China has a long and practically continuous history, numbering about six thousand years. Written sources, however, indicate a little less age - 3,600 years. China presented to humanity a lot of inventions, including gunpowder, compass, paper and a typical printing. Until the XIX century, China was one of the most advanced world states and the main cultural center of East Asia. Later, the country survived whole centuries of colonial seizures, but was able to once again become a powerful, independent industrial power.

Short review

It is believed that people in China lived already 7 million years ago. And the first Chinese dynasty - Sia - began to edit another 2700 BC. All subsequent periods are associated with the board in the country of different dynasties, consistently replaced by one another. To facilitate the perception of all Chinese history, use the following periodization based on traditional Haniography:

1. Dobimer's China (Xia, Shang, Zhou - up to 221 BC. E.)
2. Imperial China (Qin - Qing)
3. New China (1911 - Sovr.)

The first emperor Shi Juandy - united China under his power, dividing the new formed empire Qin(221-206 BC) on 36 provinces that managed officials appointed by the emperor. He announced the cessation of all wars, gathered a weapon from subjects and melted, building 12 large monuments. He streamlined measures and weight, introduced the standard writing of the hieroglyphs, organized a hard bureaucratic management system. During the Board of Shi Huangdi, the construction of the Great Wall of China was launched. The road network of 15 meters and a total length of 7,500 km tied a country.

Second in the history of China, the empire called Han(206 BC-220 AD), founded a leav of the average officials of Liu Ban. This period is considered one of the most important periods in China's history, the Chinese themselves themselves took their self-calf from here (Hantsev).

Epochs Tang(618-907) and Sun. (960-1127) is customary to be called a classic period in China's history.
During the period of domination, the Tang was formed a system of state exams. They contributed to the upbringing of the educated elite, as a candidate who knew the classic texts well, regardless of social origin was able to take the rank of an official. People of humanitarian exercises are writers, philosophers, scientists - were the people of the privileged class.
The Sun period is considered to be the era of the economic and cultural heyday of China. The number of cities is growing, the increase in the number of urban population continues, Chinese artisans reach heights in the manufacture of products from porcelain, silk, varnish, wood, ivory, etc.

At the beginning of the XIII century to China invaded the United States of Genghis Khan Mongola. They were expelled in the middle of the XIV century after a long struggle. One of the leaders of the uprising came to power - the son of the peasant Zhu Yuanzhan, who founded the state Min.(1368-1644)

Dynasty Qing(1644-1911), created by nomads-conquerors from Manchuria, lined up the last empire, expanding the country as much as possible. By the middle of the 19th century, China's population rose to about 400 million people, but the management and financial system was extremely ineffective, which laid the foundation for future problems and crisis. Corruption was widespread, the ruling elite did not want reforms. After a series of lesions in opium wars, China was forced to conclude non-equivance contracts with European powers, opening their markets and transferring the main ports for foreign control.

The Manchurian dynasty was overthrown as a result Xinhai revolution (1911). The Empire Qing collapsed and was proclaimed the creation of the Republic of China. In 1912, with the support of the United States and Japan, the Romintan's revolutionary party was created. And in 1921, with the support of Russian organizations, the Comintern was created Communist Party China. Since 1927, armed clashes, which took place in civil war begins between the Hominthane and PDA. In the 1930s, the Japanese intervention begins, for some time interrupted the conflict. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the war between the Homintandan and the CCP resumed. By 1949, the CCP army established control over most of the country.

October 1, 1949it was proclaimed the formation of the People's Republic of China. Chairman of China's Communist Party Mao Zedongsolemnly announced this from the stands on Tiananmen Square. The next day Soviet Union The first recognized the PRC and concluded an agreement on friendship, union and mutual assistance with it.

The emergence of Chinese civilization

Culture Yangshao

This focus of agricultural neolithic arose in the Juanhe basin at about the VI-V millenniums BC. e. For the Ancient Chinese Neolithic, the Middle Eastern types of cereals (wheat, barley) and domestic livestock breeds (cow, sheep, goat), a potted circle and other innovations are already well known to the west of China by that time. Painted ceramics and skills of growing grain crops, familiarity with domestication of cattle (pig), allow you to tie the culture of Jancheo with similar cultures of painted ceramics, in particular the Middle Eastern. In this case, it is not about the effect in the form of mass migration. The prevailing racial type on the ancient Chinese plain ancient times were Mongoloids (inclusions of the European and Australoid racial types are single), and this particularly distinguishes the ancient Chinese focus of civilization.

