Civil War in Russia had a number of distinctive features with internal confrontations that occurred in other states during this period. The civil war began in fact immediately after the establishment of the power of the Bolsheviks and lasted for five years.

Features of the Civil War in Russia

Military battles brought the peoples of Russia not only psychological suffering, but also large-scale human losses. The Theater of Military Action did not go beyond the Russian state, there was also no front line in the civil confrontation.

The cruelty of the Civil War was that the warring parties did not seek a compromise decision, but to complete physical destruction of each other. In this confrontation, there were no prisoners: the caught opponents were immediately executed.

The number of victims of the fratricide war several times the number of Russian soldiers died at the fronts of the First World War. The peoples of Russia were actually two warrant camps, one of which supported the communist ideology, the second tried to eliminate the Bolsheviks and recreate the monarchy.

Both sides did not tolerate the political neutrality of people who refuse to participate in hostilities were sent to the front forcibly, especially the principles were shot.

Composition of the Anti-Bolshevik White Army

The main driving force of the White Army was the retired officers of the imperial army, who previously gave oath to the imperial home and could not go against their own honor, recognizing the Bolshevik government. The ideology of socialist equality was alien to the prosperous segments of the population, which foresee the future robbing policies of the Bolsheviks.

Large, medium bourgeoisie and landowners have become the main source of income for the activities of the anti-Bolshevik army. Printed to the right and representatives of the clergy, who could not accept the fact of the unpunished murder of "God's Anointed", Nicholas II.

With the introduction of military communism, the white rows were replenished with displeased state politics with peasants and workers who previously speaking on the side of the Bolsheviks.

At the beginning of the revolution, the White Army had a high chance of throwing the Communists of the Bolsheviks: close ties with large industrialists, the rich experience of suppressing revolutionary uprisings and an indisputable influence on the people of the church were the impressive advantages of monarchists.

The defeat of the White Guardians is still quite explained officers and the commander-in-chiefs made the main bid on the professional army, without speeding up the mobilization of peasants and workers who ultimately "intercepted" to their side the Red Army, thus increasing its number.

The composition of Krasnogvardeyssev

Unlike White Guards, the Red Army arose not chaotic, but as a result of many years of development of the Bolsheviks. It was laid in its foundation, the class principle of the noble class in the ranks of the Red was closed, the commanders were elected among the usual workers who were the majority in the Red Army.

Initially, the army of the left forces was completed by volunteers by soldiers who took part in the First World War, the poorest representatives of the peasants and workers. In the ranks of the Red Army there were no professional commander, so the Bolsheviks created special military courses on which they were preparing future leadership personnel.

Thanks to this, the army was replenished with talented commissars and generals S. Budenny, V. Blucher, G. Zhukov, I. Konev. They moved to the side of the red and former generals of the royal army V. Egoryev, D. Parsky, P. Satent.

Pumping "White" and "Red" in our history is very difficult. Each position is its truth. After all, just 100 years ago they fought for her. The struggle was fierce, Brother walked on his brother, father on his son. For some heroes there will be Budyonnovtsy first Karmia, for others - volunteers of kincpel. Only those who, hiding behind their position on the civil war, are trying to strike out a whole piece of Russian history from the past. Who makes too far-reaching conclusions about the "antislel character" of the Bolshevik authorities, denies the entire Soviet era, all of its accomplishment, - and rolls in the end to the frank Russophobia.

***
Civil War in Russia - Armed confrontation in 1917-1922. Between various political, ethnic, social groups and state formations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, followed by the arrival of the Bolsheviks as a result of the October 1917 revolution. The civil war was the result of the revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War, economic ruining, deep social, national, political and ideological split of Russian society. The apogee of this split and became a fierce war across the country between the Soviet and anti-Bolshevik armed forces. The civil war ended in the victory of the Bolsheviks.

The main struggle for power during the period of the Civil War was carried out between the armed formations of the Bolsheviks and their supporters (the Red Guard and the Red Army) on the one hand and the armed formations of the White Movement (the White Army) - on the other, which was reflected in the sustainable naming of the main parties to the conflict "Red "And" white ".

For the Bolsheviks, based primarily on the organized industrial proletariat, the suppression of the resistance of their opponents was the only opportunity to keep power in the peasant country. For many participants in the White Movement - officers, Cossacks, intelligentsia, landowners, bourgeoisie, bureaucracy and clergy - Armed Resistance to the Bolsheviks was aimed at the return of the lost power and the restoration of their socio-economic rights and privileges. All these groups were the top of the counter-revolution, its organizers and inspirers. Officers and rustic bourgeoisie created the first frames of the White Troops.

The position of the peasantry, which was more than 80% of the population, which fluctuated from passive exit to the active armed struggle was the decisive factor in the civil war. The fluctuations in the peasantry that responded in this way to the policy of the Bolshevik power and dictators of white generals was fundamentally changed the balance of power and, ultimately, predetermined the outcome of the war. First of all, we certainly goes about the middle peasantry. In some areas (Volga, Siberia), these oscillations raised the ECEROV and Mensheviks to power, and sometimes contributed to the promotion of White Guards in the depths of Soviet territory. However, with the course of the Civil War, the Seednyatsky peasantry bent towards Soviet power. The middle peasants at the experience were seen that the transition of power to Esramen and Mensheviks inevitably leads to an uncompressed general dictatorship, which, in turn, inevitably leads to the return of landlords and the restoration of pre-revolutionary relations. The strength of the oscillations of the middle peasants towards Soviet power was especially manifested by the combat capability of the White and Red Army. White armies were essentially combed only until they were more or less homogeneous in classes. When, as the front expands and advance, the White Guards resorted to the mobilizations of the peasantry, they inevitably lost their combat capability and collapsed. Conversely, the Red Army constantly strengthened, and the mobilizable middle-leaved masses of the village persistently defended the Soviet power from counter-revolution.

