How often, in search of answers to our questions about how the world works, we look up at the sky, the sun, the stars, we look far, far away hundreds of light years in search of new galaxies. But, if you look under your feet, then under your feet there is a whole underground world that makes up our planet - the Earth!

Bowels of the earth this is the same mysterious world under our feet, the underground organism of our Earth on which we live, build houses, lay roads, bridges and have been developing the territories of our native planet for many thousands of years.

This world is the secret depths of the bowels of the Earth!

Structure of the Earth

Our planet belongs to the terrestrial planets, and, like other planets, consists of layers. The surface of the Earth consists of a hard shell of the earth's crust, deeper there is an extremely viscous mantle, and in the center there is a metal core, which consists of two parts, the outer is liquid, the inner is solid.

Interestingly, many objects of the Universe have been so well studied that every schoolchild knows about them, spacecraft are sent into space to distant hundreds of thousands of kilometers, but getting into the deepest depths of our planet still remains an impossible task, so what is under the surface of the Earth is still remains a big mystery.

Lesson summary 5th grade

Topic: Lithosphere - the “stone” shell of the Earth. Internal structure of the Earth. Earth's crust. The structure of the earth's crust.

The purpose of the lesson : to form an idea of ​​the inner layers of the Earth and their distinctive features, of the movement of lithospheric plates.

Tasks:

To familiarize students with the internal layers: the earth's crust, mantle, core and their distinctive features. Give the concept of lithosphere.

Demonstrate the result of the movement of lithospheric plates.

To develop students’ skills in analyzing information, reading a diagram, highlighting the main points, using additional information, and working with a geographical map.

Train students to work with electronic textbooks.

To promote the formation of geographical thinking of schoolchildren and geographical culture.

During the classes:

Organizing time

Emotional mood.

Hello guys. I hope that our mutual work in the lesson will be fruitful, and that you are active. Sit down. Today we are starting to study a new topic. For successful work in the lesson, we have prepared everything you need: a textbook, a notebook, a pencil, a pen.

Updating knowledge

Astronauts who have flown in outer space say that it has a superb blue color when viewed from a spaceship. Looks like a precious blue pearl.

This color is due to the properties of the atmosphere and the fact that the World Ocean covers 71% of its area.

What or who are we talking about?(About planet Earth)

Guys, I’ll read the text to you now. You will listen to the text carefully and then answer a series of questions.

“Initially the planet was cold, then it began to warm up, and then it began to cool again. At the same time, the “light” elements rose, and the “heavy” ones fell. This is how the original earth's crust was formed. Heavy elements formed the planet’s interior—the core and mantle.”

What do these lines say? (On the hypothesis of the origin of the Earth. The Schmidt-Fesenkov hypothesis has fewer contradictions and answers more questions.)

What cloud did our planet form from?(From a cold gas and dust cloud.)

What is the shape of the Earth?(The shape of the Earth is spherical.)

Remember from the material of natural history, which outer shells of the Earth are known to you?(The Earth has the following external shells: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere.)

Do the shells interact with each other?(Yes)

Motivation for learning activities.

Once - a circle,

Two - a circle,

Three - a circle,

Circle again...

How many different shells!

Not the Earth, but just an onion!

The earth is cleverly designed

More complex than any toy:

There is a CORE inside,

But not a cannonball!

Then, imagine, THE MANTLE

Lies inside the Earth.

But not such a robe,

What do kings wear?

Then - LITHOSPHERE

(Earth's crust).

We got to the surface

Hooray!

And in the middle of this LITO -

HYDROSPHERE is spilled.

HYDRO is not HYDRA.

Still sometimes

People call her -

WATER!

Well, beyond this sphere

We meet with ATMOSPHERE.

(This is both air and clouds...)

What's behind it? - Unknown yet!

(A. Usachev)

Task "Encryption".

Decipher the topic of the lesson

S O R L A I F T E

Answer: LITHOSPHERE

Preparing students to master a new topic.

