PLEONASM - the use of unnecessary words that do not add new meaning to what is said, i.e. duplication of meaning, NOT roots.
For example: “go back”, “memorable souvenir”, “price list”, “vacancy”, “another alternative”, “nostalgia for the homeland”, “interior”, “protective immunity”, “first premiere”, “folk folklore", "fall down", "pre-announcement", "gesticulate with hands", "top priority", "incriminate guilt", "complete fiasco", "memories of the past", "huge metropolis", "himself personally", " with your own ears (eyes, hands)", "attempted assassination attempt", "is taking place", "hard Sisphean work", "Ariadne's guiding thread", "working class of the working people", "true truth", "entirely and completely" , “people's democracy”, “go down”, “go up”, “better position”, “full right”, “me personally”, “my autobiography”, “united union”, “service”.

BUT! In literature and poetry, the presence of pleonasm is allowed. This is how we will remove from fairy tales: path-path, once upon a time, sea-ocean?

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TAUTOLOGY or IDENTITY - the use of words of the same root (i.e., close in meaning), creating semantic redundancy.
1) It is allowed in literature: “friendship is friendship, and service is service”, “packed to the brim”, “soon the tale is told, but not soon the deed is done”, “sitting around” “grief is bitter”, “they will laugh with laughter”, making riddles.
2) Tautology is a lexical error in ordinary speech and journalism. For example: “put together”, “dance a dance”, “resume again”, “butter butter”, “a table is a table”, “torrential downpour”, “the storyteller told”, “the highest peaks”.

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Reviews

There is also a so-called hidden tautology, combinations with words of foreign origin, for example, “service”.

I think that “nostalgia for one’s homeland” is not necessarily a pleonasm; one can be nostalgic not only for one’s homeland, but also for the past. Although, of course, it depends on the context.

In general, the note is useful.

"service maintenance". ABOUT! Thanks Andy. Now I’ll add pleonasm to this piggy bank.
Nostalgia for the past is acceptable, but nostalgia for the homeland is not.

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When a short statement contains a lot of unnecessary words, this is called speech redundancy or verbosity. For example, during the last 24 hours there have been heavy snowfalls and a large amount of snow has fallen.

When there are a lot of unnecessary words in written or spoken speech, this is called stylistic negligence. It proves that the author has no idea about the object he is describing. There is a fine line between verbosity and idle talk.

An example of speech redundancy. The sports commentator of the competition notifies: athletes who arrived at sports competitions take part in competitions with foreign athletes.

Verbosity appears in the form:

  • pleonasms - the use of words that have the same meaning, but are superfluous in the text (as a result of everyday routine, rose up, the main point).
  • tautologies (variation of pleonasm). Repeated term, only in different words (multiply twice, inexplicable phenomena). The tautology is clearly expressed in the combination of words with one root: How to ask a question correctly?

Lexical repetition found in the text is a sign that the writer lacks clarity and conciseness to formulate thoughts. Sometimes lexical repetition can help the author concentrate on something important, for example: Live forever, learn forever.

How to use speech redundancy?

Speech insufficiency and speech redundancy do not in all situations turn out to be an error when writing works of art. It's even worse when a person uses

Pleonasms and tautologies are used in stylistics to enhance the effectiveness and inspiration of statements, as well as to highlight the aphorism of speech. Writers and humorists resort to these techniques to create a joke.

The main goal of speech redundancy and tautology in stylistics:

  • point out the poverty of speech and lack of education of certain characters;
  • enhance the semantic significance of the situation;
  • highlight a certain idea in the text;
  • tautological repetition emphasizes the richness or duration of the situation, for example: “We walked and walked”;
  • to emphasize with pleonasms the features of an object or its characteristics. Authors can use to clarify an excessive number of objects, for example: “And there are balls, balls, balls, balls everywhere...”;
  • creating funny situations, for example: “Let me not allow you.”

Tautology

Tautology is a thought represented by unfounded repetitions of the same words with the same root. There is such a thing as tautological rhyme - the repetition of one word in a modified form in poetic form.


Cognate words in one sentence creating a tautology are one of the common mistakes. Thus, in one sentence we are marking time. It looks like .

