RSFSR is the name of the Russian Federation, which existed until 1991. The full abbreviation stands for: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. This name appeared in the 1936 USSR Constitution, adopted under Joseph Stalin. At the same time, the names Russian Federation and Russia were unofficially used.

First socialist state

The RSFSR is the first socialist state in the world. Its formation was announced immediately after the victory of the October Revolution in 1917. After the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was officially formed in 1922, the RSFSR became part of it as one of the sovereign republics along with the Belarusian, Ukrainian, Kazakh and others.

At the same time, it was the most populated and largest, and had the greatest economic potential. More than half of the total population of the USSR lived in the RSFSR, half of agricultural production and two-thirds of industrial production were concentrated.

Since 1991, the RSFSR is the only official successor to the USSR. On December 25, the country received its current name - the Russian Federation, or Russia.

How the RSFSR appeared

The formation of the RSFSR is associated with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Great October Revolution. One of the first resolutions of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets was the proclamation of the Russian Soviet Republic.

RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) is a state that was formed when the Declaration of Workers' Rights, written by Vladimir Lenin, was adopted at the Third Congress of Soviets, held in Petrograd. In it, in particular, it was stated that the Russian Soviet Republic would henceforth become a federation of Soviet national republics.

In March 1918, the Soviets established their dominance over most of the country. On March 12, Moscow was officially declared the capital.

In July of the same year, another significant event took place - the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR. The decoding of the abbreviation at that time was not yet known to everyone. It was in the Constitution that the official name was fixed - the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.

In the first months, the new state lacked a lot: there was no anthem, no coat of arms and, most importantly, no Constitution. The state was even called differently in different documents. All this led to ridiculous incidents. For example, several deputy councils could exist in one territory, and they often made conflicting decisions.

And individual provinces sometimes declared themselves separate independent republics.

International recognition

At first, the world community refused to recognize the new state. The first contact at the international level took place in the last days of 1917. Finland was the first to recognize the Soviet Republic, whose independence from the Russian Empire was recognized by the Soviet government led by Vladimir Lenin. The document was signed by Finnish Prime Minister Per Evind Svinhuvud, who later became president.

The second independence of the young state was recognized by Germany.

RSFSR within the USSR

On the eve of 1923, a declaration was approved, which included an agreement on the formation of the USSR. According to it, the RSFSR united with the Ukrainian, Byelorussian SSR and the Transcaucasian Federation. It was in this composition that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was born.

Throughout the existence of the Soviet Union, the borders of the RSFSR changed several times. In 1924, the Turkestan, Uzbek, Turkmen and Tajik SSRs were formed.

The highest authority in the RSFSR

The Central Executive Committee was the highest authority in the RSFSR. He performed legislative, administrative and supervisory functions. A new committee was elected at each Congress of Soviets.

Lev Kamenev was elected the first chairman in 1917. Later this position was occupied by Yakov Sverdlov, Mikhail Vladimirsky and Mikhail Kalinin. This system was changed in 1937 after the adoption of the "Stalin Constitution". The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was abolished, and its place was taken by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

In the RSFSR, the years of its existence fell on the period from 1917 to 1991, the legislative body was the Supreme Council. Amendments were made to the 1978 Constitution, according to which the Council could consider any issue within the competence of the Russian Republic. For example, to approve their own constitution, create autonomous republics and regions within their composition, approve plans for state and economic development.

A number of significant changes were approved as a result of constitutional reform during perestroika - the council became bicameral.

Congress of People's Deputies

In 1989, the main body of state power was approved, which was popularly elected. It consisted of 1,068 deputies from each territorial district.

The Congress was authorized to make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the RSFSR. His exclusive right was to determine the composition of the Supreme Council and the chairman, to adopt the constitution and amendments to it, to approve the prosecutor general of the republic, to appoint judges, and to resolve many other issues.

The president

In 1991, it was decided to popularly elect the President of the RSFSR for a period of 5 years. This post was approved by a referendum held in 1991. The first and only president was Boris Yeltsin.

