Explanation of the 7th task of the exam in Russian. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of participles. A) The role of the subject is the collective noun and words close to them in meaning

Task Theory 7

TASK: Establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. In the 1st column under the letters A) B) C) D) E) examples are given, in the 2nd column under the numbers 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) justifications for grammatical errors are given.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

What the answer should look like:

• In the task with the letter, we look for derivative prepositions (usually the sentence begins with them) and check the case of the noun after the preposition. All of the following prepositions can only be combined with the Dative case of a noun:

• According to (to whom? what?)
• Thanks to (who? what?)
• Contrary to (who? what?)
• Like (to whom? what?)
• Against (whom? what?)

• Also in the sentence there may be prepositions that are combined with a noun in the Genitive case:

• in moderation (of what?)
• during (what?)
• in continuation (what?)
• due to (what?)
• in conclusion (what?)
• like (what?)
• because of (why?)
• like (what?)

• For example: Thanks raise the level of service in branded stores has become more buyers.

• We are looking for construction in tasks with a letter“everyone who ...”, “those who ...”, “one who ...”, etc., it is necessary to check the agreement between the subject and the predicate (singular / plural) in the main and subordinate clauses.

plural singular singular plural

• For example: All who read Pushkin's Boris Godunov, remembers vagabond Varlaam.

OR

Everyone who read Pushkin's "Boris Godunov", they remember the vagabond Varlaam.

• In the task with the letter must be quotation marks
• For example: D.S. appears before us as passionately loving his native culture. Likhachev in the book« Letters about good and beautiful» .
• Explanation: An application is a definition expressed by a noun.
• Explanation:

• If the quotation marks are preceded by a generic name (book, newspaper, magazine, picture, etc.), the name in quotation marks must be in Im.p. For example, the novel "Eugene Onegin"; painting "Autumn"; song "Dubinushka".

• If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is inflected. For example, in "Eugene Onegin"; in "Autumn" by Levitan; in "Dubinushka".

• If the sentence has homogeneous members of the sentence connected by the union "and", after which there is a common dependent word (words), it is necessary to check whether the first homogeneous member of the sentence agrees with these common dependent words.

For example, in the sentence "we hoped and believed in victory "The first homogeneous member of the sentence "hoped" does not agree with "in victory", so there is a grammatical error in this sentence.

For example, "I love draw and painting »

• If in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by double unions “not only - but also”, “as - so and”, “if not then”, it is necessary to check whether the homogeneous members of the sentence are immediately after these unions. For example, in the sentence "We were waiting not only Masha, but also Vanya" unions are correct. If we change the place of one of them: "We not only waited for Masha, but also Vanya”, a grammatical error will appear in the sentence.

• words of different parts of speech cannot be used as homogeneous members of a sentence

For example, "I love draw and painting »

• It is unacceptable to violate the homogeneity of the syntactic elements of the sentence. The participial turnover and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.
• For example, in the sentence "Ivan, who studied in the 9th grade and who took part in the competition, ...", a mistake was made.

• An assignment with a letter begins with a participial turnover
• For example: received primary education at home in Moscow, Radishchev was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Corps of Pages.
• Adverbs answer the questions:doing what? having done what?
• Explanation: the gerund expresses an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. The person doing both actions must be the same person. In the sentence, the action “enrolled” is performed by “they, some people” (indefinitely personal sentence), and the action “having received” is performed by Radishchev.
• Explanation: the adverbial turnover most often cannot be used together with impersonal sentences, except when the action is expressed by the words “can, cannot”

• We are looking for participial turnover in tasks with the letter
• The sacrament answers the questions: what does one do? what did he do? what's done?
• Examples of participles: working, doubting, arriving, writing, etc.
• For example: One of the heroes of the novel, seeking the meaning of life, the path to inner freedom opens.

• Explanation: If the sentence contains a participle, its form (ending) must agree with the noun being defined. To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the sacrament. For example, "there were a lot of guys (what?) who came to the forest." The end of the sacrament must coincide with the end of the question to it.

• Do not mix direct and indirect speech. It is unacceptable to use the pronouns "I, WE, YOU, YOU" in the subordinate part of the sentence in indirect speech.
• For example, "Dima admitted that I not ready for class today.

1. Errors related to the violation of the order of words in a simple sentence

CLASSIFICATION OF GRAMMAR ERRORS:

1. incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
2. misuse of the case form of a noun
3. violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
4. violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
5. error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
6. violation of the homogeneity of concepts
7. violation of the homogeneity of syntactic elements
8. incorrect construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover
9. violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
10. incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
11. violation of word order in a simple sentence

Lesson development (lesson notes)

Secondary general education

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Syntactic norms

Task Theory 7

The task: Establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. In the 1st column under the letters A) B) C) D) E) examples are given, in the 2nd column under the numbers justifications for grammatical errors are given.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

What the answer should look like:

The maximum number of points for completing this task is 5 points.

