Computer science lesson

"The world, How hierarchical system".

Lesson type: learning a new topic.

Lesson form: lesson-game.

Grade: 9.

Lesson number: 47.

The purpose of the lesson: form an idea of ​​the surrounding world as a hierarchical system for which modeling can be carried out.

Tasks:

Educational: introduce students to the world around them, form an idea of ​​the types of hierarchical systems;

Developmental: development logical thinking, broadening one’s horizons, developing cognitive interest in the lesson;

Educational: nurturing an information culture, developing the ability to work in a team, distribute responsibilities, and instilling a sense of responsibility.

Equipment: notes, projector, interactive whiteboard, presentation, task cards.

Lesson structure:

  1. Organizational moment (1.5 – 2 min.)
  2. Task 1 (3 min.)
  3. Explanation of a new topic (6.5 – 7 min.)
  4. Task 2 (6.5 - 7 min.)
  5. Task 3 (7 min.)
  6. Physical education minute (1.5 - 2 min.)
  7. Task 4 (9 min.)
  8. Test for consolidation of the studied material (5 min.)
  9. Results (1.5 – 2 min.)
  10. Homework. (1 min.)

(44 – 45 min.)

During the classes.

  1. ORGANIZING TIME

(Slide 1)

Hello guys. Today we will not give you a simple lesson, but we will visit scientific-practical conference, where you will not only gain new knowledge, but also take part in finding answers to the questions posed. So, we will begin to study the new chapter of modeling and formalization. Topic: “The world around us as a hierarchical system.”

And before you get started, you need to complete the following task.

(Slide 2)

You need to come up with a team name. Each team member is responsible for performing specific duties. Job titles are written on slips of paper on your desks.

Supervisor scientific group: Coordinates and directs the work of the group. Monitors team cohesion and makes decisions in controversial situations.

Secretary: record the conclusions made by the team.

Speaker: Brings to the audience the team’s decisions and answers to the questions raised.

Group assistants: The main “brains” of the group, solve problems, answer questions, organize discussions.

It is important to remember that you are a team. This means that we must work together, only then will the work be productive.

Presentation of groups.

  1. LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

(Slide 3)

We live in a macrocosmthat is, in a world that consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Typically, macro-objects are divided into non-living (stone, ice floe, log, etc.), living (plants, animals, humans) and artificial (buildings, vehicles, machines and mechanisms, computers, etc.). Macro objects consist of molecules and atoms, which, in turn, consist of elementary particles, the dimensions of which are extremely small. This world is called microcosm. We live on planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are enormous in size and form megaworld. The entire variety of objects of the mega-, macro- and microworld consists of matter, while all material objects interact with each other and therefore have energy. A body raised above the surface of the earth has mechanical energy, a heated kettle is thermal, a charged conductor is electrical, and the nuclei of atoms are atomic. The surrounding world can be represented as a hierarchical series of objects: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, macrobodies, stars and galaxies. At the same time, at the levels of molecules and macrobodies in this hierarchical series, a branch is formed - another series associated with living nature. In living nature there is also a hierarchy: unicellular - plants and animals - animal populations. The pinnacle of the evolution of life on Earth is a person who cannot live outside of society. Each individual and society as a whole study the world around them and accumulate knowledge, on the basis of which artificial objects are created.(slide 11)

Task No. 1. (Slide 12)

The cards present you with a list. Attribute each word to one of 3 groups: Microworld, Macromorm, Megaworld.

(Slide 13)

Systems and elements.

Each object consists of other objects, i.e. it is a system. At the same time, each object can be included as an element in a system of a higher structural level. Whether an object is a system or an element of a system depends on the point of view (research goals). System consists of objects calledelements of the system.For example, a hydrogen atom can be considered a system because it consists of a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron.

At the same time, the hydrogen atom is included in the water molecule, i.e., it is an element of a system of higher hydrogen and a molecule of the structural level.

Task 2. (Slide 14)

System integrity.

A necessary condition existence of a system is itsholistic functioning.A system is not a set of individual objects, but a collection of interconnected elements. For example, if you put together the devices that make up a computer (processor, RAM modules, motherboard, hard drive, case, monitor, keyboard and mouse), then they do not form a system. A computer, i.e. an integrally functioning system, is formed only after physically connecting devices to each other, turning on the power and loading the operating system

If even one element is removed from the system, it may stop functioning. So, if you remove one of the computer devices (for example, a processor), the computer will fail, that is, it will cease to exist as a system. The interconnection of elements in systems may have different nature. IN inanimate nature the interconnection of elements is carried out using physical interactions:

  1. in megaworld systems (for example, in solar system) elements interact with each other through forces universal gravity;
  2. in macrobodies there is electromagnetic interaction between atoms;
  3. In atoms, elementary particles are connected by nuclear and electromagnetic interactions.