Guys, do you like fairy tales? Now I want to tell you a fairy tale. Are you ready to listen?

In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived a king, Zakir. He had a son - a daring, good fellow, Ivan - Tsarevich. It became difficult for King Zakir to rule; he grew old.

King Zakir decided to test his son. He sends him on a long journey, and he himself gives the order: “Go, Ivan the Tsarevich, see the world and show yourself. Find me the key of the Earth, and then you will be king.”

Ivan Zakirov's son set off on a journey - a journey. Whether it was a long walk or a short one, he reached a foreign kingdom - a state. He sees: in front of him there are 4 white palaces with golden roofs, and above them there is an inscription - “Atmosphere”, “Hydrosphere”, “Biosphere”, “Lithosphere”. Ivan read the inscriptions and wondered what it was.

Guys, let's tell Ivan what these words mean.

Ivan stands at the gate, and the old man passes by and asks: “What, dear man, did he hang his head? »

“Well, I need to find the key of the Earth, but I just can’t determine where to go. Help me, good man.

The elder explained that Ivan needed to go to the palace called “Lithosphere”.

“Is there a key to the Earth in this country?” asks the prince. “There is, that is, but it’s not easy to find. It is kept deep underground, and is guarded by a beautiful princess.”

“How can I get there?” asks Ivan.

“We need to dig a deep well,” the old man answers him.”

Ivan Zakirov’s son took a shovel in his hands and began to dig a well. At first it was easy for the prince to dig; the rocks he came across were light and loose: sand, clay, chalk, rock salt. Ivan digs deeper, the rocks become harder. He comes across iron ores - brown, magnetic, and ores of useful metals.

Tsarevich Ivan got carried away with his work, struck once, struck again, and a huge block fell off. Ivan found himself in a large cave. Its walls shine and shimmer with precious stones. And in the center of the hall, a beautiful princess sits on a throne. Ivan bowed to her and said: “People say that you are hiding the key of the Earth, but I need it, I promised my father to get it!”

“Well, if you guess my tasks, I’ll give you the treasured key!” the princess answered and handed Ivan an envelope with the tasks.

“Riddle,” said Ivan the Tsarevich, “I’ll try to guess!”

What is the internal structure of the Earth?

The internal structure of the Earth is complex. At its center is the core. Then follows the mantle, and the earth's crust. The structure of the Earth can be compared to an egg.

It consists of shell, white and yolk. The shell is like a breathing earth's crust. She is very thin. Protein is the mantle. The yolk is the core.

In diagrammatic form, this can be depicted as follows:

The internal structure of the Earth = core + mantle + crust.

What is the core?

The core is divided into two layers: the inner core is solid, the outer core is liquid. Consists of iron and nickel.

It was previously believed that the Earth's core was smooth, almost like a cannonball.

It is assumed that the surface of the core consists of a substance with the properties of a liquid. The boundary of the outer core is located at a depth of 2900 km.

But the inner region, starting from a depth of 5100 km, behaves like a solid body. This is due to very high blood pressure. Even at the upper boundary of the core, the theoretically calculated pressure is about 1.3 million atmospheres. And in the center it reaches 3 million atmospheres. The temperature here can exceed 10,000 C°.

It is possible that the material in the outer core includes a relatively light element, most likely sulfur.

Core composition = iron + nickel

What properties does the mantle material have?

Mantle translated from Latin. language means "blanket". It occupies up to 83% of the planet's volume and is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The substance of the mantle is in a solid state due to high pressure, although the temperature of the mantle is 2000 C°. The middle layer of the mantle is slightly softened, while the inner and outer layers are in a solid state.

The first lies to a depth of 670 km. The rapid drop in pressure in the upper part of the mantle and high temperature lead to the melting of the substance.