In order to highlight a certain thought in a sentence, it is necessary to clear it of unnecessary things, that is, to get rid of tautology, examples: ... definitions can follow quite naturally indicating that the productivity of the labor process at a certain stage of development of the technical process is determined by a completely definite pattern.

This sentence is confusing and too repetitive. We clear it of debris and get:
Labor productivity at different degrees of development of the technical process is determined by an objective pattern - this is a reasonable conclusion.

Not in all situations you should perceive words with the same root as a stylistic error. They do not always need to be replaced with synonyms in one judgment; in some situations this is impossible, the test may become impoverished.
A pair of words with the same root, which are mentioned in one passage of text, are stylistically justified when they are considered the only carriers of meaning. We have to come to terms with the fact that the sentence contains a tautology, examples: pink flowers are blooming on the bushes, the head coach will train the team.

In the Russian language, there are tautological combinations that are inevitable: a dictionary of Russian words, the foreman of two brigades, the investigators of the task force were conducting an investigation.

When authors are faced with such a problem as a combination of a Russian word and a foreign one, they do not understand the exact meaning of the second, for example: little prodigy, leading leaders. Before combining foreign words with others, you need to think about their meaning.

Tautology can be found in Russian folklore and proverbs. Writers deliberately use them for lexical expressiveness: friendship is friendship, and service is service; shake; Living life is not a field to cross.

Pleonasm

This term has Greek roots and is translated as “excessive”, “excessive”.
Let's figure out what pleonasm is? It means an excess of words of the same meaning in one judgment.

Examples: they saw a dead body; I met a dark brunette; he sat without words and was silent.

The above judgments are complicated by unnecessary clarifications. Like other forms of speech redundancy, pleonasm indicates the author’s lack of education. You need to analyze your vocabulary and learn to correct mistakes in a timely manner.

In Russian there is such a thesis as “imaginary pleonasm”. Writers use it deliberately to enhance the expressiveness of speech and the effect of perception.

Pleonastic combinations are used for folklore. Even earlier, authors used expressively colored pleonasms in stories, for example: sea-ocean, paths-paths, once upon a time.


Lapalissiades

One of the forms of speech redundancy is lapses of speech. They create the effect of humor in a tragic (inappropriate) situation,

In the Russian language there are the concepts of speech insufficiency and speech redundancy. Speech failure occurs when the meaning of speech is lost if one word or another is missing, for example: He helped his parents in the field, although he was only in his eleventh year. It would be more correct to say: he was eleven years old.

Speech redundancy is the repeated transmission of the same thought. It can take the form of pleonasms, which often appear when combining unambiguous words, for example: long and lasting, bold and courageous.

Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmós - excess), the use of words that are unnecessary for semantic completeness. Pleonasm violates the norms of lexical compatibility and is used by authors, in our opinion, most often as a stylistic device to give expressiveness to speech.

Pleonasm is common in colloquial speech. Some pleonastic phrases are fixed in the language and are not considered erroneous, for example: go down, go up, period of time, exhibit of an exhibition (Latin exponatus means “exhibited”), popular democracy (democracy translated from Greek as “power of the people”).

Also, pleonasms are often found in phraseological phrases: shaking, crammed, eating. Such pleonasms do not contradict the literary norm.

Typical examples of pleonasm are the following phrases: first premiere (premiere is enough - “the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work”), atmospheric air (air is enough - “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), return back (the verb “return” indicates movement backwards, in the opposite direction), import from abroad (it is enough to import - “import from abroad”).

Ancient stylistics subsumes the verbosity of speech under three concepts: perissology - the accumulation of words of the same meaning, usually synonyms; macrology - burdening speech with unnecessary explanations, for example subordinate clauses; tautology - literal repetition of words of equal meaning.

The latest stylistics applies a general designation to all these concepts - tautology.

Tautology and pleonasm are almost the same thing. But there are subtle differences that separate these concepts. If pleonasm is precisely verbal redundancy, then tautology is identity.

Tautology (from the Greek tauto - the same thing and logos - word), a combination or repetition of the same or similar words, for example: the true truth, entirely and completely, moves further and further away. Often has the appearance of unnecessary repetition. The name “tautology” is especially often used where there is a repetition of words with the same root.