In living nature, the integrity of organisms is ensured chemical interactions between cells, in society - social connections and relationships between people, in technology - functional connections between devices, etc.

Task 3.(Slide 25-26)You see a diagram on the board, but there are missing elements. These elements are written on the card. You need to fill in the words in the missing places so that the diagram is correct. First, you complete the task on the spot, and then one team member shows the result on the board.

Man, atom, knowledge, populations, molecules, plants and animals, stars and galaxies.

Test.

1 question. The surrounding world has the following structure:

  1. Peer-to-peer
  2. Classical
  3. Hierarchical

Question 2. Select objects included in the microworld:

  1. Plants
  2. Molecules
  3. Photons
  4. Chip

Question 3. A world consisting of objects comparable in size to a person is called...

  1. Microworld
  2. Megaworld
  3. Human
  4. Macroworld

Question 4. The objects that make up the system are called...

  1. Components
  2. Elements of the system
  3. Elementary particles
  4. List of objects

Question 5. A world consisting of objects of enormous size is...

  1. Microworld
  2. Megaworld
  3. Human
  4. Macroworld

Answers:

  1. B, C

Lesson summary.

  1. What new did you learn in today's lesson?
  2. What did you learn?
  3. Did you like this lesson?
  4. What conclusions did you draw from the lesson?

HOME TASK

Compose a crossword puzzle “The World around us as a hierarchical system.”

Preview:

Card No. 1

A list has been presented to you. Attribute each word to one of 3 groups: Microworld, Macromorm, Megaworld.

Atom, water molecule, man, Jupiter, Mount Shihan, computer, Milky Way, proton, constellation Ursa Major, electron, bear, Andromeda Nebula, birch, photon, Halley's comet.

Fill the table

Microworld

Macroworld

Megaworld

Card No. 2

Give the systems a name and list the objects they consist of.

Card No. 3

You see a diagram on the board, but there are missing elements. These elements are written below. You need to fill in the words in the missing places so that the diagram is correct. First, you complete the task on the spot, and then one team member shows the result on the board.

Missing words: atoms, knowledge, molecules, society, stars and planets, populations, plants and animals


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Slide captions:

The surrounding world is a hierarchical system Micro-, macro- and mega-worlds Systems and interrelations of worlds Computer science Grade 9 Teacher Khatinskaya I.P. Chapter 3 “Modeling and formalization” (1st lesson)

Macroworld We live in it, so we compare all its objects with a person. It is divided into: -inanimate objects (sand, stone...) -living (plants, animals, people) -artificial (buildings, mechanisms...)

Microworld All macro objects consist of molecules and atoms, which consist of very small elementary particles. This is a microcosm.

Megaworld The Sun, together with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. These objects are enormous in size and form a megaworld.

Interaction All objects of the mega-, macro- and microworlds consist of substances, while all material objects interact with each other and have energy: mechanical, thermal, electrical, atomic.

This entire surrounding world can be represented as a hierarchical series of objects Galaxies Stars and planets Populations Society Macrobodies Plants and Humans Knowledge Art animals Molecules Single-celled data Atoms objects (technology) Elementary particles

Systems and elements Each object consists of other objects and represents a system. And the system itself as an object can be included as an element in another system more high level. Therefore, whether a system is considered an object or an element of a system depends on the purposes of use or research.

System integrity For a system to function, it must be a collection of interconnected elements. For example, in the megaworld the interaction of elements occurs through universal gravity; in macrobodies – electromagnetic interaction between atoms; in living nature, the integrity of organisms is ensured by chemical interactions between cells; in society – social connections and relationships between people; in technology - functional connections between devices...

We live in a macrocosm, i.e. that is, in a world that consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Typically, macro-objects are divided into non-living (stone, ice floe, log, etc.), living (plants, animals, humans) and artificial (buildings, vehicles, machines and mechanisms, computers, etc.). Macro objects consist of molecules and atoms, which, in turn, consist of elementary particles whose sizes are extremely small. This world is called a microcosm. We live on planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are enormous in size and form a megaworld. The entire variety of objects of the mega-, macro- and microworld consists of matter, while all material objects interact with each other and therefore have energy. A body raised above the surface of the earth has mechanical energy, a heated kettle has thermal energy, a charged conductor has electrical energy, and the nuclei of atoms have atomic energy. The surrounding world can be represented as a hierarchical series of objects: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, macrobodies, stars and galaxies. At the same time, at the levels of molecules and macrobodies in this hierarchical series, a branch is formed - another series associated with living nature. In living nature there is also a hierarchy: unicellular - plants and animals - animal populations. The pinnacle of the evolution of life on Earth is a person who cannot live outside of society. Each individual and society as a whole study the world around them and accumulate knowledge, on the basis of which artificial objects are created. All of the above can be displayed in the form of a diagram.

