The meaning of Klopova Maria Ivanovna in a brief biographical encyclopedia. Khlopova, Maria Ivanovna

When Mikhail Fedorovich was elected to the throne, he was only 16 years old. However, “only” is according to modern estimates. And according to the norms of that time, at that age the king should have gotten married and entered adulthood. Otherwise, what kind of ruler is he if he is not even the head of his family?

However, the search for the newly-made sovereign did not begin immediately - three years after his accession to the throne. This process was slowed down on all sides: by the way, one of those who put a spoke in the wheels was Mikhail Fedorovich’s own mother, nun Martha, in the world Ksenia Ivanovna Romanova. She was afraid that the appearance of another woman in the family would affect the balance of political forces, so she was wary of her son’s possible marriage. For the same reasons, the Saltykov boyars, in whose hands considerable power was concentrated, did not support this idea. At the same time, everyone understood perfectly well that it was impossible to postpone the wedding indefinitely. The people will not remain silent for long: an unmarried king will soon certainly bring upon himself a storm of anger.

In 1616—Mikhail Fedorovich’s age at that time was approaching twenty years—it was decided to organize a show. Those close to the young sovereign, in a sense, turned out to be democrats and even allowed him to choose the bride he liked. The Tsar took a liking to Maria Khlopova, the daughter of a Kolomna nobleman. The girl was immediately placed in the queens' chambers, and her name - the royal bride was named Anastasia in honor of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible - began to be mentioned during services. It seemed that things were moving towards the wedding by leaps and bounds. But that was not the case: although the girl belonged to a noble family, her parents could hardly be considered wealthy and influential people. But the Saltykovs saw excessive ambition in the Khlopov family, which, of course, could not please the powerful boyars.

Maria Khlopova. Drawing by Nikolai Nevrev. (wikipedia.org)

Given such a set of circumstances, it does not seem strange that Maria, aka Anastasia, suddenly fell ill. For several days she was tormented by bouts of vomiting, and no one could find out the cause. The doctor solved the problem ingeniously: a version was voiced that the royal bride had overindulged in sweets, and that would make anyone feel bad. Khlopova’s illness was considered insignificant: “there is no harm to the fruit and childbirth from this.” However, Mikhail Saltykov hastened to inform the tsar that, according to another doctor, nothing good would come of this situation. Like, the same disease struck down one girl in Uglich, and she died suddenly.

After consulting, the Boyar Duma recognized Khlopova as an unworthy candidate for the role of the sovereign's bride. “To the royal joy it is fragile,” was the verdict. Maria was separated from her parents and sent to Tobolsk. Mikhail Fedorovich did not forget about his betrothed bride and for a long time did not want to hear about other girls.

Mikhail Fedorovich at a meeting of the Boyar Duma. (wikipedia.org)

The question of marriage arose again after the return of Patriarch Filaret, father of Mikhail Fedorovich, from Polish captivity. It was then that it turned out that Khlopova had been slandered: the girl was healthy and quite “strong.” It was decided to exile the Saltykovs, but general position It didn't affect matters. It was too late to return everything to normal. Khlopova at that time was already well over twenty - not the most suitable age for a bride.

In 1624, the king finally got married. He himself did not want this, but his mother insisted. His wife was Princess Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukaya. However, a few days later it turned out that the queen was sick. And this time everything turned out to be serious: within a few months the girl died. The chronicler was convinced that it was the Lord who punished royal family for the atrocities committed against the innocent Maria Khlopova.

Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. (wikipedia.org)

And only in 1626, the thirty-year-old tsar’s attempts to start a family were finally crowned with success: Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva became his wife, with whom he spent the rest of his life.

Maria Khlopova(? - until March 1633) - daughter of nobleman Ivan Khlopov from Kolomna, betrothed bride of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.

The review of the brides, as a result of which the king chose Maria, took place in 1616. At the beginning of the next year, Maria, with a new name Anastasia was placed “in the palace above.” She was ordered to be honored as a queen, the courtyard people kissed her cross, and throughout the entire Moscow state it was ordered to remember her name in litanies. Khlopova and her relatives aroused the envy of the Saltykovs, who turned the Tsar's mother against the bride. When the bride fell ill (stomach upset), she was denounced as infertile, and the boyar Duma declared that “the tsar’s bride is not durable for the sovereign’s joy.”

Maria, along with her grandmother, aunt and two uncles, was exiled to Tobolsk. Her father and mother were sent to the voivodeship in Vologda. Her future fate:

1619: Maria was transferred to Verkhoturye.

1621: Maria was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, where she was settled in the escheat court of Kuzma Minin.