For each correctly identified match - 1 point.

1. Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

In the task with the letter, we look for derivative prepositions (usually the sentence begins with them) and check the case of the noun after the preposition. All of the following prepositions can only be combined with the Dative case of a noun:

• According to (to whom? what?)
• Thanks to (who? what?)
• Contrary to (who? what?)
• Like (to whom? what?)
• Against (whom? what?)

Also in the sentence there may be prepositions that are combined with a noun in the Genitive case:

• in moderation (of what?)
• during (what?)
• in continuation (what?)
• due to (what?)
• in conclusion (what?)
• like (what?)
• because of (why?)
• like (what?)

For example: Thanks to an increase in the level of service in company stores, there are more customers.

2. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

We are looking for the construction “everyone who ...”, “those who ...”, “the one who ...”, etc. in tasks with a letter, it is necessary to check the agreement between the subject and the predicate (singular / plural) in the main and in subordinate clauses.

For example: Everyone who read Pushkin's "Boris Godunov" remembers the vagabond Varlaam.

Everyone who has read Pushkin's "Boris Godunov" remembers the vagabond Varlaam.

3. Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application

In the task with the letter must be quotation marks

For example: D.S. appears before us as passionately loving his native culture. Likhachev in the book « Letters about good and beautiful » .

Explanation: An application is a definition expressed by a noun.

Explanation:

• If the quotation marks are preceded by a generic name (book, newspaper, magazine, picture, etc.), the name in quotation marks must be wim.p. For example, the novel "Eugene Onegin"; painting "Autumn"; song "Dubinushka".
• If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is inflected. For example, in "Eugene Onegin"; in "Autumn" by Levitan; in "Dubinushka".

4. Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

If the sentence has homogeneous members of the sentence connected by the union "and", after which there is a common dependent word (words), it is necessary to check whether the first homogeneous member of the sentence agrees with these common dependent words. For example, in the sentence “we hoped and believed in victory”, the first homogeneous member of the sentence “hoped” does not agree with “in victory”, therefore there is a grammatical error in this sentence.

Words of different parts of speech cannot be used as homogeneous members of a sentence. For example, “I love drawing and painting”

If in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by double conjunctions “not only - but also”, “as - so and”, “if not then”, it is necessary to check whether the homogeneous members of the sentence are immediately after these unions. For example, in the sentence "We were waiting Not only masha, but also Vanya" unions are correct. If we change the place of one of them: "We Not only waiting for Masha but also Vanya”, a grammatical error will appear in the sentence.

5. Violation of the homogeneity of concepts

Words of different parts of speech cannot be used as homogeneous members of a sentence. For example, "I like drawing and painting"

6. Violation of the homogeneity of syntactic elements

It is unacceptable to violate the homogeneity of the syntactic elements of the sentence. The participial turnover and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.

For example, in the sentence "Ivan, who studied in the 9th grade and who took part in the competition, ...", a mistake was made.

7. Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover

An assignment with a letter begins with a participial turnover

For example: Having received primary education at home in Moscow, Radishchev was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Corps of Pages.

Adverbs answer the questions: doing what? having done what?

Explanation: the gerund expresses an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. The person doing both actions must be the same person. In the sentence, the action “enrolled” is performed by “they, some people” (indefinitely personal sentence), and the action “having received” is performed by Radishchev.

Explanation: the adverbial turnover most often cannot be used together with impersonal sentences, except when the action is expressed by the words “can, cannot”

8. Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

We are looking for participial turnover in tasks with the letter

The sacrament answers the questions: what does one do? what did he do? what's done?

Examples of participles: working, doubting, arriving, writing, etc.

For example: One of the heroes of the novel, looking for the meaning of life, opens the way to inner freedom.

Explanation: If the sentence contains a participle, its form (ending) must agree with the noun being defined. To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the sacrament. For example, "there were a lot of guys (what?) who came to the forest." The end of the sacrament must coincide with the end of the question to it.

9. Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

Do not mix direct and indirect speech. It is unacceptable to use the pronouns "I, WE, YOU, YOU" in the subordinate part of the sentence in indirect speech.

For example, "Dima admitted that I not ready for class today.