Each object consists of other objects, i.e. it is a system. At the same time, each object can be included as an element in a system of a higher structural level. Whether an object is a system or an element of a system depends on the point of view (research goals). At the same time, the hydrogen atom is included in the water molecule, i.e., it is an element of a system of higher hydrogen and a molecule of the structural level.

In the world of material systems, there are certain hierarchies - ordered sequences of subordination and complexity. They serve as the empirical basis of systemology. All the diversity of our world can be represented in the form of successively emerging hierarchies.

This is the natural, physical-chemical-biological (PCB) hierarchy and the sociotechnical hierarchy (ST) that emerged on its basis. Combining systems from different hierarchies leads to “mixed” classes of systems. Thus, the combination of systems from the physicochemical part of the hierarchy (PC - “environment”) with living systems of the biological part of the hierarchy (B - “biota”) leads to a mixed class of systems called ecological. The combination of systems from the hierarchies B, C (“man”) and T (“technology”) leads to the class of economic, or technical-economic, systems.

The natural hierarchy - from elementary particles to the modern biosphere - reflects the course of the evolution of matter. The branch of ST (sociotechnical hierarchy) is very recent and short-term on a universal time scale, but has a strong influence on the entire supersystem. The impact of human society on nature, mediated by technology and technology (technogenesis), is schematically indicated. The previously mentioned holistic approach involves considering the totality of these hierarchies as a single system.

Systems can be classified according to various signs. The main grouping is into three categories: natural science, technical and socio-economic. In natural (biological) systems, the place and functions of each element, their interaction and interrelation are predetermined by nature, and the improvement of this organization occurs according to the laws of evolution. In technical systems, the place and functions of each mechanism, unit and part are predetermined by the designer (technologist), who improves it during operation. In socio-economic systems, the place, functions and interrelation of elements are predetermined by the manager (manager), adjusted and supported by him.

Depending on the problem being solved, you can choose different classification principles.

Systems can be classified as follows:

Material and symbolic;

Simple and complex;

Natural and artificial;

Active and passive;

Open and closed;

Deterministic (hard) and stochastic (soft).

Objectively real material systems are usually defined as a collection of objects united by some form of regular interaction or interdependence to perform a given function ( Railway, factory, etc.).

Among the systems created by man, there are also abstract, symbolic, purely informational systems that are a product of cognition - conceivable, ideal and model systems. Their elements are not things, but concepts, entities, interacting arrays and flows of information: for example, a system of mathematical equations; Euclid's system of axioms; set system; logical systems; system of chemical elements; legal system of codes, system of power, system of company goals, traffic rules, etc.; and, of course, the Internet.

As a rule, organizations as systems (for example, business organizations and social organizations) are concrete material systems, but in their functions and behavior they contain some properties of abstract systems - systems of instructions, rules, regulations, laws, accounting, accounts, etc.

Different authors take various features as the basis for classifying systems by complexity: the size of the system, the number of connections, the complexity of the system’s behavior. In our opinion, the division into simple and complex systems should occur based on the presence of a goal and the complexity of the given function.

Simple systems that do not have a goal or external action (atom, molecule, crystal, mechanically connected bodies, clockwork, thermostat, etc.) are non-living systems. Complex systems that have a purpose and “perform a given function” are living systems, or systems created by living things: a virus, a bacterium, a nervous system, a multicellular organism, a community of organisms, an ecological system, the biosphere, humans and material systems created by humans - mechanisms , cars, computers, the Internet, industrial complexes, economic systems, the global technosphere and, of course, various organizations.

Unlike simple systems, complex systems are capable of acts of search, choice and active decision. In addition, they necessarily have memory. All these are concrete material systems. They consist of (or include a certain number of) material elements. If interactions between elements are in the nature of forces or transfers of matter, energy and information and can change over time, we are dealing with dynamic systems. They perform functions related to the external environment - functions of protection from the environment or work to optimize the environment, at least one external function - the function of self-preservation.

An open system interacts significantly with other systems to achieve goals. The concept of an open system was introduced by L. von Bertalanffy. Open systems are capable of exchanging matter, energy and information with the external environment; closed systems lack this ability. Any socio-economic system belongs to the class of open dynamic systems. It is to open dynamic systems that the concept of self-organization is applicable.