The base of counterrevolution in the village was foul, especially after the organization of the Combed and the beginning of the decisive struggle for bread. The foulness was interested in the elimination of large landlords of farms only as competitors in the operation of the poor mannotsky peasantry, whose care opened wide prospects for its foul. The fight of fists with the proletarian revolution took place in the form of participation in the White Guard armies, and in the form of organizing its own detachments, and in the form of a wide rebel movement in the rear of revolution under various national, class, religious, up to anarchic, slogans. A characteristic feature of the civil war was the willingness of all its participants to use violence to achieve their political goals (see "Red Terror" and "White Terror")

A component of the Civil War was an armed struggle of the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire for its independence and the rebel movement of the wide layers of the population against the troops of the main opposing parties - "red" and "white". Attempts to proclaim independence aroused refractors from both the "White" who fought for the "United and Industry Russia" and from the "Red", who had seen in the growth of nationalism, the threat to the conquests of the revolution.

The civil war unfolded in the context of a foreign military intervention and was accompanied by combat actions on the territory of the former Russian Empire as the troops of the countries of the Four Union and the troops of the countries of the Entente. The motives of the active intervention of the leading Western powers were the realization of their own economic and political interests in Russia and the assistance of white in order to eliminate the Bolshevik authorities. Although the possibilities of the interventory were limited to the socio-economic crisis and political struggle in the Western countries themselves, intervention and material assistance to white armies significantly influenced the course of war.

The civil war was carried out not only in the territory of the former Russian Empire, but also on the territory of neighboring states - Iran (Enzest Operation), Mongolia and China.

The arrest of the emperor and his family. Nicholas II with his wife in the Alexandrovsky Park. Tsarist village. May 1917.

The arrest of the emperor and his family. Daughters Nicholas II and his son Alexey. May 1917.

Lunch of Red Army by the fire. 1919

Armornet of the Red Army. 1918

Bulla Viktor Karlovich

Refugees of the Civil War
1919

Issue bread for 38 wounded redarmeys. 1918

Red squad. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Exhibition of Civil War trophies at the Kremlin, dedicated to the II Congress of Communist International

Civil War. Eastern front. Armored train of the 6th regiment of the Czechoslovak Corps. An offensive on Maryanovka. June 1918.

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Red rustic shelf commanders. 1918

Fighters of the first equestrian army budenna at a rally
January 1920.

Otsup Peter Adolfovich

Funeral victims of the February Revolution
March 1917.

July events in Petrograd. Soldiers of a scooter shelf, arriving from the front to suppress the inside. July 1917.

Work on the place of the train crash after anarchist attack. January 1920.

Red commander in the new office. January 1920.

Commander-in-Chief of the Lavr Kornilov. 1917

Chairman of the Provisional Government Alexander Kerensky. 1917

Commander of the 25th rifle division of the RKKKA Vasily Chapaev (right) and commander Sergey Zakharov. 1918

Sound recording of speech Vladimir Lenin in the Kremlin. 1919

Vladimir Lenin in Smolny at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissar. January 1918.

February Revolution. Check documents on Nevsky Prospect
February 1917.

The brother of the soldier of General Laurel Cornilov with the troops of the temporary government. August 1 - 30, 1917

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Military intervention in Soviet Russia. Command Composition of the White Army with representatives of foreign troops

Station in Yekaterinburg after taking the city by parts of the Siberian Army and the Czechoslovak Corps. 1918

Demolition of the monument to Alexander III at the Church of Christ the Savior

Polymatot workers at the boat car. Western Front. Voronezh direction

Portrait of military

Shot Date: 1917 - 1919

In the hospital laundry. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Sisters of mercy of the partisan squad of Kashirina. Evdokia Aleksandrovna Davydova and Taisiya Petrovna Kuznetsova. 1919

The detachments of the Red Cossacks Nikolai and Ivan Kashirina in the summer of 1918 became part of the consolidated South Ural partisan squad of Vasily Blucher, which made a raid in the mountains of the Southern Urals. Connecting under Kungur in September 1918 with the parts of the Red Army, the partisans fought as part of the troops of the 3rd army of the Eastern Front. After reorganization in January 1920, these troops began to be called the army of labor, the purpose of which was the restoration of the national economy of the Chelyabinsk province.

Red Commander Anton Bolusnyuk, wounded thirteen times

Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Gregory Kotovsky
1919

At the entrance to the building of the Smolny Institute - the headquarters of the Bolsheviks during the October coup. 1917

Medical examination workers mobilized to the Red Army. 1918

On the boat "Voronezh"

Red Army women in liberated from the white city. 1919

Sineles of the 1918 sample, which included in the expense of the Civil War initially in the budenal army, were preserved with minor changes to the 1939 military reform. The machine gun "Maxim" is installed on Tachanka.

July events in Petrograd. The funeral of the Cossacks who died during the suppression of the rebellion. 1917.

Pavel Dybenko and Nestor Makhno. November - December 1918

Red Army Supply Employees

Coba / Joseph Stalin. 1918

On May 29, 1918, the Soviet University of the RSFSR appointed Joseph Stalin in the south of Russia and sent it as an emergency authorized WTCIK on bread harvesting from the North Caucasus to industrial centers.

The defense of Tsaritsyn - the Military Campaign of the "Red" troops against the "White" troops for control over the city of Tsaritsyn during the civil war in Russia.

People's Commissar on Military and Maritime Affairs of the RSFSR Lion Trotsky welcomes soldiers under Petrograd
1919

Commander of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia General Anton Denikin and Ataman of the Severe Troops of Donskoy African Brojevsky at the solemn prayer on the occasion of the release of Don from the troops of the Red Army
June - August 1919

General Radola Hyda and Admiral Alexander Kolchak (from left to right) with officers of the White Army
1919

Alexander Ilyich Dutov - Ataman Orenburg Cossack troops

In 1918, Alexander Dutov (1864-1921) announced a new power of criminal and illegal, organized armed Cossack squads, which were the base of the Orenburg (south-western) army. Most of the bellazaks consisted in this army. For the first time, the name of Dutov became known in August 1917, when he was an active participant in Cornilovsky rebellion. After that, the Dutov was sent by the temporary government to the Orenburg province, where in the fall she was strengthened in Troitsk and Verkhneuralsk. His power lasted until April 1918.

Struffes
1920-E.