His powers included issuing decrees that had to be executed on the territory of the USSR and the RSFSR; he had the special right to unilaterally suspend the validity of decrees issued by the executive authorities if they contradicted the laws or the constitution of the RSFSR.

The first elections took place on June 12, 1991. 6 candidates took part in the voting. Each of them also proposed a candidacy for vice president. Turnout was very high, with almost 77 percent of residents casting ballots.

The last sixth place was taken by non-partisan Vadim Bakatin, who previously held the post of head of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. He received the support of fewer than three million voters, gaining more than three percent of the vote.

The fifth was the candidate from the Communist Party of the RSFSR Albert Makashov. His result was only a few tenths of a percent better than Bakatin's. Makashov is a career military man, retired colonel general.

Fourth place was taken by another non-party candidate - Aman Tuleyev, chairman of the Kemerovo regional executive committee. He was supported by almost 7 percent of voters - about five and a half million people.

The top three was closed by the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Zhirinovsky. One of the political centenarians, who still participates in political life, regularly runs for the post of head of state. More than 6 million people voted for him, which is slightly less than 8% of the total number of voters.

Second place went to another candidate of the RSFS Communist Party, Nikolai Ryzhkov. He received almost 17%. The representative of the Democratic Russia party, Boris Yeltsin, won a landslide victory. 57% of voters cast their votes for him, which is more than 45 million people.

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR, Russian SFSR, in 1918-1936. - Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic) - the world's first socialist state, which existed from 1917 to 1991; Union republic in 1921-1991.

The RSFSR was formed () as a result of the victory. It bordered in the northwest with Norway and Finland, in the west - with Poland, in the southeast - with China, the Mongolian People's Republic and the DPRK, as well as with the union republics that were part of the USSR: in the west - with the Estonian SSR, the Latvian SSR , Lithuanian SSR and Byelorussian SSR, in the southwest - with the Ukrainian SSR, in the south - with the Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR and Kazakh SSR. The greatest extent of maritime borders was in the Arctic (sea: Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka) and Pacific (sea: Bering, Okhotsk, Japan) oceans. In addition, the RSFSR was washed by the seas of the Atlantic Ocean: the Baltic, Black and Azov, as well as the Caspian Sea.

The RSFSR is the largest union republic of the USSR in terms of area, population and economic power. It accounted for 3/4 of the territory and over 1/2 of the population, 2/3 of the industrial sector and about 1/2 of the agricultural sector. products of the country. Area 17075.4 thousand km2. Population 133,741 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1975). The capital is Moscow.

Story

As a result of the February Revolution in Russia, the Provisional Government and the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies simultaneously came to power. The Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and local councils (Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, Councils of Peasants' Deputies) were created, and on February 27 (March 12), 1917, the Provisional Executive Committee of the State Duma was formed. On March 1 (14), 1917, the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet concluded an agreement with the Provisional Committee of the State Duma on the formation of the Provisional Government. On March 2 (15), Nicholas II abdicated the throne for himself and his son in favor of Mikhail Alexandrovich, but the next day Mikhail transferred all power to the Provisional Government until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, which was supposed to resolve the issue of the form of government. Formally, when the question of the form of government was postponed until the Constituent Assembly, the return of the monarchy was not excluded. Dual power was established in the country. However, on July 8 (21) A.F. Kerensky (comrade (deputy) chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, as well as the Minister of Justice, War and Naval Minister) replaced Georgy Lvov as minister-chairman, and on July 9 (22) The Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Council of Peasants' Deputies announced the recognition of the unlimited powers of the Provisional Government. Power in the country completely passed to the Provisional Government. By decision of the government on September 1 (14), 1917, Russia was officially declared a republic. On October 24 (November 6) of the same year, the Pre-Parliament (the Provisional Council of the Russian Republic, until October 2 (15), 1917 the All-Russian Democratic Council) refused to trust the Chairman of the Provisional Government, Alexander Kerensky, when he demanded full support for the government’s actions, assessing the situation in Petrograd on October 24 as a "state of rebellion".

