American culture that existed in the modern United States. The Anasazi are characterized by their own style of housing construction: houses were built from clay or carved directly into the rock. Thick walls protected from the heat. Multi-story dwellings with thick stone walls and small windows are typical of dry, hot climates.



         Sahara Desert. The traditional housing for the Bedouins was tents made of felted camel or goat hair, painted black. Felij is the name of this tent. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as searing simoom or sirocco are not scary for nomads sheltering in tents.



    5. In the temperate zone The seasons are clearly defined - winter, spring, summer and autumn.


    In Rus', from time immemorial, people lived in log wooden houses - huts; in winter such a house stays warm, and in summer it stays warm. I'm cool Master carpenters cut the hut from spruce or pine logs and covered it with a roof made of planks. A log house with wooden walls has the properties of a natural air conditioner, providing air renewal twice a day. The thermal conductivity of wood is such that the house stays warm in winter and cool in summer. The corners of the house are tightly and securely connected in the lock and do not freeze.

    Due to their nomadic lifestyle, the North American Indians required that their house could be easily moved from place to place. Therefore, they came up with a special design of poles with skins thrown over them. Such a building is called a tipi, it is sometimes mistakenly called a wigwam. " Tee-pee" (“for life” in the language of the Lakota Indians). Tipis, covered with birch bark, later with skins, are typical of the temperate continental climate of the Great Plains.

    They built their homes using the same principle - yurts the ancient Mongols, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Yakuts and many other peoples who have not forgotten how this is done even now.

    Yurt - this is a dwelling made of felt (wool from domestic animals, such as sheep, processed in a special way). The yurt protects from the steppe climate of strong winds and temperature changes. Felt covers keep the fireplace cool in the summer and keep the fireplace warm in the winter.
    The word “yurt” means, translated from Turkic, “home, homeland.”

    6. Traditional dwellings of peoples, living in the subarctic and arctic climate zones. Cold belt. There are low temperatures and strong winds all year round.
    The North of Canada, Yakutia, Karelia, Magadan, Kamchatka and Murmansk regions as well as the islands of the Arctic Ocean and its seas.
    Due to the harsh climate, this region is one of the most difficult for people to live in. About 40 northern indigenous peoples live here - Eskimos, Nenets, Pomors, Enets, Chukchi, Evenks, Yukaghirs, etc. For many centuries they have maintained the traditional way of life established by their ancestors.

    The Chukchi live in distant Chukotka, which they call Chau-chu, which means “rich in deer.”

    Yaranga - home of the Chukchi. Instead of walls, this house has poles covered with deer skins. Inside, a square room is fenced off with deer skins. People sleep and eat here. And behind the canopy they have storage rooms and a kitchen. The fire crackles in the iron stove, warming the yaranga.

    Residents of the northern regions have no access to either caves or wood. They cut bricks for their homes from the most accessible material - snow. These houses are called igloo, Northern peoples are still building.

    Igloo, built by Canadian Eskimos living above the Arctic Circle. It is made from large blocks of snow. The furniture in the house is also made of snow. The building is given a domed character, thanks to which it retains heat in the room. The gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. An interesting fact is that when the air is heated, the internal surfaces of the walls of the igloo melt, but do not melt due to the fact that the snow quickly removes excess heat outside the house, and due to this, a comfortable temperature for humans is maintained in the room. Moreover, snow walls are able to absorb excess moisture, so the igloo is always dry.

    Conclusion.
    As a result of the study, we concluded that the type of traditional human dwellings depends on the climate, available natural materials, human skills and tools.
    A person’s dependence on weather and climate is direct, strict and largely determining for his health, economic activity, and life! Thus, the hypothesis that there is a close connection between the type of climate and the type of traditional people’s dwellings was confirmed.

    So, if the climate is warm, without sudden changes in temperature, then the dwellings are quite simple, the walls are thin. The main thing in such conditions is to build walls and a roof that would protect from precipitation and heat. To build such houses, it is enough to know how to weave tree branches or dig holes.
    If the climate is harsh, cold and windy, then people have to build warmer and more durable homes.

    Knowledge of the main climatic factors and the peculiarities of their influence on the quality of building materials allows people to build houses on their own, and also to make it warm, dry and cozy.