Soshalsky Georgy Nikolaevich

Stovers transport the urban archive. 1920-E.

Who are "red" and "white"

If we are talking about the Red Army, then the Red Army created as a realistic army, not so much Bolsheviks, so much the most former gold ridges (former royal officers) who were mobilized or voluntarily went to serve the new government.

You can give some figures to outline the scope of the myth, which existed and is still in public consciousness. After all, the main characters of the civil war for the older and middle generation is Chapaev, weekly, Voroshilov and other "red". In our textbooks are unlikely to find someone else. Well, another Frunze, perhaps, with Tukhachevsky.

In fact, in the Red Army, officers were not at all much less than in the White Arms. In all the white armies, together, from Siberia to the North-West, served about 100,000 former officers. And in the Red Army about 70,000-75,000. Moreover, almost all the highest team posts in the Red Army occupied former officers and generals of the royal army.

This also applies to the composition of the field headquarters of the Red Army, which consisted almost completely, from former officers and generals, and to commander of different levels. For example, 85% of all front commander were former officers of the royal army.

So, in Russia about the "red" and "white" knows everyone. From school, and even preschool years. "Red" and "White" is the history of the Civil War, this is the events of 1917-1920. Who was then good, who is bad - in this case it does not matter. Estimates are changing. And the terms remained: "white" against "red". On the one hand, the Armed Forces of the Young Soviet state, on the other, the opponents of this state. Soviet - "Red". Opponents, accordingly, "white".

According to official historiography, opponents actually turned out to be a lot. But the main things are those who have enea on uniforms, but on the caps of the cocardia of the Russian tsarist army. Recognizable opponents, no one confuse. Cornilovtsy, Denikintsy, Vrangelev, Kolchkovtsy, etc. They are white". They are first and foremost to overcome the "red". They are also recognizable: they have no chase, and on caps - red stars. Such is the pictorial number of civil war.

This is a tradition. She was approved by the Soviet propaganda of more than seventy years. Propaganda was very effective, the pictorial series became familiar, thanks to which the symbolism of the civil war was left out of understanding. In particular, the limits of understanding remained questions about the reasons that caused the choice of precisely red and white colors to indicate the opposing forces.

As for the "red", then the reason was, it seems obvious. "Red" themselves called themselves. Soviet troops were originally called the Red Guard. Then - the working and peasant red army. The redarmeys of the Red Banner sworn. State flag. Why the flag was chosen red - explanations were given different. For example: this is a symbol of "blood fighters for freedom". But in any case, the name "red" corresponded to the color of the banner.

About the so-called "white" nothing like this. Opponents of "Red" did not swear to the white banner. In the years of civil war, there was no such banner at all. No one Nevertheless, behind the opponents of the "red" approved the name "White". At least one reason is also obvious here: "White" called their opponents the leaders of the Soviet state. First of all - V. Lenin. If you use it terminology, then the "red" defended the "power of workers and peasants", the power of the "Workers' and Peasant Government", and the "White" - "Power of the King, landowners and capitalists." It is this scheme that was approved by the entire power of Soviet propaganda.

They were called so in the Soviet press: "White Army", "White" or "White Guards". However, the reasons for the choice of these terms were not explained. The question of the reasons was accounted for Soviet historians. Something was reported, but at the same time literally rested from a direct response.

Saving soviet historians look rather strange. It would seem that there is no reason to avoid the question of the history of terms. In fact, no secret here has never been. And there was a propaganda scheme, to explain in reference editions, the Soviet ideologues considered inappropriate.

It is in the Soviet era of the terms "Red" and "White" predictably associated with the civil war in Russia. And until 1917, the terms "white" and "red" were correlated with another tradition. Another civil war.

The beginning is the Great French Revolution. The opposition of monarchists and Republicans. Then, indeed, the essence of the confrontation was expressed at the color level of the banners. White banner was originally. This is the royal banner. Well, and the red banner is the banner of Republicans.

Under the red flags gathered armed authurelotes. It was under the Red Flag in August 1792, "Sanchülotov, organized by the then urban self-government, went to the assault of Tuileries. Then the Red Flag became really a banner. Banner of uncompromising Republicans. Radicals. Red banner and white banner became symbols of opposing sides. Republicans and monarchists. Later, as you know, the Red Banner has not been so popular. The state flag of the republic was the French tricolor. In the Napoleonic era about the red banner almost forgotten. And after the restoration of the monarchy, it is as a symbol - and at all the relevance has lost.

This symbol was updated in the 1840s. Updated for those who declared themselves with the heirs of the Jacobin. Then the opposition of "red" and "white" became the common place of journalism. But the French revolution of 1848 ended the next restoration of the monarchy. Therefore, the opposition of "red" and "white" again lost the relevance.

Re-opposition "Red" - "White" originated on the outcome of the Franco-Prussian war. Finally, she established himself from March to May 1871, during the existence of the Paris commune.

The Republic of Paris Commune was perceived as the realization of the most radical ideas. The Paris Commune declared herself the heiress of Jacobin traditions, the heir of the traditions of those santenotes that they went under the red banner to defend the "conquest of the revolution". The symbol of continuity was the state flag. Red. Accordingly, "red" are communaras. Defenders of the city of the republic.

As you know, at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, many socialists declared themselves with the heirs of communations. And at the beginning of the 20th century, the Bolsheviks called themselves. Communists. They considered their red banner.

As for the confrontation of "White", then the contradictions seem to have never arose. By definition, the Socialists - the opponents of the autocracy, therefore, nothing has changed. "Red" still opposed "white". Republicans - monarchists.

After the renunciation of Nicholas II, the situation has changed. The king renounced the brother, but Brother Crown did not accept. The temporary government has been formed, so the monarchies no longer had, and the opposition of the "red" white "seemingly lost the relevance. The new Russian government, as is known, because it was called "temporary", which was to prepare the convening of the Constituent Assembly. And the constituent assembly, in commonly chosen, was to determine the further forms of Russian statehood. Democratic. The question of the elimination of the monarchy was considered already solved.