Bronze Age in China

The beginning of the Bronze Age was recorded by archaeologists from the middle of the II millennium BC. e. At the end of the era of Neolithic in the Lunshan-Lunchanoid Neolithic Environment of the Egrovers of the Juanhe basin, a fairly developed bronze culture appears Shan-Yin. It can be assumed that the civilization of the Bronze Age in China again, many must many of the cultural influences from the outside. This is told about the high rates of the appearance and heyday of the bronze age: the development of the bronze, the appearance of writing, the construction of lush palaces and the construction of tombs, the art of carving on stone, finishing utensils, decorations, weapons. On the relationship of civilizations most convincingly evidenced by the Inan battle chariots identical to Indo-European. Dawnian China did not know any horses or chariots. Thus, Indo-European tribes could play a certain role in the process of the genesis of Chinese civilization. At the same time, Injans were also Mongoloids, so again it is difficult to talk about migrations in significant sizes.

Ancient China. Doomper period.

The Ancient Chinese historiographic tradition begins the history of China with the description of the period of the reign of five legendary emperors. The time of their dominion is perceived as the golden age of wisdom, justice and virtue. Sage Yao transferred his throne capable and virtuous Shuya, and that is great Yuu.Starting from the board of which the power began to be inherited. Yu is considered the founder of the first dynasty Sia. Chinese historiographic tradition believes that the Dynasty of China's Rules at the end of III and the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. Her last unfinished representative of the Jesi was confused his authority and was deprived of the moral right to manage the subnet. He was defeated virtuous Cheng Tanfounded a new dynasty Yin.

There is reason to believe that no Sia existed at all. When the first innovative legends were recorded, the term was designated the aggregate of the Chinese lands and the population. It is possible that the invasion of hents to the Juanhe basin over time and were comprehended as a replacement of one (Sia) Other (Intex).

Yinskaya community ass in Anyana. Here quickly quickly developed a large protogation led by the All-Russia Ruler. Governor Wan was also the high priest. The position became hereditary in the last four rulers. The administration was divided into three main categories - Supreme Officers Administrators, lower managers, officials responsible for military training and hunting. Van and his approximal fell out of harness about the crop, preparation and clearing of fields. Book of songs Shizhinmention of large fields treated with the teams of peasants under the control of supervisors. All craft products were also used centrally. A similar model was in the royal and temple farms of ancient Egypt or two-frequencies.

The most important source of the Shang-Yin era is dentative inscriptions on specially processed laminy blades and shells of turtles. In total, more than 150 thousand such inscriptions were discovered. Apparently, the Injans lived with a compact team of unintermakers, cohesive joint ritual-religious practices, sacrifices in honor of their common ancestors, deities and spirits. It is known that the Injans practiced human sacrifices from among the prisoners of neighbors. The rite of communication with dead vans and ancestors was important. The existence of the team depended on their will and support, according to the ideas of hents. Informing the ancestors about the situation and current problems, referring to them with requests, the Injans recorded the essence of the affairs on the bones and carried out the rite of divination.

Injans led an active foreign policy, including wars and expanding their territories at the expense of neighbors. The greatest power of the Injans reached at Dina. Armed with combat chariots, consisting of professional archers and spearkers, the Inin Army was a formidable force that kept in the obedience of neighbors.

Among such neighbors treated jusisywho lived to the west of Shan-Yin. Their capital was Zongzhou. The Zhou rulers recognized the tinsente of the Yinsky Vana. Over time, they managed to strengthen and then create a tribal coalition, which ultimately defeated the Shang-Yin in a decisive battle of Muu in 1027 BC. e. The new Lord of the Ancient China became U-Van..

China during the period of Western Zhou (1027-771 BC.)