All this time, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich maintained a tender feeling for the girl and refused to marry. After his father, Patriarch Philaret, arrived at court and was able to resist the wishes of the royal mother, nun Martha, who was opposed to Mary, a new inquiry was conducted into Khlopova’s illness. The doctors who were confronted testified that they provided the Saltykovs with information that was completely different from what they gave to the tsar, and the girl was quite healthy. At the end of 1623, 7 years after the tragic event, investigators headed by boyar F.I. arrived in Nizhny Novgorod. Sheremetev, who found her quite healthy. They were already preparing to deliver the girl to Moscow. But the tsar’s mother still insisted on her own, and Mikhail Fedorovich realized that he would never marry Khlopova.

In September 1624, the 29-year-old tsar finally married Maria Dolgorukova, remaining a bachelor until he was quite mature for his era.

Khlopova, better organized than before, continued to remain in Nizhny Novgorod until his death, which followed no later than March 1633.

Literature

P. Melnikov. “Maria Ivanovna Khlopova, bride of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich” (Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Gazette, 1845, No. 7 et seq.)

D. Mordovtsev. “Russian women of pre-Petrine Rus'”;

I. E. Zabelin.

“Home life of Russian queens” (Chapter 3).

Khlopova (Maria Ivanovna) is the daughter of a Moscow nobleman, the bride of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. In 1616, when the tsar was in his 20th year, it was decided to marry him; his choice fell on Kh., who, at the beginning of the next year, with the new name “Anastasia”, was placed “in the palace above.” Together with her, her closest relatives also approached the tsar, of whom her uncle, Gavriil Vasilyevich Kh., aroused envy in the tsar’s relative, M.M., with his closeness. Saltykov. One day H. fell ill. Despite the assurances of the court doctors and Kh.’s rapid recovery, Saltykov managed to assure the tsar that her illness was incurable; The boyar Duma declared that “the tsar’s bride is not long-lasting for the sovereign’s joy.” After that, she, along with her grandmother, aunt and two uncles, was exiled to Tobolsk, separated from her mother and father, who was sent to the voivodeship in Vologda. In the fall of 1619, Kh. was transferred to Verkhoturye, and in 1621 - to Nizhny Novgorod. Patriarch Filaret advised a new inquiry into X’s illness. “Investigators” were sent to Nizhny Novgorod, led by boyar F.I. Sheremetev. Arriving there at the end of 1623, they found Kh. quite healthy and were preparing to take her to Moscow, when suddenly news came from there that they themselves were immediately recalled; the reluctance of Mikhail Fedorovich's mother and the beauty of Prince Dolgorukov's daughter took precedence over the tsar's former passion. Kh., arranged better than before, continued to remain in Nizhny Novgorod until her death, which followed no later than March 1633. Wed. article by P. Melnikov “M.I.Kh., the bride of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich” (“Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Gazette”, 1845, No. 7 et seq.); D. Mordovtsev "Russian women of pre-Petrine Rus'"; AND I. Zabelin "Home life of Russian queens" (Chapter 3).

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Founder royal dynasty The Romanovs, Mikhail Fedorovich, was preparing for his first marriage when his age was approaching twenty years. It is unknown how old the royal bride Maria Ivanovna Khlopova was. Mikhail Fedorovich, who tried in everything not to give in to “how it happened under previous natural-born sovereigns,” deviated from tradition when concluding his own marriage. Information about the viewing of the royal brides, as was done under Ivan the Terrible, has not been preserved in the sources.

Historians only assume that the bride was pretty and young. In the first half of the 17th century people got married early - at the age of 16-17, or even earlier. But even the most meticulous scientists cannot answer what is the reason for the king’s affection for this girl. The area of feelings is too delicate, and, as luck would have it, there is practically no information in this case. Just assumptions. Perhaps the future autocrat knew his chosen one from childhood.

“It is known that the Khlopovs belonged to the ordinary nobility,” writes historian Vyacheslav Kozlyakov in the biography of Mikhail Fedorovich. “Consequently, the tsar acted as a private person, without any political calculations in mind. Otherwise, he would have chosen the daughter of some “something prince or boyar, not to mention a foreigner, which is rare, but happened in the practice of Moscow sovereigns.”

There is no doubt that Maria Ivanovna Khlopova was named the royal bride and taken into royal palace in 1616. In the royal chambers she was given a new name - Anastasia. In honor of the first Russian queen and first wife of Ivan the Terrible, great-aunt of the sovereign Anastasia Romanovna. She was the sister of Mikhail Fedorovich’s grandfather. The bride's relatives were appointed courtiers, and she herself began to be mentioned at church services. Together with her fiancé, she visited the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. However, the wedding never took place.

The reason, as revealed by the investigation carried out on the orders of Patriarch Filaret (father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich), was one insignificant incident. The incident took place in the Armory, which Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, like his predecessors, loved to show to his guests. They brought a Turkish saber to the monarch and those present unanimously began to praise the quality of foreign work, and the king asked his mother’s cousin Mikhail Saltykov if Russian gunsmiths could make the same magnificent weapon.