They try to classify systems according to the degree of their organization, implying structure (well structured, poorly structured, unstructured). Later, a simpler classification was proposed: well-organized and poorly organized, or diffuse, systems; even later, when the class of self-organizing systems appeared, their division into self-regulating, self-learning, self-tuning, and self-adapting systems appeared accordingly. But all these classifications are quite arbitrary.

Micro-, macro- and megaworld. We live in a macrocosm, i.e. in a world that consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Typically, macro-objects are divided into non-living (stone, ice floe, log, etc.), living (plants, animals, humans themselves) and artificial (buildings, means of transport, machines and mechanisms, computers, etc.).

Macro objects consist of molecules and atoms, which in turn consist of elementary particles whose sizes are extremely small. This world is called a microcosm.

We live on planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are enormous in size and form a megaworld.

The entire variety of objects of the mega-, macro- and microworld consists of matter, while all material objects interact with each other and therefore have energy. A body raised above the surface of the earth has mechanical energy, a heated kettle has thermal energy, a charged conductor has electrical energy, and the nuclei of atoms have atomic energy.

The surrounding world can be represented as a hierarchical series of objects: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, macrobodies, stars and galaxies. At the same time, at the levels of molecules and macrobodies in this hierarchical series, a branch is formed - another series associated with living nature.

In living nature there is also a hierarchy: unicellular - plants and animals - animal populations.

The pinnacle of the evolution of life on Earth is a person who cannot live outside of society.

Each individual and society as a whole study the world around them and accumulate knowledge, on the basis of which artificial objects are created.

Rice. 12.1.

Systems and elements. Each object consists of other objects, i.e. represents a system. On the other hand, each object can be included as an element in a system of a higher structural level. Whether an object is a system or an element of a system depends on the point of view (research goals).

A system consists of objects called system elements.

For example, a hydrogen atom can be considered a system because it consists of a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron.

On the other hand, a hydrogen atom is included in a water molecule, i.e. is an element of a higher structural level system.

Rice. 12.2.

System integrity. A necessary condition for the existence of a system is its integral functioning. A system is not a set of individual objects, but a collection of interconnected elements.

The interconnection of elements in systems can be of different nature. In inanimate nature, the interconnection of elements is carried out through physical interactions:

  • ? in megaworld systems (for example, in the solar system), elements interact with each other by forces of universal gravity;
  • ? in macrobodies, electromagnetic interaction occurs between atoms;
  • ? In atoms, elementary particles are connected by nuclear and electromagnetic interactions.

In living nature, the integrity of organisms is ensured by chemical interactions between cells, in society - by social connections and relationships between people, in technology - by functional connections between devices, etc.

For example, if you put together the devices that make up a computer (monitor, case, motherboard, processor, RAM modules, hard drive, keyboard and mouse), then they do not form a system. Computer, i.e. a holistically functioning system is formed only after the devices are physically connected to each other, the power is turned on and the operating system is loaded.

If even one element is removed from the system, it may stop functioning. So, if you remove one of the computer devices (for example, a processor), the computer will fail, i.e. will cease to exist as a system.


Rice. 12.3.

Properties of systems. Each system has certain properties, which, first of all, depend on the set of its constituent elements. Thus, the properties of chemical elements depend on the structure of their atoms.

The hydrogen atom consists of two elementary particles (proton and electron), and the corresponding chemical element is a gas.

A lithium atom consists of three protons, four neutrons and three electrons, and the corresponding chemical element is an alkali metal.


Rice. 12.4.

The properties of the system also depend on the structure of the system, i.e. on the type of relationships and connections of system elements with each other. If systems consist of identical elements, but have different structures, then their properties can differ significantly. For example, diamond, graphite and carbon nanotube consist of identical atoms (carbon atoms), but the way the bonds between the atoms (crystal lattices) differs significantly.

In the crystal lattice of diamond, the interaction between atoms is very strong in all directions, which is why it is the hardest substance on the planet and exists in the form of crystals.

In the crystal lattice of graphite, atoms are arranged in layers, between which the interaction is weak, so it crumbles easily and is used in pencil leads.

A carbon nanotube is a plane rolled into a cylinder crystal lattice graphite Nanotubes are very tensile (although they have a wall thickness of one carbon atom). A thread made of nanotubes, as thick as a human hair, can hold a load of hundreds of kilograms. The electrical properties of nanotubes can be changed, which will make them one of the main materials for nanoelectronics.


Rice. 12.5.

Test questions and assignments

  • 1. Give examples of systems in the world around us.
  • 2. Do the devices that make up a computer form a system: before assembly? After assembly? After turning on the computer?
  • 3. What determine the properties of the system? Give examples of systems consisting of the same elements, but having different properties.