At a depth of 400 km under the continents and 10 - 150 km under the oceans, that is, in the upper mantle, a layer was discovered where seismic waves propagate relatively slowly. This layer was called the asthenosphere (from the Greek “asthenes” - weak). The asthenosphere, which is more plastic than the rest of the mantle, serves as a “lubricant” along which rigid lithospheric plates move.

What does it consist of? Mainly from rocks rich in magnesium and iron. Mantle rocks are highly dense.

What the lower mantle consists of remains a mystery.

What is the earth's crust?

The Earth's crust is the hard outer shell of the Earth. On the scale of the entire Earth, it represents the thinnest film and is insignificant compared to the radius of the Earth. It reaches a maximum thickness of 75 km over the Pamir, Tibet, and Himalaya mountain ranges. Despite its small thickness, the earth's crust has a complex structure.

Earth's crust

oceanic continental

5-10km 30-80 km

The upper boundaries of the earth's crust have been well studied using well drilling (deep drilling method).

The deepest well is only 15 km deep. Compared to the size of the Earth, this value is very small. But, despite the fact that man has penetrated only a few kilometers deep into the Earth, scientists have obtained some information about its internal structure using geophysical methods. Geophysicists on the surface or at some depth from the surface produce explosions. Special, very sensitive instruments record how fast vibrations propagate inside the Earth. Thus, geophysicists have established that to a depth of an average of 30 km, the globe consists of sand, limestone, granite and other rocks.

Temperature changes with depth in the earth's crust. The temperature of the upper layer of the lithosphere varies with the seasons of the year. Below this layer to a depth of about 1000 m, a pattern is observed: for every 100 m of depth, the temperature of the earth’s crust increases by an average of 3 degrees.

How did the earth's crust form?

The formation of the earth's crust occurred billions of years ago from the viscous-liquid substance of the mantle - magma. The most common and light chemical substances that were part of it - silicon and aluminum - solidified in the upper layers. Having hardened, they no longer sank and remained afloat in the form of peculiar islands. But these islands were not stable; they were at the mercy of internal mantle currents, which carried them down, and often simply sank in the hot magma. Magma (from the Greek tagma - thick mud) is a molten mass formed in the Earth's mantle. But time passed, and the first small solid massifs gradually connected with each other, forming territories of a significant area. Like ice floes in the open ocean, they moved around the planet at the will of internal mantle currents.

How did people manage to get an idea of ​​the internal structure of the Earth?

Humanity receives valuable information about the structure of the Earth as a result of drilling ultra-deep wells, as well as using special seismic research methods (from the Greek “seismos” - vibration). This is how geophysicists study our Earth. This method is based on studying the speed of propagation of vibrations in the Earth that occur during earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or explosions. For this purpose, a special device is used - a seismograph. Seismologists obtain unique information about the interior of the Earth from observations of volcanic eruptions. The science of seismology is the science of earthquakes. Based on seismic data, 3 main shells are distinguished in the structure of the Earth, differing in chemical composition, state of aggregation and physical properties.

Lithosphere

The rocky shell of the Earth, including the crust and the upper part of the mantle, is called the lithosphere. Beneath it there is a heated plastic layer of the mantle. The lithosphere seems to float on this layer. The thickness of the lithosphere in different regions of the Earth varies from 20 to 200 kilometers or more. In general, it is thicker under continents than under oceans. Scientists have found that the lithosphere is not monolithic, but consists of lithospheric plates. They are separated from each other by deep faults. There are seven very large and several smaller lithospheric plates, which constantly but slowly move along the plastic layer of the mantle. The average speed of their movement is about 5 centimeters per year. Some plates are entirely oceanic, but most have different types of crust.

Lithospheric plates move relative to each other in different directions: either they move away, or, conversely, they come closer and collide. As part of the lithospheric plates, their upper “floor”, the earth’s crust, also moves. Due to the movement of lithospheric plates, the location of continents and oceans on the Earth's surface changes. The continents either collide with each other or move thousands of kilometers away from each other.

Now guys, let's get back to our fairy tale.