A few Zhou tribe, defeating the hents, turned out to be at the head of a major military-political association, the limits of which came far beyond the former territory of Shan-Yin and practically covered almost the entire pool of Juanhe. Skiful Inician Masters was built for the Zhusutians a new capital Chengrzhou. She became the place of stay of a significant part of the Zhowa administration, as well as the main military center where 8 armies were located. The rest of the administration, 6 armies and Wang himself, continued to live in Tzungzhou, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe former generic settlements of Jusussev. Hence, the name of the described period (Western Zhou) went.

During this period, the doctrine of Mandate Neba (Tian-min), according to which the sky presents the mandate on the management of a subwayless virtuous ruler, thus depriving the authorities of the unfinished. Protecting a legitimate idea, Jusimen managed to establish an effective centralized administration, based on the 14th armies of the center in the two capitals. The aristocrats and merits of the aristocrats were usually appointed to administrative positions, primarily from the number of Zhowa and Yin kindergarten. There is information that capable administrators promoted up the service staircase. An important innovation was the creation of a system of exercises provided to the hereditary possession and management of relatives and an approximate ruler. The owner of the lot was relying a squad of the Zhusztsev soldiers. At first, the owners of the lotion were closely connected with the center, depended on its help and military support. Over the years, however, the situation changed. The rulers of the lots already in the 4-6th generations already felt themselves with full owners in their lands.

Power decline Vana and strengthening

The number of initial valits has been reduced over time. One of them from the very beginning was larger in the neighboring, which helped them faster and easier to overcome rivals. Others were favorably located, which allowed them to rich or grow lands at the expense of weaker neighbors. Third, outskirts, boldly increased their limits at the expense of wars with the tribes of the external belt. Fourth, on the contrary, turned out to be clamped stronger neighbors and in an unequal struggle gradually lost the legacy of fathers. All this led to the strengthening of several large lots.

One of the rulers of Western Zhou, Xuan-Wan I tried to conduct a number of reforms aimed at strengthening the central government, for example in the field of taxation. However, reforms came up to the resistance of others and, most importantly, turned out to be too late. Son Xuan-Vana, Yu-Van., I put my favorite concubine above the legitimate wife, the daughter of the ruler of Shen's daughter. That in alliance with neighboring barbaric tribes invaded Zuzungzhou and Summaging Yu-Van. After that, the son of Yu-Vana, PIN-WAN, was forced to 771 BC. e. transfer your residence to the Eastern Capital, in LooThat has become the beginning of the Eastern Zhou period. Land in the area of \u200b\u200bthe old capital Zuzungzhou Pin Van gave one of the allies, which on the basis of these lands created a new lot Qin- The one that 500 years later united the kingdoms of Zhowsky China as part of a single empire.

The period of Zhango ("Fighting Kingdoms", V-III centuries. BC)

This is the time of large-scale shifts in all spheres of China's life, from the productive forces to ideology, from mastering the outflows to wars. During this period, China joined the iron age. In addition to the role in production, iron tools literally revolutionized the army. A numerous and well-armed infantry came to change the chariots, and then the cavalry. There were battles with the participation of many dozens and hundreds of thousands of warriors, a military strategy and tactics developed, which was reflected in treatises about military art (Sun Tzu).

The period of Zhango was the time of coexistence and internecine struggle of the seven of the largest kingdoms (Wei, Zhao, Han, Qin, Qi, Yan and Chu). The kingdom competing with each other was the fierce wars. Gradually, the map of the country has reprings, the most powerful states were published on the front edge. Most of them were carried out by the reforms of a legist type. The most fully and radically such reforms were carried out in the middle of the IV century. BC. in Qin. The beginning of them put a legist Shanan.

First, community land use was strictly regulated. Large families were to be divided into small. A circular guilty system was created: the yards were combined into heels and dozens, in which all the residents of Qin were obliged to follow each other and respond to each other.

Secondly, a new system of social ranks was introduced, which were assigned to any person for his merit, primarily the military. From a certain level, the ranks gave benefits and privileges, up to the right to official ownership and income from it. For excessively rejected owners who received benefits from secondary classes, crafts and trade were used to be applied, a peculiar expropriation mechanism was applied. It was possible to avoid trouble with the acquisition for considerable social rank.