10. Errors related to the violation of the order of words in a simple sentence

11. Mistakes in the use of prepositions

CLASSIFICATION OF GRAMMAR ERRORS:

1. incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
2. misuse of the case form of a noun
3. violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
4. violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
5. error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
6. violation of the homogeneity of concepts
7. violation of the homogeneity of syntactic elements
8. incorrect construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover
9. violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
10. incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
11. violation of word order in a simple sentence
12. errors in the use of prepositions

USE 2017: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 1

Morphological norms (formation of word forms)

Morphological norms- these are the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech.

Morphological norms of nouns

1. Indeclinable nouns that denote inanimate objects are of the neuter gender: coupe, potpourri, bikini.
2. Exceptions: curlers, riding breeches (plural), blinds, kiwi, whiskey, brandy, coffee (m. and sr.r.), mocha, penalty, euro (m.r.).
3. The gender of nouns denoting persons is determined based on the gender to which they refer: beautiful madam, serious monsieur, cunning frau etc.
4. The gender of geographical names, names of press organs is determined by the generic word: Capri - island (m.r.), Jungfrau - mountain (m.r.), Monaco - principality (m.r.), Borjomi - city (m.r.); "Times" - newspaper (female).
5. Abbreviations are usually assigned to the genus to which the reference word in them belongs: NATO - alliance (m.r.), CIS - commonwealth (sr.r.); Moscow State University - university (m.r.).
6. Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural instead of ending -s(s) may have a shock ending -and I):
   • monosyllabic nouns: side - sides, forest - forests, eye - eyes, house - houses, eye - eyes, century - centuries, silk - silk, food - feed, board - sides etc.;
   • two-syllable nouns, in which in the singular form of the nominative case, the stress is on the first syllable: buffer - buffers, coast - coast, pearls - pearls etc.
7. The gender of compound nouns is determined by the word that expresses the broader meaning of the noun: Butterfly Admiral, pay phone, sofa bed. And if both concepts are equivalent, the gender is determined by the first word: armchair-bed, cafe-restaurant.

Morphological norms of adjectives

1. It is impossible to combine in one construction the simple and complex forms of the comparative degree of the adjective:a better essay / this essay is better (not this essay is better)
2. You can not mix the simple and complex forms of the superlative degree of the adjective:the wisest old man/the wisest old man (not the wisest old man)

Morphological norms of pronouns

1. The mistake is the formation of the form of the possessive pronountheirs instead of them: them a son.
2. After the prepositions of personal pronouns he, she, they, the letter appears in oblique casesn: to him, from her.

Morphological norms of nouns

1. When declensing compound ordinal numbers, their last part changes, which, when declensed, takes on forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first etc. The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any changes to it are considered a morphological error: in two thousand two.
2. Each part and each word that makes up a compound and complex cardinal number is declined separately: saw twenty-four classmates.
3. Cases when it is correct to use collective numbers:
   • with nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four guys.
   • with nouns children, people: two children, four people.
   • with nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
   • with nouns that have only the plural form. hours: five days.
   • with nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two goggles, two skis.
   • with pronouns: two of us, five of them.
4. numeral bothused only with nouns f.r.:both girls, both books. With nouns m. and cf. R. the form is usedboth: both brothers, both elephants.

Morphological norms of verbs

1. Verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, outshine, dare, vacuumand some others do not have a form of 1 person singular. h.
2. Formation of return forms:met, wanted to say hello(after vowels -s is used),Sorry(no return form).
3. Formation of imperative mood forms:ride, wave, drive away, lay down, buy, lie down.
4. Formation of past tense forms:hardened, dry, wet(not hardened, dried out, wet).

Morphological norms of participles

1. Participle formation: rinsing, waving, wanting(not rinsing, waving, wanting);
2. Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs.

Morphological norms of gerunds

1. Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of the suffix -in: spill - spill, save - save, thin out - thin out.There are perfective verbs from which gerunds can be formed using the suffix -and I or -shi, -lice: go in - go in, look - looking, lean - leaning.
2. Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -and I: think - thinking, walk - walking, fly - flying.

Morphological norms of adverbs

1. Formation of adverbs: from there, come off, inside, I can hardly, we will divide in half.
2. Formation of the comparative degree of adverbs: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful, good - better, hard - harder.

Quest Source: Decision 2442. Unified State Examination 2018. Russian language. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 options.

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Solution.

Consider each of these sentences and determine if they contain grammatical errors.

1) breathed noon heat replaced by the cool of the evening. - A simple sentence, complicated by participial turnover, the word order is broken. Right: Breathing heat noon ... or Noon, hot breath, … (Error D)

2) Chasing the beast, the hunters went to the river. - A simple sentence, complicated by a participial turnover, there is no mistake.