“Well done, Ivan the Tsarevich, he correctly guessed my tasks with the guys, here is the key of the Earth and remember: only knowledge, like a key, opens any locks and doors,” the princess told him.

Ivan bowed and went home, and so that he doesn’t get lost, let’s help him remember the way back.

Practical work

Fill out the table using the textbook

Earth's crust

Mantle

Core

Dimensions

5 - 75 km

2900 km

3500 km

Components

mainland

oceanic

upper mantle

lower mantle

outer core

inner core

State

hard

special (viscous)

external - liquid

internal - hard

Temperature

small, increases with depth by 3 for every 100 m

high -

2000 C

very high -

2000 - 5000 C

Ways to study

surveillance, remote (from space), well drilling

geophysical

seismology

Test tasks. Choose the correct answer.

1. The earth consists of:

a) Core and mantle

b) Mantle and crust

V)Core, mantle and crust

d) Core and crust.

2. The Earth's core consists of:

a) One layer

b)Two layers

c) Three layers

Summarizing. Student assessment. Reflection.

Guys, today in class we set tasks: to study the internal structure of the Earth, methods of study and the lithosphere.

Do you think we have met these challenges?

So the goal of the lesson has been achieved?

Each of you has emoticons printed on your desk that show your mood.

Note what mood you had in class today.

The lesson is over. Thanks to all. Well done!

Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun, located between Venus and Mars. It is the densest planet in the solar system, the largest of the four, and the only astronomical object known to host life. According to radiometric dating and other research methods, our planet formed about 4.54 billion years ago. The Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and Moon.

The Earth consists of four main spheres or shells, which depend on each other and are the biological and physical components of our planet. They are scientifically called biophysical elements, namely the hydrosphere ("hydro" for water), the biosphere ("bio" for living things), the lithosphere ("litho" for land or earth's surface), and the atmosphere ("atmo" for air). These main spheres of our planet are further divided into various sub-spheres.

Let's look at all four shells of the Earth in more detail to understand their functions and meaning.

Lithosphere - the hard shell of the Earth

According to scientists, there are more than 1386 million km³ of water on our planet.

The oceans contain more than 97% of the Earth's water. The rest is fresh water, two-thirds of which is frozen in the planet's polar regions and on snowy mountain peaks. It is interesting to note that although water covers most of the planet's surface, it makes up only 0.023% of the Earth's total mass.

The biosphere is the living shell of the Earth

The biosphere is sometimes considered one big one - a complex community of living and nonliving components functioning as a single whole. However, most often the biosphere is described as a collection of many ecological systems.

Atmosphere - the air envelope of the Earth

The atmosphere is the collection of gases surrounding our planet, held in place by the Earth's gravity. Most of our atmosphere is located near the earth's surface, where it is densest. The Earth's air is 79% nitrogen and just under 21% oxygen, as well as argon, carbon dioxide and other gases. Water vapor and dust are also part of the Earth's atmosphere. Other planets and the Moon have very different atmospheres, and some have no atmosphere at all. There is no atmosphere in space.

The atmosphere is so widespread that it is almost invisible, but its weight is equal to the layer of water more than 10 meters deep that covers our entire planet. The lower 30 kilometers of the atmosphere contain about 98% of its total mass.

Scientists say many of the gases in our atmosphere were released into the air by early volcanoes. At that time there was little or no free oxygen around the Earth. Free oxygen consists of oxygen molecules not bonded to another element, such as carbon (to form carbon dioxide) or hydrogen (to form water).

Free oxygen may have been added to the atmosphere by primitive organisms, probably bacteria, during . Later, more complex forms added more oxygen to the atmosphere. The oxygen in today's atmosphere likely took millions of years to accumulate.

The atmosphere acts like a giant filter, absorbing most of the ultraviolet radiation and allowing the sun's rays to penetrate. Ultraviolet radiation is harmful to living things and can cause burns. However, solar energy is essential for all life on Earth.