But the temporary government has lost power, and did not have time to convene the Constituent Assembly, which was convened by the Council of People's Commissar. To argue about why the Constituent Assembly found it necessary to dissolve, it is hardly worth it. In this case, the other is more important: the majority of opponents of Soviet power set the task to reiterate the Constituent Assembly. It was their slogan.

In particular, it was a slogan and formed on the bottom of the so-called volunteer army, which the Kornilov headed in the end. For the Constituent Assembly, other military managers, referred to in Soviet periodicals "White", fought. They fought against the Soviet state, and not for the monarchy.

And here we should pay tribute to the talents of Soviet ideologues, the skill of Soviet propagandists. Announced "red", the Bolsheviks managed to consolidate the "White" label for their opponents. Managed to impose this shortcut contrary to the facts.

Soviet ideologues declared all their opponents with supporters of the destroyed regime - autocracy. They declared them "white". This label itself was a political argument. Each monarchist is "white" by definition. Accordingly, if the "white", which means that the monarchist.

The label was used even when his consumption seemed absurdity. There were, for example, "White", Belofinnes, then "Belopolds", although fought with the "red" Czechs, Finns and Poles were not going to recreate the monarchy. None in Russia, nor outside. However, most of the "red" label "White" was accustomed to why the term himself and seemed clear. If "white", then always "for the king". Opponents of the Soviet government could prove that they are for the most part - not the monarchists at all. But it was nowhere to prove. Soviet ideologues have had the main advantage in the information war: in the territory controlled by the Soviet government, political events were discussed only in the Soviet press. Almost and not there. All opposition editions closed. Yes, and the Soviet editions were strictly controlled by censorship. The population practically did not have other sources of information. On Don, where the Soviet newspapers have not yet read, Cornilov, and then Denikintsev, were not called "white", but "volunteers" or "cadets".

But not all Russian intellectuals, despising Soviet power, were in a hurry to solidarize with her opponents. With those whom in the Soviet press called "white". They were really perceived as monarchists, and in monarchists intellectuals saw danger to democracy. Moreover, the danger is not less than the Communists. Still, "red" perceived as Republicans. Well, the victory of "whites" implied the restoration of the monarchy. That for intellectuals was unacceptable. And not only for intellectuals - for most people of the former Russian Empire. Why Soviet ideologues and approved in the public consciousness "Red" and "White" labels.

Thanks to these labels, not only Russians, but many Western public figures have comprehended the struggle of supporters and opponents of Soviet power as the struggle of the Republicans and monarchists. Supporters of the republic and supporters of restoration of autocracy. And Russian autocracy was considered in Europe wildness, remnant of barbarism.

Therefore, supporting supporters of autocracy in Western intellectuals caused a predictable protest. Western intellectuals discredited the actions of their governments. Could configure public opinion against them, which governments could not ignore. With all hence the resulting severe consequences - for Russian opponents of Soviet power. Therefore, the propaganda war is so-called "white" lost. Not only in Russia, but also beyond. Yes, everything comes out that the so-called "white" was essentially "red". Only this did not change anything. Propagandists who sought to help Kornilov, Denikin, Wrangel and other opponents of the Soviet regime were not so energetic, talented, prompt, as Soviet propagandists.

Moreover, the tasks that were solved by the Soviet propagandists were much easier. Soviet propagandists could clearly and briefly explain why they are fighting "red". Truthfully, there is no, it does not matter. The main thing is brief and intended. The positive part of the program was obvious. Ahead is the kingdom of equality, justice, where there is no poor and humiliated, where there will always be plenty. Opponents, accordingly, are rich, fighting for their privileges. "White" and the Allies of "White". Because of them, all troubles and deprivation. There will be no "white", there will be no troubles or deprivation.

Opponents of the Soviet regime could not clearly and briefly explain why they are fighting. Such slogans, as the convening of the Constituent Assembly, the preservation of the "single and indivisible Russia" were not and could not be popular. Of course, opponents of the Soviet regime could more or less convincingly explain with whom and why they fight. However, the positive part of the program remained unclear. And there was no this common program.

Everything else, in the territories, the Soviet government is not controlled, the opponents of the regime failed to achieve information monopoly. Partly and therefore the results of propaganda were incommensurable with the results of the Bolshevik propagandists.

Consciously, the Soviet ideologists immediately imposed their opponents the "White" label, if they chose such a move, it is difficult to determine. In any case, they made a good choice, and most importantly - acted consistently and efficiently. Using the population that opponents of the Soviet regime are fighting for restoring autocracy. Because "white".

Of course, there were among the so-called "white" and monarchists. Real "White. We defended the principles of the autocratic monarchy long before its fall.

But in the Volunteer Army, as in other armies, fought with "red", the monarchists were negligible. Why they did not play any important role.

Most ideological monarchists generally avoided participation in the Civil War. It was not their war. They were not for whom to fight.

Nicholas II did not deprive the throne forcibly. Russian Emperor renounce voluntarily. And freed from the oath of everyone who silence him. His brother did not accept the crown, so the monarchists did not swear a new king. Because there was no new king. There was no one to serve some to protect. The monarchy no longer existed.

Undoubtedly, the monarchist did not like to fight for the Council of People's Commissar. However, it should not be north that the monarchist should - in the absence of a monarch - to fight for the Constituent Assembly. Both the Council of People's Commissars and the Constituent Assembly for the monarchist were not legal authority.

For the monarchist, legitimate power is only the power of the Bogodan Monarch, which the monarchist is silence. Therefore, the war with "red" - for monarchists - has become a matter of personal choice, not religious debt. For "white", if he is really "white", fighting for the Constituent Assembly - "Red". Most monarchists did not want to deal with the shades of "Red". I did not see meaning to fight against other "red" together with one "red".

The tragedy of the Civil War, ended in one of the versions in November 1920 in the Crimea, was that she brought two camps in an irreconcilable fight, each of which was sincerely devoted to Russia, but understood this Russia in his own way. On the other side were the villains that were racing their hands on this war, which were engaged in the organization of the Red and White Terror, who were unaffected by a dishearter way to bet on someone else's good and who did a career on terrifying examples of bloodthirstiness. But at the same time, both of the other hand were people who performed nobility, devotion to the Motherland, who had the welfare of the Fatherland above all, including personal happiness. Recall at least "walking on the flour" Alexei Tolstoy.