Tautology can manifest itself at different levels.

Often occurs at the lexical level: ultimately (correctly “ultimately” or “sufficiently in the end”).

A peculiar manifestation of tautology can be found at the level of grammar, for example, in the formation of the comparative degree of adjectives: more important (this is a grammatical error since the comparative degree is formed using the suffix -ee or using the word more). Sometimes when forming a superlative degree, for example: “However, no matter how interesting, no matter how remarkable the thoughts that Tyutchev directly expresses in his poems, the thoughts he thought out, consciously - much more remarkable is the innermost content of his poetry, which he unconsciously put into his poems, by virtue of secret creative intuition” (V. Bryusov “Far and Close”)

Often in everyday conversation, a tautology is a lexical error. This happens if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is of a random nature: connect together, dance a dance, have a sportsmanlike attitude towards sports, confirm a statement. There was a lexical error in the phrase “my autobiography”; it would have been enough to say “autobiography”, since the word itself implies an independent description of a person’s life.

Every day, some tautological phrases in colloquial speech, for example “ask a question,” are becoming more and more widely used. Tautology is meaningless and empty as such, it does not carry any information, and people try to get rid of it as unnecessary ballast that clutters up speech and complicates communication.

Thus, the use of tautology in colloquial speech is a mistake, but in journalism and fiction, tautology is allowed as a means of speech, giving it expressiveness and the desired shade, carrying a specific semantic load.

In folklore, repetition of complex sentences or isolated groups of words is often found, used to enhance the emotional sound of a phrase. Such repetitions are called refrains; in folklore, such a technique is traditional, so the question “can a refrain be considered a kind of tautology” remains open.

In the practical part of this work, we will conduct research by studying tautology in literary works of various genres and authors.

Analytical part

Description of the study

Our research consists of several stages:

1. Study of tautology in oral folk art, namely in songs, fairy tales, legends, epics.

2. Study of tautology in proverbs and sayings.

3. Study of tautology in literary works of various authors.

4. Study of modifications of tautology, starting from its use in oral folk art to its use in literary works of various authors.

In this study, we used the comparative analysis method.

Study

Our distant ancestors knew very well about tautology as a method of artistic expressiveness and expressiveness of speech: alone, sadness, melancholy, path, sea, ocean, bitter grief. Near Chernigov, black-black, black-black, blacker than a crow (“Nightingale the Robber”); O bright, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! (“The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land”). Tautology in folklore gives sound repetition, the so-called alliteration. Alliteration gives folklore expressiveness.

In the collection of Russian folk tales by A. N. Afanasyev, there is a fairy tale called “Wonderful, Wonderful, Wonderful,” where you can see two tautological turns at once.

Tautology is found not only in Russian folklore, it can also be found, for example, in Korean folk tales: “A girl went to the lake, cried, burst into tears, her father was no more, he drowned in the lake” (“Zhangche Lake”), in Celtic poetry , which widely uses tautology as an artistic device: “. For in battle, in struggle and in combat, it seemed to him that they were equal. “It is easier to fall from the spear of strength, courage and combat dexterity than from the spear of shame, shame and reproach” (“Irish Sagas”, trans. A. Smirnov).

Tautology occupies a special place in proverbs and sayings: friendship is friendship, and service is service; free will; cannot hear by hearing, cannot see by sight; small small less.

Here, the expressiveness and poetry of speech neutralizes semantic redundancy.

In folklore, especially in epics, repetition of isolated groups of words is often found, for example in the epic “Sadko”:

About thirty thousand money:

How to buy Sadka goods from Novgorod,

Bad goods and good ones,

Do not leave any money for the goods,

Not a half-shell difference.

Sadko got up early the next day,

He spoke to the good squad:

“Oh, you good friend!

Take the golden treasury as needed,

Buy the goods in Nove Grad!”

And he dismissed the squad through the shopping streets,

And he himself went straight to the living room row,

How I bought Novgorod goods,

Bad goods and good ones,

Didn't leave any goods worth a penny,

Not even a little bit different!

Similar repetitions, more like a tautology, are present in the literary works of a variety of authors. From V. Ya. Bryusov:

Like a kingdom of white snow,

My soul is cold.