The Earth's atmosphere has. The following layers extend from the surface of the planet to the sky: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Another layer, called the ionosphere, extends from the mesosphere to the exosphere. Outside the exosphere is space. The boundaries between atmospheric layers are not clearly defined and vary depending on latitude and time of year.

Interrelation of the Earth's shells

All four spheres can be present in one place. For example, a piece of soil will contain minerals from the lithosphere. In addition, there will be elements of the hydrosphere, which is moisture in the soil, the biosphere, which is insects and plants, and even the atmosphere, which is soil air.

All spheres are interconnected and depend on each other, like a single organism. Changes in one area will lead to changes in another. Therefore, everything we do on our planet affects other processes within its boundaries (even if we cannot see it with our own eyes).

For people dealing with problems, it is very important to understand the interconnection of all the layers of the Earth.

18 The lithosphere is the rocky shell of the Earth, including the earth’s crust and part of the upper mantle, extends to the asthenosphere and has a thickness of 150-200 km. In the structure of L there are 3 main layers; h.crust, mantle and core. ZK is the uppermost of the solid shells of the Earth, characterized by the composition and low density of rocks. Her bottom The boundary is considered to be the Moho (Mohorovicic) boundary. The boundary zone consists of: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium. There are 2 main ones. type of earth's crust: continental (usually has a thickness of 35-45 km, in areas of mountainous countries - up to 70 km) and oceanic (has a thickness of 5-10 km (together with the water column - 9-12 km)). Mainland. ZK consists of 3 layers: sedimentary, granite (granite-gneiss composition) and basalt (basalts and gabbro). Oceanic zone 2 layers: Sedimentary (marine sediments) and basalts (mainly gabbro). The mantle is the shell of the Earth, located between the Earth's crust and the Earth's core. It is separated from the Earth's crust by the Moho boundary, and the mantle is separated from the Earth's core by the surface (at a depth of about 2900 km). The MZ is divided into the lower and upper mantle. The latter, in turn, is divided (from top to bottom) into the substrate, the Gutenberg layer and the Golitsyn layer. . F. was one of the leading trends in geology until the mid-60s. 20th century, kgd the position of mob-zma was developed. Supporters of F (V.V. Belousov, American scientist X.O. Meyerhof, etc.) deny the position of mobilism on the possibility of horizontal movements of large plates of the lithosphere; Only minor (up to several tens of km) horizontal movements of relatively small sections of the z.k. are allowed. by thrusts (overthrusts) and shears caused by the uplift of vertical movements. An integral part of the F concept represents the formation of oceanic basins as a result of the subsidence of the western crust without significant stretching, with the transformation of the continental crust into a thinner oceanic crust. Mobn.ppch (from the Latin mobilis - mobile) is a hypothesis that assumes large (up to several thousand km) horizontal movements of continental blocks of the earth's crust (lithosphere) relative to each other and in relation to the poles over geological time. Presumptions about the subcontinents began to emerge as early as the 19th century, but the scientifically developed theory of mathematics was first formulated in 1912 by the German geophysicist A. Wegener (Th, continental drift). The lake is broken by deep faults into large blocks - cast slabs, they move horizontally. direction from the middle. at a rate of 5 -10 cm per year; 7 plates: Eurasian, Pacific, African, Indian, Antarctic, North American, South American. Under the lithosphere, the asthenosphere, a softened shell, serves as a plastic substrate, allowing rigid lithospheric layers to move and slide in horizontal directions relative to the deeper interior of the Earth. Together with the lithospheric plates, the continents located on them move (drift). Where two neighboring plates diverge, the opening space is filled due to the rise of molten deep substance, the formation and growth of oceanic lithosphere and its spreading occur. Processes reference are localized, mainly, within the Mid-Oceanic Ridges and the oceanic crust, so in these regions it is relatively young. At the boundary where two lithospheric plates converge, one of them (a heavy oceanic plate) moves under the other and obliquely goes deeper into the softened substance of the asthenosphere - its subduction occurs. There are a number of earthquakes and many volcanoes associated with subduction zones. The geomorphological expression of subd zones is deep-sea trenches. Accretion (from the Latin accretio increment, increase), the fall of a substance onto a cosmic body under gravitational forces, accompanied by the release of gravitational E. In the accretion phase, 3. acquired approximately 95% of its modern mass, which required 17 million. years. From the end of this phase 3. it is considered to have entered the stage of planetary development. Collision is the collision of continental plates, which always leads to crushing of the crust and the formation of mountain ranges. The area is the Alysh-Himalayan mountain belt, formed as a result of the