"Russian split" passed on families, dividing their native people. I will give the Crimean example - the family of one of the first rectors of the Tepan University Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. He, doctor of science, professor, remains in the Crimea, with red, and his son, also doctor science, Professor Georgy Vernadsky goes to emigration with white. Or the brothers Admirals Berens. One is the white admiral who leads the Russian Black Sea squadron in the distant Tunisia, in Bizeta, and the second is red, and it is he who will go to this Tunis in 1924 to return the ships of the Black Sea Fleet to the homeland. Or remember how it describes the split in the Cossack families in the "quiet don" M. Sholokhov.

And such examples can be given a set. The horror of the situation was that in this filament fighting on self-destruction on fun hostile to the world around us, Russians, destroyed not each other, and themselves. At the end of this tragedy, we literally "blinked" Russian brains and talents the whole world.

In the history of each modern country (England, France, Germany, USA, Argentina, Australia), there are examples of scientific progress, outstanding creative achievements associated with the activities of Russian emigrants, including great scientists, military leaders, writers, artists, engineers, inventors, Thinking, Agraria.

Our Sikorsky, friend Tupolev, practically created all American helicopter construction. Russian emigrants founded a number of leading universities in Slavic countries. Vladimir Nabokov created a new European and new American novel. The Nobel Prize presented France Ivan Bunin. Economist Leontiev, physicist of Prigogin, a biologist of metalists and many others became famous for the whole world.

By the beginning of the civil war, white exceeded the red almost in everything - it seemed that the Bolsheviks were doomed. Nevertheless, it was red that was destined to get out of this opposition to the winners. Among the entire huge set of reasons that have led to this, three key are distinguished.

Under the rule of chaos

"... I will immediately point to the three reasons for the failure of a white movement:
1) insufficient and untimely,
led by narrow-minded considerations assistance to allies,
2) a gradual increase in the reaction elements in the composition of movement and
3) as a result of the second, disappointment of the masses in white movement ...

P. Milyukov. Report on white movement.
Newspaper "Latest News" (Paris), August 6, 1924

To begin with, it is necessary to specify that the definitions of "red" and "white" are largely conditional, as it always happens when describing the civil university. War is chaos, and civil war - chaos, built into an infinite degree. Even now, after a short century, the question "So who was right?" It remains open and difficult to develop.

At the same time, everything that happened was perceived as a real end of the world, the time of complete unpredictability and uncertainty. The color is banned, declared beliefs - all this existed only "here and now" and in any case did not guarantee anything. The parties and beliefs changed with amazing ease, and this was not considered something abnormal and unnatural. Revolutionaries with many years of experience in the struggle - for example, the esters - became ministers of new governments and branded opponents as counter-revolutionaries. And the Bolsheviks helped create the army and counterintelligence, proven centers of the royal regime - including nobles, Guards officers, graduates of the Academy of the General Staff. People in attempts at least somehow survive threw out of one extreme to another. Or "extremes" themselves came to them - in the form of an immortal phrase: "White came - robbed, the red came - rob, well, how do you go to the poor peasant peasant?" Both loners and whole military units regularly changed the sides.

Captured could go under honestly in the best traditions of the XVIII century under honestly, kill the most upheld ways or put in their own system. Ordered, the slender division "these - red, these - white, there are green, and these morally unstable and undefined" developed only years later.

Therefore, it should always be remembered that when it comes to any side of the civil conflict, meaning not the strict ranks of regular formations, but rather "centers of force." The attraction points of the set of groups that were in constant motion and the incessant conflicts of all with everyone.

But why did the center of the power won, which we are generalized by referring to the "red"? Why did the "Lord" lost to "comrades"?

Question about "Red Terror"

"Red terror" is often used as ultima Ratio., Description of the main tool of the Bolsheviks, who allegedly threw an intimidated country to their feet. This is not true. Terror has always walked hand in hand with a civil barrel, because it is derived from the limit fierce of this kind of conflict, in which the opponents have nowhere to run and have nothing to lose. Moreover, opponents could in principle avoid organized terror as a means.

Earlier it was already said that initially opponents were small groups surrounded by the sea of \u200b\u200banarchic library and apolitical peasant masses. White General Mikhail Drozdovsky brought about two thousand people from Romania. Approximately the same than the volunteers were originally in Mikhail Alekseeva with Kornilov Lavra. And the bulk just did not want to fight, including a very significant part of the officers. In Kiev, officers happened to work as waiters, in shape and all awards - "is more submitted,".

Second Drozdovsky Equestrian Regiment
Rusk.ru.

In order to defeat and implement their vision of the future, the army was required to all participants (that is, recruits) and bread. Bread for the city (military production and transport), for the army and soldering valuable professionals and commander.

People and bread could only be taken on the village only, a peasant who was not going to give it no other "for so", but there was nothing to pay. From here - the requisition and mobilization, which with equal zeal had to be resorted by white, and red (and before them - also to the temporary government). As a result, the excitement of the village, opposition, the need to suppress the perturbation with the most cruel methods.

Therefore, the notorious and terrible "red terror" was not a decisive argument or something sharply distinguished on the general background of the atrocity of the Civil War. Terror did everything and the victory to the Bolsheviks did not bring him.

Unitimate.
Organization.
Ideology.

Consider these items sequentially.

1. Uniqueness, or "When there is no consent in the Lord ...".

It should be noted that the Bolsheviks (or, if you take wider, the "socialists-revolutionaries" at all) initially had very good experience in conditions of instability and chaos. The situation when the enemies around them, in their own rows of guards and generally " tRUST NO ONE " - there was an ordinary production process for them. With the beginning of the Civil Bolsheviks, in general, they continued what they did earlier, only in more preferential terms, because now they themselves became one of the main players. They are skill Waving in full-length varies and everyday treason. But their opponents skill "attract an ally and give it on time while he did not betray you" used much worse. Therefore, at the peak of the conflict against a comparatively single (according to the presence of one leader), many white groupings were crushed, and each led his war on his own plans and disuses.