3) At the Bolshoi Theater we listened opera P. I. Tchaikovsky "The Queen of Spades".- There is an inconsistent application (name in quotation marks), standing at the generic word (opera). With a generic word, the name in quotation marks is not declined. Right: listened to the opera "The Queen of Spades" by P. I. Tchaikovsky or listened to "The Queen of Spades" by P. I. Tchaikovsky. (Error A)

4) Upon arrival Passenger at the airport, border control workers put a border crossing stamp in the passport. – A simple sentence, a mistake was made in case management: the preposition PO determines the case of a noun. Right: Upon passenger arrival… (Mistake B)

5) City Sochi become the capital of the XXII Winter Olympic Games. - A simple sentence, a mistake was made in agreeing the subject and the predicate. Right: City Sochi became capital or Sochi steel the capital ... (Error D)

6) According to the agreement, after some time we met in the library. Simple sentence, no grammatical errors.

7) The bridges built on the Moscow River were floating. A simple sentence, complicated by participial turnover, no grammatical errors.

8) Seeing the signs of a coming storm sail ship were removed. - A simple sentence, complicated by a participial turnover, there is a mistake. Right: Seeing the signs of a coming storm sailors removed ship's sails. (Mistake in)

9) With the creation of the "Workshop of Poets" in 1911, a new literary trend declared itself - acmeism. – A simple sentence, complicated by an application, there are no grammatical errors.

Examination. Be sure to analyze each sentence from the proposed options so as not to make a mistake. The numbers in the answer are not repeated.

In response, we write out the numbers corresponding to the letters, strictly observing their order, without spaces and commas.

Now I want to propose a kind "cheat sheet". I will explain how easy it is to complete task number 7.

How to easily complete task number 7

As an example for the comment, I will take the task proposed in the demo for 2016.

A comment

Suggestion 1. Pay attention to the verbs - predicates in it. They are standing in different tenses and are verbs of different types(exposes- present. time, nesov. view; uncovered- past. time, owl. view).

Conclusion: the species-temporal correlation of verbs is violated (verbs in one sentence must be of the same type and tense). Answer- D

Suggestion 2. Before us is a complex proposal. Look at the stem in the main clause: took everything away. As we see , the predicate must be in the plural. number (taken away). The essence of the error here is that the word is taken as the subject who, and this is the subject of the subordinate clause ( who visited). Therefore, correctly find the grammatical basis, then you will immediately see an error. Answer- G(the connection between the subject and the predicate is broken)

Suggestion 3.At the heart of the work "The Tale of a Real Man". There is an error here. When a sentence contains common nouns (a story, a novel, a book, an opera, a ballet, etc.), then the title of the work is written in the nominative case.

Right: At the heart of the work Tale about a real person.

looking for an answer about the application(the title of the work is an application, that is, a definition expressed by a noun). Answer: IN

Suggestion 5. In this proposal, we see participial as it answers the question what(sketches, brought th from a trip to the East). What is wrong here? What sketches? Brought s

Output: incorrectly constructed sentence with participial turnover. Answer: BUT

Suggestion 9. Here is a complex sentence. Look, the subordinate part in it is attached to the main one at once by two means of subordination - how much. All you need is an allied word how much. Therefore the answer is B, that is, an error in the construction of a complex sentence.

Let's write down the answers in numbers:

Answer:

Keep in mind that in task No. 7 there are 5 answers, and 9 sentences. Therefore not came up to answer sentences No. 4,6,7,8

What other sentences might be wrong? (they are not in the demo)

Wrong sentence structure with indirect speech. Remember, in such a sentence, personal pronouns should only stand in 3 face.

Examples:

A.N. Nekrasov wrote that “ I dedicated the lyre to his people.

Right: " is he lyre…”

Mistakes in a sentence with adverbial turnover. Remember the rules. They are on this site. Let me remind you that the action in the adverbial turnover must be performed by the subject.

Examples:

Climbing up the mountain, it became completely dark. (Here the sentence is impersonal, there is no subject, there is no one to climb the mountain)

Driving up to the station, my hat flew off. (The hat can fly off, but drive up to the station, no)

Correct example:

Preparing for the exam, I do a lot of test tasks. (I prepare and I do)

Errors in sentences with homogeneous members. There can be a lot of different errors here. Remember the rules, types of errors. I will give a few examples.

Examples:

She bought fruits, apples, pears. (Fruit is a more general concept, so this is not a homogeneous term, but a generalizing word. She bought fruits: apples, pears).

I love many things: mathematics, russian, history.

(Homogeneous members should be in the same form as the generalizing word: I love many objects: mathematics, Russian, history).

These are my comments and tips. Train, learn the rules, and then everything will work out.

Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

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