closure of the Tethys Ocean and the collision with the Eurasian plate of Hindustan and Africa. Relief is a set of irregularities (shapes) of the earth's surface of a certain geological structure. R. is formed as a result of the complex interaction of the zonular system with water and air. shells, alive organisms and humans. R. consists of: forms - department. irregularities, which are three-dimensional bodies occupying a certain volume (hill, ravine). Type R. is a complex of forms that have a common origin and are naturally repeated in a certain territory. R. forms are: 1. closed (hill) or open (ravine); 2. simple (small in size) or complex (combination of simple ones); 3. positive (elevation) or negative (beam); 4. by size (morphometric): planetary (mat. protrusions, ocean floor), megaforms (large confluent bed O - Gulf of Mexico, Alps, Caucasus), macroforms (ridges, depressions), mesoforms (ravines, gullies) , microforms (karst sinkholes, coastal ramparts), nanoforms (meadow hummocks). Genetic class of FR (Gerasimova, Meshcheryakova): 1. Geotexture – croup. a relief form created by a planetary process: cosmic and endogenous processes (mat. protrusions, ocean bed, transition zones, mid-ocean ridges). 2.Morphostr-ra – large. FR formed by endo and exogenous processes with a predominance. endo (mountains, equals). Morphoculum is a form of relief that is formed by exogenous processes (river valleys, meadow hummocks). Relief formation processes: Endogenous (tectonic movements: horizontal, vertical, folded (plicative: anticlines (positive), synclines (negative)), discontinuous (disjunctive: rift valleys), injection (intrusion of magma) dislocations; magmatism ( batholiths, laccoliths) and volcanism (lava covers - the Deccan plateau in Central Siberia); earthquakes (types of cracks); exogenous (depending on solar radiation - climate: fluvial (watercourses: gullies, ravine, river valley) , aeolian (by wind: pillars, castles, dunes), cryogenic (permafrost: kurums, medallion spots), glacial (glacial: kara, carling, sheep's foreheads), karst (washing out of rocks by water: kara, karst fields). and GPs used by humans for their own purposes are called minerals. Depending on their physical state, different types of minerals are distinguished: solid: various ores, coal, marble, granite, liquid: oil, gaseous: flammable gases; , helium, methane; Depending on the use of PI, the following groups are distinguished: combustibles: coal, peat, oil, natural gas, shale; ore (rock ores, including metallic useful components and non-metallic ones) - iron ore, non-ferrous metal ores, graphite, asbestos; non-metallic: sand, gravel, clay, chalk, various sands. Precious and ornamental stones are a separate group. According to their origin, GPs are divided into 3 g: a) Igneous, formed from molten magma during its cooling and hardening. At depths in the earth's crust, magma cools more slowly, so dense rocks with large crystals are formed there. They are called deep igneous rocks, and granite is one of them. The granite layer contains a variety of non-ferrous, precious and rare metals. If the magma is released to the surface, it hardens very quickly, while only the smallest crystals are formed, which are sometimes difficult to see with the naked eye, and the rock looks homogeneous. These formed gps are usually dense, hard, and heavy. Pr, basalt. As magma flows through cracks, it creates vast basaltic sheets. Layering one on top of another, they form stepped hills - traps. b) Sedimentary rocks. formed only on the surface of the earth's crust as a result of subsidence under the influence of gravity and accumulation of sediments at the bottom of reservoirs and on land. According to St. Petersburg education, these g.p. are divided into: - clastic fragments, different g.p., the formation of their connections with processes that destroy rocks (activity of wind, water, glacier). Depending on the size, these rocks are: large, medium, and fine-clastic (crushed stone, pebbles, gravel, sand, clay) as building materials. -chemogenic GPs are formed from aqueous solutions of mineral substances. This is table salt and potassium salt that settles to the bottom of reservoirs, and silica that precipitates from the water of hot springs. Many of them are used on the farm, for example, potassium salts are raw materials for obtaining fertilizers, and table salt is used for food. - Organogenic This group includes sedimentary rocks consisting of the remains of plants and living things that have accumulated over millions of years at the bottom of reservoirs. These are gas, oil, coal, oil shale, limestone, chalk, and phosphorites. G.p. given, bangs are of great practical importance in the household. c) Metamorphic. Falling to great depths during the movement of the earth's crust, sedimentary and igneous rocks can find themselves in conditions of much higher temperatures and higher pressures than during their formation. In the depths of the 3rd, they also come under the influence of chemical solutions. This causes a change in the physical properties of these rocks (primarily the crystalline structure), the appearance of the rock changes, but its chemical composition does not change significantly. In this case, one rock is transformed into another, more resistant and hard: limestone - into marble, sandstone - into quartzite, granite - into gneiss; clays - into clay shales. These new g.p. - megamorphic (Greek: transform), and the process by which they arise is metamorphism.