Actually, this annoyance and vicinity of the overall strategy were deprived of white victories in 1918. Anntante notes needed the Russian front against the Germans and was ready for a lot, just to preserve at least his visibility, pulling away the German troops from the Western Front. The Bolsheviks were extremely weak and unorganized, and help could be demanded at least in the expense of partial supplies of military orders already paid by the tsarism. But ... White preferred to take the projectiles through Krasnov in Germans for the war against the red - creating the corresponding reputation in the eyes of the Entente. Germans, losing the war in the West, disappeared. The Bolsheviks have steadily created an organized army instead of the semi-cedisan detachments, tried to establish the military industry. And in 1919, the Annta has already won his war and did not want, and he could not bear big, and most importantly - who did not give the visible benefits of expenses in a distant country. Intervention forces one after another left the fronts of the civil war.

White could not agree with any distortion - as a result of their rear (almost all) heated in the air. And, as if it was not enough, each White leader was sitting in the rear of his own "Ataman", poisoning life. Kolchak - Semenov, Denikina - Kuban Rada with Kalabukhov and Mamontov, Vrangel - Orlovshchina in Crimea, Yudenich - Bermond Avalov.

Agitational white motion poster
Statehistory.ru.

So, although the externally, the Bolsheviks seemed surrounded by enemies and a doomed camp, they could concentrate on the selected areas, throwing at least some resources on the internal transport lines - despite the collapse of the transport system. Each particularly taken white general could hardly beat the enemy on the battlefield - and the Reds recognized these defeats - but these pogroms did not develop into a single boxing combination, which would knock out the fighter in the red corner of the ring. The Bolsheviks kept each separate lunge, copied strength and beat in response.

Year of 1918: Kornilov goes to Ekaterinodar, but other white detachments from there have already gone. Then the volunteer army fits in battles in the North Caucasus, and Krasnov's Cossacks at the same time go to Tsaritsyn, where they get their own from the red. In 1919, thanks to foreign help (about this below), Donbass finally took Tsaritsyn - but Kolchak in Siberia is already broken. In the autumn, Yudenich goes to Petrograd, having a great chance to take it - and Denikin in the south of Russia is divided and retreats. Wrangel, having excellent aircraft and tanks, in 1920 comes out of the Crimea, the battles at first are successful for whites, but the Poles are already concluded with the Red World. Etc. Khachaturian - "Dance with sabers", only much worse.

White fully realized the seriousness of this problem and even tried to decide it, choosing a single leader (Kolchak) and trying to coordinate actions. But by that time it was too late. And the real coordination on the fact was absent as a class.

"The white movement did not end the victory because it did not have a white dictatorship. And it was prevented by the centrifugal forces swollen by the revolution, and all the elements associated with the revolution and did not break with it ... A white "concentration of power ..." was needed against the Red Dictatorship ... "

N. Lviv. "White Movement", 1924.

2. Organization - "War won in the rear"

As again, it was mentioned above, white for a long time had an obvious superiority on the battlefield. It was so sensible that in this time is the subject of pride of supporters of white movement. Accordingly, all sorts of conspiracy explanations are invented, designed to explain - why did everything end so much and where are the victories? .. From here and legends about the monstrous and unparalleled "Red Terror".

And the unparthalter is actually simple and, alas, the white - white won tactically, in battle, but they lost the main battle - in their own rear.

"None of the governments [Anti-Bolshevik] ... failed to create a flexible and strong apparatus of power, which can rapidly and quickly overtake, forced, act and force others to act. The Bolsheviks also did not capture the People's Soul, also did not become a national phenomenon, but endlessly ahead of us at the pace of their actions, in energy, mobility and ability to force. We are with our old techniques, old psychology, old vices of the military and civilian bureaucracy, with the Petrovskaya table of ranks did not sleep behind them ... "

In the spring of 1919, the commander of the Denikin artillery had only two hundred shells a day ... on a separate tool? No, on the whole army.

England, France and other powers, despite the later curses whites on their address, provided considerable or even tremendous help. Only Denikin in the same 19th year of the British put 74 tanks, a half-hundred-and-half of aircraft, hundreds of cars and dozens of tractors, more than five hundred guns, including 6-8-inch warm men, thousands of machine guns, more than two hundred thousand rifles, hundreds of millions of cartridges and two million Shells ... This is very decent numbers, even on a scale of just the rejected Great War, they would not be ashamed to lead in context, say the battle for Ipre or Somme, describing the situation in a separate section of the front. And for the Civil War, forced to Poor and Turnured - it is fabulously a lot. Such an armada, concentrated in several "fists", in itself could break the red front, like a rotten rag.

Detachment of Tanks Shock-Fire Brigade Before Departing to Front
Velikoe-Sorokoletie.diary.ru.

However, in compact crushing groups, this wealth did not unite. Moreover, the overwhelming part at all reached the front. Because the rear supply organization was fully failed. And cargo (ammunition, food, uniforms, technique ...) or ravened, or scored remote warehouses.

New British Gaubes spoke untrained white calculations in three weeks, which repeatedly led English advisors to confusion. 1920 - Wrangel, according to the red, on the day of combat, no more than 20 shells on the instrument took place. Part of the batteries in general had to be dug into the rear.

On all the fronts, torn soldiers and no less dangling officers of the White Army, without food and cartridges, were desperately fought with Bolshevism. And in the rear ...

"Looking at these shorts of the villains, on these smashed ladies with diamonds, on these outdoor young people, I felt only one thing:" I prayed: "Lord, went here the Bolsheviks, at least for a week, so that at least among the horrors of the Eccups these animals understand that they Make. "

Ivan Nazhivin, Russian Writer and Emigrant

Incoming and inability to organize, expressing modern tongue, logistics and rear discipline, led to the fact that purely military victories of the white movement dissolved in smoke. White chronically could not "give up" the enemy, while slowly and irreversibly losing their battle qualities. White army at the beginning and end of civilian fundamentally differed only by the degree of overannance and mental donomas - and not to the best to the final side. But the red - change ...