Main articles: October Revolution, Soviet Russia (state) During the October Revolution, on October 25 (November 7), 1917, on the territory of the Russian Republic, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed by the Resolution of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets. In January 1918, the Third Congress of Soviets was held, at which it was approved, and on January 18 (31), 1918, after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the “Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People”, written and adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, was finally approved, declaring: 1. Russia is declared a Republic of Workers’ Councils , soldiers' and peasants' deputies. All power at the center and locally belongs to these Soviets. 2. The Russian Soviet Republic is established on the basis of a free union of free nations as a federation of Soviet national republics.

Territorial division

The RSFSR included 16 autonomous republics (Bashkir, Buryat, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, Kalmyk, Karelian, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian, Tatar, Tuva, Udmurt, Chechen-Ingush, Chuvash, Yakut), 5 autonomous regions (Adygea , Gorno-Altai, Jewish, Karachay-Cherkess, Khakass), 6 territories, 49 regions, 10 national districts [Aginsky Buryat, Komi-Permyak, Koryak, Nenets, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets), Ust-Orda Buryat, Khanty-Mansi , Chukotka, Evenki, Yamalo-Nenets]. Economically, 10 economic regions are distinguished: Northwestern, Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Chernozem, Volga, North Caucasus, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian and Far Eastern (see Table 1). ( See map).

The name RSFSR first appeared in 1918, it was used as the name for the world's first proletarian state, formed after the October Revolution, which occurred in 1917. It existed until the end of December 1991, when a decision was made to rename the country to the Russian Federation. So how did the formation of the RSFSR happen, how does this abbreviation stand for and what are the most significant events that took place on its territory? All this is important to know, if only because it is possible to make a forecast of the future of any country only on the basis of knowledge about its history.

Formation of a new state on the territory of the former Russian Empire

As a result of the October Revolution, which some historians are inclined to consider a coup, the Republic was proclaimed, and in January 1918 the Third Congress of Soviets approved an important document - the Declaration, which proclaimed the rights of “the working and exploited people.” The same document announced that the new state was federal, and after some time they began to use the abbreviation RSFSR to designate it, the decoding of which sounded like the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. However, at that time the country did not yet have either official symbols or a strong government capable of controlling its entire vast territory.

History (before joining the USSR)

Between February and March 1918, council power was established in a significant part of the provinces of the former Russian Empire, and Moscow was proclaimed the capital instead of Petrograd. To strengthen their influence and in order to forever bury the hopes of the monarchists for the revival of autocracy in the country, in July in Yekaterinburg the Bolsheviks shot the family of Nicholas II. Interestingly, almost the next day after this, the first Constitution of the RSFSR came into force. This event meant the end of the period of uncertainty, when the boundaries of the subjects of the federation were literally drawn on maps “by eye,” and two or even three councils, as they were then called, “workers’,” “soldiers,” or “soldiers,” could simultaneously operate on the same territory. peasant" deputies. Thus, at that time, to the question of what the RSFSR was, there was only one correct answer - the world’s first state of an exploited people, where they were going to build communism.

Civil War

Composition of the RSFSR at the time of the formation of the Russian Federation

By December 25, 1993, the RSFSR consisted of the Ingush, Chechen, Karachay-Cherkess, Chuvash, Udmurt, Kabardino-Balkarian republics, as well as the republics of Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Dagestan, Kalmykia, Karelia, Mari El, Tatarstan, Sakha (Yakutia), Tuva, Adygea, Gorny Altai, Khakassia, Komi, etc. Thus, the answer to the question of what the RSFSR is and what subjects it consisted of at the moment sounds like this: it is a federal state consisting of a large number of regions, territories and republics that have equal rights and status.

At the end of December 1991, a declaration was adopted in Moscow, which declared the cessation of existence and the Russian Federation (at that time the RSFSR) was recognized as the legal successor of the entire former USSR and took its place in international organizations.