By mastering this knowledge, schoolchildren understand the role of the earth’s crust, which provides humans with metals, energy sources, building materials, and is also the main supplier of fresh water. Knowledge about relief in school geography represents a didactically developed system of ideas and concepts, laws and patterns that constitute the main content of the science of geomorphology. Formation of g-g knowledge in the 6th, 7th and 8th grades. The study of relief in the 6th grade is characterized by a number of features due to the role of the initial course of physical geography in the general system of acquired knowledge. In accordance with the program in the 6th grade, it is provided for the acquisition of scientific knowledge about the relief in all its diversity. Students receive a correct understanding of the relief and surface of the globe. The image will educate the tasks: 1. To form in students the concept of “earth’s crust. 2. To form general ideas about the main types of rocks by origin. 3. To form in children the general concepts of “mountains” and “plains”, knowledge about the elementary classification of these landforms by height, their changes over time, as well as ideas about the main reason for the diversity of the Earth’s topography - constant interaction of internal and external processes. 4. Form an idea of ​​the topography of your area as an integral part of the earth’s crust. Topic: "Lithosphere". The examination begins of the internal structure of the globe (the concepts of the earth's core, mantle and crust), the processes occurring in the bowels of the Earth, and the rocks that make up the earth's crust. Next, endogenous processes are studied - volcanic eruptions and hot springs, earthquakes, slow land fluctuations. Knowledge about endogenous processes is necessary to understand the genesis of relief and mountain building. In the process of studying general concepts, students are given a certain minimum of names of geographical objects, established by the program, that they must know and be able to find on a geographical map. These geographical objects are needed to concretize general concepts and are used to develop students’ skills in describing mountains and plains according to a standard plan based on a physical map. An important task of the topic “Lithosphere” is to develop students’ knowledge about the topography of their area. Along with the formation of new general concepts, significant attention is paid to practical work. All this knowledge is used as support in the formation of general concepts. Formation of geological and geomorphological concepts in the 7th grade. In the process of studying the geography of the continents, further development of knowledge about the relief continues. The concepts of relief learned in the 6th grade are deepened. Students gain new knowledge about the structural elements of the earth's crust and become familiar with tectonic maps. Knowledge and skills in reading terrain on a map are also improved. In the 7th grade, it is very important to teach students to establish cause-and-effect relationships and patterns. At the same time, comparisons play an important role. The inclusion of new questions on geomorphology allows students to see with specific examples that the relief is changing all the time and the modern structure of the surface is the result of continuous and long-term interaction of internal and external processes of the Earth, that the modern relief is greatly influenced by the history of the development of continents, that the distribution of minerals differs in a certain pattern. Formation of geological and geomorphological concepts in the 8th grade In the 8th grade, further development of the concept of relief and factors of relief formation continues. Scientific knowledge about relief in the course of physical geography of Russia is formed in the process of studying the topic “Geological structure, relief and minerals.” And when considering the natural conditions of Russian territories. The formation of large relief elements is genetically inextricably linked with the course of historical development of the earth's crust. In this regard, the information from geology that students learn in the 8th grade is of paramount importance for understanding the basic patterns that take place in the origin and development of large forms of the surface of the globe. In the content of the topic “Geological structure, relief and minerals” the main geological structures are identified as core concepts: platform and geosyncline of different ages, connections and relationships between them. Other concepts, including the concept of relief, are considered in connection with the main structural elements of the earth's crust. The concepts of geosynclines and their corresponding landforms are first discussed in 8th grade. In the process of studying the topic “Geological structure, relief and minerals”, we mainly consider the genetic determination of large relief forms: elements of geotexture and morphostructure. For the correct organization of the educational process when studying geological and geomorphological issues in the 8th grade, it is necessary to take into account what theoretical and factual knowledge on these issues was firmly acquired by students in previous grades. When studying the relief of individual territories of Russia, students' knowledge about the origin and development of large relief forms is consolidated and deepened. At the same time, a large share belongs to the establishment of patterns of placement and development of small forms, the origin of which is determined by the activity of external factors of relief formation.