"Yesterday a public lecture of Colonel Kotin, who fled from the Red Army; The presences did not understand the bitterness of the lecturer, indicating that in the Commissars of the army there is much more order and discipline than we have, and the grand scandal produced, with an attempt to beat the lecturer, one of the ideological workers of our National Center; Especially offended when K. noted that in the Red Army a drunken officer is impossible, for any commissioner or a communist will shoot it now. "

Baron Budberg

Budberg somewhat idealized the picture, but the essence appreciated right. And not only he. In the emerging red army, evolution was evolution, the red fell, they received painful blows, but rose and went on, making conclusions from lesions. And even in tactics more than once and no two efforts were broken about the persistent defense of the red - from Ekaterinodar to Yakut villages. On the contrary, the failure of white - and the front collapses hundreds of kilometers, often - forever.

1918, Summer is a Taman hike, on the national teams of red in 27,000 bayonets and 3500 sabers - 15 guns, at best, from 5 to 10 rounds on a fighter. No food, forage, wrap and kitchens.

Red Army in 1918.
Figure Boris Efimova
http://www.ageod-forum.com.

1920, autumn - a shock fire brigade at Kakhovka has a battery of six-inch warmts, two light batteries, two arrow-troops (still detachment of tanks, but in battles he did not have time to take part), more than 180 machine guns for 5.5 thousand people, a nursing team, The fighters are dressed with a needle and amazed by a learning even the enemy, the commanders received a leather shape.

Red Army in 1921.
Figure Boris Efimova
http://www.ageod-forum.com.

Red Cavalry Dumenko and Budennye forced her tactics even enemy. While white most often "shone" the frontal attack of infantry in full growth and bypassing the cavalry from the flank. When the white army with Wrangela thanks to the delivery of technology began to resemble modern - it was too late.

The Reds are a place and personnel officers - like Kamenev and Vacegets, and making a successful career "from the bottom" of the army - Dumenko and Budne, and nuggets - Frunze.

And in white, with all the wealth of choice, one of the army of Kvchak commands ... Former Feldsher. The decisive offensive of Denikin to Moscow is headed by May-Maevsky, standing out by acking even on a general background. Grishin-diamonds, Major General, "works" by a courier between Kolchak and Denikin, where and dies. In almost every part, contempt with respect to others.

3. Ideology - "Vote rifle!"

What was the Civil War for an ordinary citizen, a private ordinary man? Praphrazing one of the modern researchers, in essence, it turned out to be ambitious, stretched for several years democratic elections under the slogan "Vote by a rifle!". A person could not choose time and place where he had to take amazing and terrible historical events. However, could - albeit restricted - to choose your place in the present. Or, at worst, his attitude towards it.

Remember what has already mentioned above - the opponents extremely needed armed force and food. People and food could be raised by force, but not always and not everywhere, multiplying enemies and haters. Ultimately, the winner was not determined by how cruel it would be and how many individual battles he could win. So that he can offer a huge apolitical mass, insanely tired of the irresponsible and protracted end of the world. Will there be able to attract new supporters, to preserve the loyalty of the former, to make the neutral fluctuate, break moral enemies.

Bolsheviks - managed. And their opponents - no.

"What did the red wanted when they went to fight? They wanted to defeat whites and fixed on this victory, create a foundation from it for the last construction of their communist statehood.

What did you want white? They wanted to defeat the red. And then? Then - nothing, because only state babies could not understand that the forces supported by the building of the old statehood were destroyed to the ground, and that there were no opportunities to restore these forces.

The victory for the red was a means for whites - the goal, and moreover, the only one. "

Background Rupa. "Causes of white motion failure"

Ideology is a tool that is difficult to calculate mathematically, but it also has its own weight. In the country, where most of the population almost hardly read in warehouses, it was extremely important to be able to clearly explain, for which it is proposed to fight and die. Reds were able. White failed to even consolidately solve each other, for which they fight. On the contrary, they found the right posting of ideology "for later » , conscious unintention. Even among the White Union themselves between "property classes » , officers, Cossacks and "Revolutionary Democracy » called unnatural - how to convince the fluctuating?

« ... We have a huge blood jelly bank of the sick Russia ... Transfer of power from Soviet hands to our hands would not save Russia. It is necessary for something new, something still unconscious - then you can hope for slow rebirth. And no Bolsheviks, nor the power of us, and it is even better! "

A. Lamp. From the "Diary". 1920 year

Tale of the losers

In essence, our forced brief note has become a story about white weaknesses and to a significantly lesser extent - about red. This is not by chance. In any civil war, all parties demonstrate a unthinkable, the shipping level of the Bardak and inorganic. Naturally, the Bolsheviks with joined fellow travelers did not compile exceptions. But the white put an absolute record for what they would now be called "deliverance."

In essence, it was not red won the war, they in general did something that they were doing before - they fought for power and solved the problems that broofed the path to their future.

These are white lost confrontation, lost at all levels - from political declarations to tactics and organization of the supply of the army.

The irony of fate - most of the whites did not defend the royal regime, and even took an active part in his overthrow. They knew perfectly and criticized all tsarism ulcers. However, at the same time, all major errors of the former power, who led it to the collapse of the oldest government. Only in a more explicit, even caricature form.

Finally, I would like to give the words that were originally written in relation to the civil war in England, but it's great and to those terrible and great events that we shake themselves without a small one hundred years ago ...