    During the research work we carried out practical work. Using maps of the continents, we posted photographs of the inhabitants of the countries and their typical dwellings, characteristic of each climate zone of the continents. These created maps will become a guide for geography lessons.

    Information sources.

    1.Gerasimova T.P. Geography. Beginner course. 6th grade: textbook for educational institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. – M.: Bustard, 2013. – 159 p.

    2. Korinskaya V.A. Geography: Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade: textbook / V.A. Korinskaya, I.V. Dushina, V.A. Shchenev. – M.: Bustard, 2014. – 335 p.

    3.Dietrich A., G. Yurmin, R. Koshurnikova. Why? Encyclopedia for children. - M.: Pedagogy, 1987.

    4. Collection of Yandex pictures

    Hello!!! My name is Sukhanova Alina
    I completed a project dedicated to the topic “The influence of climatic conditions on human housing.”
    Different peoples have lived on Earth for a long time
    The taiga and the steppe are one’s home,
    others like the subtropics.
    Alone in the desert or near a glacier everything is nice,
    others in deciduous forests.
    But everyone sees strength in their own homes.

    The goals of my project are:

    1. Conduct an analysis of what requirements for housing construction are determined by climatic conditions;
    2. Study what building material for building a home is used in different natural areas;
    3. Find out whether the lifestyle and traditional occupations of the population influence their type of housing.

    The objectives of my project were:
    1. Determination of climatic features in various natural zones;
    2. Study what houses are built from in different parts of the world;
    3. Form an idea of ​​the influence of natural conditions on the architecture of a person’s home.

    A house is a person's dwelling:
    In the process of research, I learned about such houses as:
    Izba;
    House on stilts;
    Igloo;
    Chum;
    Yurt;
    Hut;
    Yaranga
    I learned what climatic features of the place where a house is built have a significant impact on the types of housing:
    1. Of course, this is a Natural Zone, a climate zone
    2. Economic activities
    3. Construction material

    While doing this work, I learned that the natural zones of the Earth differ in great diversity, these are:
    alpine desert
    Tundra and forest-tundra
    Taiga
    Mixed forest
    Hardleaf forests
    Variably moist forests
    Permanently wet forests
    Broadleaf forests
    Temperate deserts and semi-deserts
    Steppes and forest-steppes
    Savannas and woodlands
    Desertsemi-deserts

    Also, in the process of studying the topic, I learned that on Earth there is
    7 types of climates that make up climate zones. 4 of them are basic, and 3 are transitional.
    The main types include:
    Equatorial,
    tropical,
    moderate,
    and polar (Arctic, Antarctic),
    and transitional climatic zones include:
    Subequatorial belt,
    subtropical,
    subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic)

    Arctic belt
    This is the northernmost geographical zone of the Earth. All year long, one single arctic air mass dominates here. On land, the Arctic belt includes a zone of Arctic deserts. Frosty weather in these parts of the Earth lasts all year round. Permafrost is not heated by the sun's rays, since they fall to the ground tangentially. The subarctic climate is characterized by seasonal changes in air masses, polar in summer and arctic in winter. There is little precipitation, but... The air temperature is low and the humidity in this area is very high. Tundra and forest-tundra, which predominate in this area, are quite swampy.

    Types of dwellings in the Arctic and subarctic zones
    Among the peoples of the Far North, the lack of wood and other building materials caused the appearance of dwellings with a frame made of whale ribs and jaws, as well as snow huts:
    Yarangas are traditional dwellings of Eskimos and reindeer herders, which were also built from available materials.
    An igloo is a house made of snow blocks, usually domed, which Eskimos build during their winter camps.
    And CHUM, the portable dwelling of the peoples of the North. The conical frame of poles is covered with reindeer skins, birch bark or bark.

    Temperate zone
    This is one of the two geographical zones of the globe. A characteristic feature of the temperate zone is that the temperature varies clearly according to the seasons of the year. There are very cold winters and very hot summers, and between them there are two transition seasons - spring and autumn, which are found only in these latitudes.
    The temperate zone includes steppe and forest-steppe natural zones, taiga, mixed forests, deciduous forests, temperate deserts and semi-deserts.
    In regions with cold winters, compact houses with thick, insulated walls and small windows were built. Since these latitudes are rich in forests, the main building material is wood. Typical types of housing in the temperate zone in the forest and forest-steppe zone. Typical representative countries are Canada, Russia, Norway.
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