The rocky shell of the Earth - the earth's crust - is firmly attached to the upper mantle and forms a single whole with it -. The study of the earth's crust and lithosphere allows scientists to explain the processes occurring on the Earth's surface and anticipate changes in the appearance of our planet in the future.

Structure of the earth's crust

The earth's crust, consisting of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, on continents and under oceans has different thickness and structure.

It is customary to distinguish three layers in the continental crust. The upper layer is sedimentary, in which sedimentary rocks predominate. The two lower layers are conventionally called granite and basalt. The granite layer consists primarily of granite and metamorphic rocks. The basalt layer is made of denser rocks, comparable in density to basalts. Oceanic crust has two layers. In it, the upper layer - sedimentary - has a small thickness, the lower layer - basalt - consists of basalt rocks, and there is no granite layer.

The thickness of the continental crust under the plains is 30-50 kilometers, under the mountains - up to 75 kilometers. The oceanic crust is much thinner, its thickness is from 5 to 10 kilometers.

There is a crust on other terrestrial planets, on the Moon and on many satellites of the giant planets. But only the Earth has two types of crust: continental and oceanic. On other planets, in most cases it consists of basalts.

Lithosphere

The rocky shell of the Earth, including the crust and the upper part of the mantle, is called the lithosphere. Beneath it there is a heated plastic layer of the mantle. The lithosphere seems to float on this layer. The thickness of the lithosphere in different regions of the Earth varies from 20 to 200 kilometers or more. In general, it is thicker under continents than under oceans.

Scientists have found that the lithosphere is not monolithic, but consists of. They are separated from each other by deep faults. There are seven very large and several smaller lithospheric plates, which constantly but slowly move along the plastic layer of the mantle. The average speed of their movement is about 5 centimeters per year. Some plates are entirely oceanic, but most have different types of crust.

Lithospheric plates move relative to each other in different directions: either they move away, or, conversely, they come closer and collide. As part of the lithospheric plates, their upper “floor” - the earth’s crust - also moves. Due to the movement of lithospheric plates, the location of continents and oceans on the Earth's surface changes. The continents either collide with each other or move thousands of kilometers away from each other.