"They say that these people tweed the vortex of events, but the matter is in the other. No one was carried away by anywhere, and there were no inexplicable strength and invisible hands. Just once, when they turned out to be in front of the choice, they took the right, from their point of view, decisions, but in the end the chain of faithful intentions led to the dark forest ... It remained only to join the evil fewers, until finally, the survivors did not go to the world , With horror, looking at the road left behind his back with the corpses. Many passed through it, but blessed those who understand their enemy and then did not curse him "

A. V. Tomswinov "Blind Children of Kronos".

Literature:

Budberg A. Diary of the White Guard. - MN: Harvest, M.: AST, 2001
Gul R. B. Ice Hike (with Cornilov). http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/gul_rb/index.html
Drozdovsky M. G. Diary. - Berlin: Otto Kirchner and Ko, 1923.
Zaysov A. A. 1918. Essays on the history of the Russian Civil War. Paris, 1934.
Kakurin N. E., Vacetyes I. I. Civil War. 1918-1921. - SPb.: Polygon, 2002.
Kakurin N. E. How the revolution fought. 1917-1918. M., "Politicize", 1990.
Kovtyuh E. I. "Iron Flow" in a military presentation. MOSCOW: Goslevisdat, 1935
Kornatovsky N. A. Fight for Red Petrograd. - M: ACT, 2004.
Essays E. I. Stovovalova.
http://feb-web.ru/feb/rosarc/ra6/ra6-637-.htm
Reden. Through the hell of the Russian revolution. Gardemarine memories. 1914-1919. M.: Centerpolygraph, 2007
Wilmson Hadlston. Farewell to Don. Civil war in Russia in the diaries of the British officer. M.: Centerpolygraph, 2007
LJ Eugene Dueneva http://eugend.livejournal.com - various cognitive materials are collected in it, incl. Considered some issues of red and white terror in relation to Tambovschina and Siberia.

1917 divided us to "red" and "white". Not all, though. Actually, real "red" and "white" is not so much. The whole trouble is that all the remaining, that is, the majority captured by the swirl events were forced to choose for whom to go. And decide not a simple task: which of them is right? Yes, and nowadays the question: "You are for whom: for" red "or for" white "?", Still causes serious difficulties. To solve it, it is necessary to figure out - who are "red" and who are "white".

At first glance everything is clear. "White" are those who did not accept the seizure of the authorities "red" by the Bolsheviks. But this is a picture of 1918, and a year earlier the political picture was different. Incomparable anti-Bolsheviks were just as irreconcilable to the emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich. That is, were revolutionary, and it became "red". Live and figurative sense. Decorated with red bows, they happily inhaled intoxicating air freedom. The following months went to deepen the revolution, to fix all kinds of freedoms. But, as you know, there is a counterrevolution for any revolution. In the autumn of the same year, they were overthrown by the "red" Bolsheviks in the Union with the left esera. And now attention! Question: What major parties made up the coalition of the temporary revolutionary government? Cadets (constitutional democrats), esters (social revolutionaries), Mensheviki (Social Democrats) and radical democrats. And what coalition came to power? Also, Social Democrats (so-called Bolsheviks) Social Revolutionaries (Esters). True, without cadets. It turns out that the "red" coalition of democrats-socialist revolutionaries overall "even more red" coalition of the same combination. But that's not all. A month later, the parties of the overthrown coalition won the elections to the Constituent Assembly. But, which won in October and losing the coalition in the elections, closed the Constituent Assembly after the first day of the meetings "for not subordination of the will of the people." Several performances in defense of the founders were dispersed. In fact, it was the second power victory over the representatives of the Provisional Government. And now former revolutionaries have become counter-revolutionary in relation to "real revolutionaries". This is such a tangled knot dragged into the neck of Russia as a result of the "Burnless February Revolution". The usual political palette of the Civil War was established. "Red" fight against "white". But not only. Also against their recent allies, "very red" left esices. As well as against the "orange" separatists (as well as "white", however). And against the self-deprecation "green", which in turn fought against everyone. Everything else began the invasion of foreign troops. Let's call them "black". "Red" Bolsheviks managed to defeat everyone.

"White" left their homeland. But in emigration, civil war continued. Between monarchists and supporters of the Constituent Assembly. Another stumbling block was attributed to the Bolsheviks. Aligned from their native land. Emigrants (refugees), having experienced the whole tragity of the loss of their homeland, tried to understand the causes of this common misfortune and look for ways out of her. Then the wording "not red and not white - and the Russians was born." Began movement for returning to the homeland. Clean "white" called all sympathizing with the "Pink" tips, and cooperating with them - "red".

In Russia itself, political color schemes did not change before the mid-1930, when the destruction of the "most red" began. The old guard of the revolution - Trotskyists were beaten "into consumption" (sorry for the expression).

World War again agreed into a political palette. "White" again hoped on the "black" and opposed the "red". And again were broken. P.N. Krasnov was executed, adding a list of the dead "White" leaders (M.V. Alkseev, L.G. Kornilov). The remaining alive A.I. Denikin was among the sympathetic struggle of the Red Army against the Germans. Russian lands lost as a result of the revolution and intervention of Russian lands. The persecution of the church was suspended. In essence, they performed the "white business" under the red flag. Nikolai Vasilyevich, Nikolai Vasilyevich, spoke about this in the thirties, comparing the Soviet Union with the radister - "the outside is red, and inside white."

But the struggle for Russia continued. The "most red", defeated in 1937, returned to power. "Khrushchev thaw" came. "Give the deepening of the revolution!". And again persecution to the church. But the construction of peaceful Soviet life again failed. "Red-white" (they can be called "the Germanists-traditionalists") were able to remove the "most-red". So the country lived until 1991. Before the new revolution. This time, the ideas inherent in "pure white" were brought to fight "red-white". First of all, the hatred of the whole Soviet, as the Bolshevik heritage. But this was not enough. The vast resources of "black", which, in essence, were the main customers of the new revolution. Rather, the "black" used for their own purposes of the "most red" focused on the freely convertible currency, and "white", as they say, "dummy" (forgive once again for the expression).

The fact that the 1991 revolution was a direct continuation of the revolution of the 17th, says the fact that the country is again divided into parts. And these broken parts were raised to Russia. As with February, the country rolled under Sunshi. With the direct participation of "black".

Fortunately, Russia rested. And it began to rise from the knees.

Our "partners" did not expect this. And here the swamp area was together ... "The most red", which now call themselves "democrats", simply "red" and ... "White" who consider themselves with real patriots. What a picture!

This time the people did not fool themselves. Now it was clearly manifested in whiteness, ripened under the red shell of our native "radishes". The idea "not" red "and not" white "- and the Russians turned out to be saving for us. She is Russian in spirit. This statement restores the unity of the history of our long-suffering homeland, and therefore the unity of all the people.