What a strange bliss

In the world of cold sleep!

Like a kingdom of white snow,

My soul is cold.

In K. Balmont (“Verblessness”):

Come at dawn to the slope of the slope, -

Coolness smokes over the chilly river,

The bulk of the frozen forest turns black,

And my heart hurts so much, and my heart is not happy.

Motionless reed. The sedge does not tremble.

Deep silence. The wordlessness of peace.

The meadows run far, far away.

There is fatigue throughout - dull, dumb.

Enter at sunset, like into fresh waves,

Into the cool wilderness of a village garden, -

The trees are so gloomy, strangely silent,

And the heart is so sad, and the heart is not happy.

This device is widely used in fiction, usually for the purpose of concretizing the details of the story or enhancing emotional expressiveness, assessments:

The old fear again gripped him all over, from head to toe. (F. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”);

“It’s true, you don’t love me, it’s true, you don’t see anything,” and suddenly she threw herself on my neck, wrapped her arms around me, cried, sobbed!” (F. M. Dostoevsky “The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants”, part 1, chapter XII Catastrophe);

“I haven’t seen you for a whole week, I haven’t heard from you for so long.” I crave, I crave your voice. Speak. (A. Chekhov, “Ionych”).

In A. Blok’s poem “Solveig! Oh Solveig! Oh, Solar Path” is a hidden pleonasm: the name “Solveig” belongs to the heroine of G. Ibsen’s drama “Peer Gynt”, and in Norwegian it means “sunny path”, “sun trail”.

The tautology is especially common in works that have a folklore basis: They will not go back (V. A. Zhukovsky “The Tale of Tsar Berendey, of his son Ivan Tsarevich, of the tricks of Koshchei the Immortal and of the wisdom of Marya the Princess”);

The deliberate use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: The law is the law (from the newspaper);

How smart the mind is, how efficient the work is,

How terrible is fear, how dark is the darkness!

How life is alive! How deadly death is!

How young is youth!

(Z. Ezrohi)

Tautology has been used from ancient times to the present day. In folk art, this technique was used especially often, had a special expressive coloring and was a feature of folklore.

N. Gogol especially often uses tautology in his works:

Are there really such fires, torments and such strength in the world that would overpower the Russian force! (“Taras Bulba”);

Let me not let you do this,” Manilov said with a smile. ("Dead Souls");

They will laugh with my bitter laughter (N. Gogol).

In his works, Gogol uses tautology to convey the appearance and speech characteristics of the hero.

Tautology creates a grotesque that gives a work or episode a fantastic beginning: Indeed, extremely strange! - said the official, - the place is completely smooth, as if it were a freshly baked pancake. Yes, incredibly smooth! ("Nose").

Tautology is common in satire; a striking example is the works of M. M. Zoshchenko: native relative (“You don’t have to have relatives”); “You laugh and bare your teeth,” said Vasya, “but I, Marya Vasilievna, truly adore and love you (“Love”).

In his works, M. M. Zoshchenko sometimes uses euphemism. Euphemism (Greek ευφήμη - “prudence”) is a word or descriptive expression that is neutral in meaning and emotional “load”, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions considered indecent or inappropriate, for example, wife, spouse then there is (“Rich Life”).

Non-normative lexical redundancy here acts as a means of speech characterization of the characters; the author creates a portrait of the hero. The author, with the help of tautology, as well as with the help of euphemisms, managed to create a special language of the work, clearly different from others.

Conclusion

In order for the reader to better understand the main idea of ​​the work, writers use various artistic techniques. Often in literary works there is such a device as tautology. By definition, a tautology is a speech error, but the authors use tautology as an artistic device.

“Tautology in many cases enhances the emotional impact of speech if it is introduced as a justified stylistic device, and is not the result of stylistic sloppiness. "(V. Kozlovsky "Dictionary of Literary Terms").

Tautology is considered as an extreme, turning into a “flaw of style”; the border of this transition is unsteady and is determined by the sense of proportion and taste of the era. In folklore, tautology acquires stylistic expressiveness, expressive coloring, and enhances the poetic side of speech; in literature it is used to enhance the emotional impact; in colloquial speech they try to avoid it.