Now you know that the RSFSR is an abbreviation that was used to designate first the world’s first “state of victorious socialism,” and later one of the republics that were part of the USSR, of which our country is today the legal successor.

RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) is the name of Russia from the collapse of the Empire until 1991. The name Russian SFSR is sometimes used. The name was brought into use by the Constitution of 1936 (the second Constitution of the RSFSR) and the Constitution of 1937 (the third Constitution of the RSFSR).

The Russian Empire turned into a Socialist Republic as a result of the revolution of 1917. The world's first socialist state after the coup was initially called the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, but in later documents it was replaced by the name indicated in the Constitution. There were also unofficial names - Russian Federation, Russia.

It is necessary to distinguish between the RSFSR and the USSR. The RSFSR was part of the USSR as the largest republic and continued to exist afterwards as an independent state, which then transformed into the Russian Federation.

Transformation of Russia into a Republic

As a result February Revolution of 1917 In the Russian Empire, the power of two structures was established - the Provisional Government and the Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies (various local Councils began to appear throughout the country and were subordinate to a single Council). Emperor Nicholas 2nd abdicated the throne and transferred the rights of inheritance to his relative Mikhail Alexandrovich, however, he also refused to become the head of the country. As a result of this, power passed to the Provisional Government and until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, the fate of Russia was unknown - the monarchy could return, or a new form of government could be established.

On July 8, the Chairman of the Workers' Council recognized the full and unlimited power of the Provisional Government, and on September 1, 1917, the Russian Empire began to be called a Republic.

Creation of the RSFSR

With the creation of the RSFSR, the situation in the country did not improve; in October a new situation occurred. revolution, as a result of which on October 25, 1917, by the decision of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed.

In January 1918, the 3rd Congress of Soviets was held, at which it finally proclaimed the transfer of power from the Provisional Government and the Constituent Assembly to the Soviets. From that moment on, the power of the Soviets began to rapidly spread throughout the country, and already in March almost all of Russia was subordinate to the new government. On March 12, 1918, Moscow was declared the new capital, and on July 19, the official Constitution of the RSFSR came into force, which established the new name of the country.

Although power belonged to the Soviets, outbreaks of anti-Soviet uprisings began to occur throughout the country, which began, which lasted until 1922. Various social, political and nationalist groups took part in the war, who fought for the right to establish their power in Russia.

On December 30, 1922, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR took place, which proclaimed. The RSFSR was part of the USSR along with other autonomous republics.

Management system of the RSFSR

The RSFSR included several autonomous republics, and its borders changed over time.

Until 1990, the highest government official of the RSFSR was the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, but this position was purely nominal. In addition, unlike other republics, the RSFSR did not have its own first secretary and communist party and was subordinate to the all-Union government.

In fact, the main governing body was the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. By the Constitution of 1918, it was he who was proclaimed the “main power” in the Republic, and then only confirmed his powers by becoming part of the USSR. The Congress was elected from representatives of city and provincial councils by direct voting.

The second important government body was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), which was the highest legislative, executive and supervisory authority of the RSFSR, elected by the congress and acted in the period between two congresses. The Congress and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dealt with all important state issues.

In 1937 (after the adoption of the USSR Constitution), the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the All-Russian Congress of Soviets were abolished, and they were replaced by a new state body - the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. Although formally the power of the Supreme Council was limited, it was he who dealt with all the most important issues. In 1989, after the reform, the Supreme Council became bicameral - the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities appeared.

In 1989, a new supreme body was established - the Congress of People's Deputies. Its representatives were elected from the people, and the body itself was authorized to decide important state affairs along with the Supreme Council.

Collapse of the USSR and the presidential republic

In 1991, the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted, a referendum was held, as a result of which the RSFSR became a presidential republic, and accordingly, the post of President of the RSFSR was introduced. A conflict of interests between the legislation of the RSFSR and the USSR began.

On December 21, 1991, the RSFSR was officially renamed the Russian Federation. This period can be considered the official collapse of the USSR.