The gunsmith Mikhail Mikhailovich, as the head of the Armory Chamber, replied: “This is unprecedented, and in Moscow the sovereign’s craftsmen will make such a saber.” The bride's uncle Gavrila Vasilyevich Khlopov, not experienced in palace diplomacy, when the tsar addressed him with the same question, blurted out: “They will do something, but not like that.” The offended Saltykov snatched the saber from Khlopov’s hands, accusing him of ignorance of bladed weapons. Both had a big quarrel or, as they wrote then, “talked much more casually.”

Soon after Maria Anastasia arrived at the Kremlin Palace, she began to experience attacks of nausea and vomiting. Mikhail and his brother Boris Saltykov, who headed the Pharmacy Department and, therefore, was responsible for the health of the royal bride, declared that her illness was incurable. To resolve a complex issue, a Zemsky Sobor was convened, which removed the bride from the courtyard. The illness quickly passed, but Maria Khlopova was irrevocably deleted from the list of royal brides. Seven years later, Dr. Valentin Biltz and doctor Baltser announced the cause of her illness - a simple stomach disorder. According to Gavrila Khlopov, the niece gorged herself on unprecedented sweets.

Patriarch Filaret achieved the deportation of the Saltykov brothers from Moscow to distant cities. A commission was sent to Maria Khlopova, who lived in Nizhny Novgorod, to examine her state of health. The girl was recognized as completely healthy and fit to bear children, however, in 1623 she was officially denied the title of royal bride. They suspect that Mikhail Fedorovich’s mother insisted on this decision, wanting to see a wife from a noble family next to her son.

In 1621, ambassadors Prince Lvov and clerk Shipov were sent to the court of King Christian of Denmark. The Royal Majesty had maidens of marriageable age, his own nieces. However, things didn't work out. They remembered how they sent “Prince Egan” (John) to Muscovy to take Ksenia Borisovna Godunova as his wife, but upon arrival in Russia he unexpectedly fell ill and died. The Danes were also confused by the indispensable requirement for the bride to change her faith.

They were also looking for a bride in Scandinavia. The matchmaking with Catherine, the sister of the Brandenburg Elector Georg Wilhelm and at the same time the sister of the wife of the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus, encountered an insurmountable obstacle in 1623 - the change of religion of the Protestant bride.

The king made his choice when he turned 28 years old. The daughter of the boyar Prince Vladimir Timofeevich Dolgorukov, one of the representatives of the younger branch of the Obolensky princes, was called Marya. There were no special merits for Prince Dolgorukov. Quite the opposite. He was captured by enemies several times. Vladimir Timofeevich’s biggest failure was the loss of Marina Mnishek, whom the Tushino detachment took from him and took to False Dmitry II, creating a problem that existed even at the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich.

KHLOPOVA MARIA IVANOVNA

Khlopova (Maria Ivanovna) is the daughter of a Moscow nobleman, the bride of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. In 1616, when the tsar was in his 20th year, it was decided to marry him; his choice fell on Kh., who, at the beginning of the next year, with the new name “Anastasia”, was placed “in the palace above.” Together with her, her closest relatives also approached the tsar, of whom her uncle, Gavriil Vasilyevich Kh., aroused envy in the tsar’s relative, M.M., with his closeness. Saltykov. One day H. fell ill. Despite the assurances of the court doctors and Kh.’s rapid recovery, Saltykov managed to assure the tsar that her illness was incurable; The boyar Duma declared that “the tsar’s bride is not long-lasting for the sovereign’s joy.” After that, she, along with her grandmother, aunt and two uncles, was exiled to Tobolsk, separated from her mother and father, who was sent to the voivodeship in Vologda. In the fall of 1619, Kh. was transferred to Verkhoturye, and in 1621 - to Nizhny Novgorod. Patriarch Filaret advised a new inquiry into X’s illness. “Investigators” were sent to Nizhny Novgorod, led by boyar F.I. Sheremetev. Arriving there at the end of 1623, they found Kh. quite healthy and were preparing to take her to Moscow, when suddenly news came from there that they themselves were immediately recalled; the reluctance of Mikhail Fedorovich's mother and the beauty of Prince Dolgorukov's daughter took precedence over the tsar's former passion. Kh., arranged better than before, continued to remain in Nizhny Novgorod until her death, which followed no later than March 1633. Wed. article by P. Melnikov “M.I.Kh., the bride of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich” (“Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Gazette”, 1845, ¦ 7 et seq.); D. Mordovtsev "Russian women of pre-Petrine Rus'"; AND I. Zabelin "Home life of Russian queens" (Chapter 3).

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

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