In 350 BC. All the kingdom was divided into government-managed counties. A system of measures and scales was unified, they were fixed behind the peasants. The distribution of surplus was under the stringent control of the authorities.

Concerned the rapid growth of the power of Qin, the remaining six tried to create a coalition against him. The whole second half of Zhango passed under the sign of intrigue, skillful diplomacy. However, intrigues and complex unions did not help. The latter Palo Kingdom Chu and in 221 BC. e. Qin in Zheng.The future emperor Qin Shi-Huangdi completed the association of China under his power.

Empire Qin

In Zheng accepted the new title "Qin Shihuandi" ("The First Military-Emperor of the Qin Dynasty"), the country was turned into a bureaucratic centralized empire. The state subjugated to strict administrative control of all parties to the lives of people, the population selected all the weapons and shouted it to the bell. In the whole empire, there was a single legislation. Its foundation was the system of guarantees. The death penalty was used for all sorts of provinces, including small. Often executed or turned the whole family of the criminal in state slaves.

The territory was divided into 36 administrative districts, in each district, civilians focused in the hands of one official, and the military - the other. The supervision of them was carried out by a special service of inspectors - entriters of the emperor. The emperor appointed two advisers who were responsible for ensuring that the decrees were performed immediately. In his submission, the advisers had numerous central departments. One of the important was the authority of the Yushi Dafa. The duties of his officials included storing the state archive and checking the work of the districts.

In the country they walked mass work on the construction of roads and canals. This contributed to the development of trade and increased management efficiency. In order for the road with less frequently demanded repairs, uniform axes were introduced. Throughout the empire, 700 palaces were built for Qin Shi-Huangdi. One of the most beautiful cities of the empire became the capital of Sanyan. During the reign of Qin Shihuandi, the Great Wall of China and the Giant Tomb for the Emperor was erected. It placed 6000 terracotta warriors in the guards in full size. Trucks were made due to the most severe operation, taxes for the peasants reached 2/3 of the harvest.

Money, units of measure and weight, as well as writing, were unified throughout the country. It was ordered to destroy all the works of the Doczyn era, so that people had nowhere to learn about old times and orders. For the commitment of antiquity and resistance, the reforms were executed hundreds of Confucian scientists.

Qin dynasty caused universal hatred, and after the death of Qin Shihuandi in 210 BC. e. Immediately began uprising across the country. In 207 BC e. The detachments of the rebels took the capital and overthrew the Son Qin Shihuandi. However, China has existed as a single state from that moment. The teams of the Chinese Empires, who came to the change of Qin, in political and economic plan a lot borrowed from their predecessor. The Qin Empire existed only 14 years, but by the number of events and the importance of the changes that occurred is the whole epoch for China.

Drop Qin

Qin Shihuangi sought to find the secret of immortality, but in 210 BC. e. Suddenly died at the age of 49. His heir was the younger Son, who joined the throne under the name of Ersh Huangdi (210-207 BC. E.).

In 209 BC e. The country began in the country, the imperial troops began to move on the side of the rebels. One of the armies was headed by a small official Liu Ban. In 202 BC e. He unites China under his power and takes the imperial title name Gao-Tzu (202-195 BC. E.).

Han Dynasty

Gao-Cu is becoming the founder of the new Han dynasty (206/202 BC. E. - 220 g. E.).

The state management system has been changed. At least half of the territory of the country Gao-CzU gave to the hereditary drips to the closest associates: the seven most important of them got the titles of Vanov. In their possessions they used wide powers. Vanya could independently assign and disperse officials, collect taxes and establish duty. In the rest of the country, an administrative apparatus was revived, which existed at the Qin dynasty. A number of measures were taken, sharply improved the position of the people and encouraged the development of production. Gao-CUU significantly reduced the tax tax (up to 1/15 crop). Many categories of the population were exempt from all duties.

The highest flourishing of the Han Empire reached the Board of the Emperor U-D. (140-87 BC. E.). U-di conducted reforms aimed at the further centralization of the state. The official ideology becomes the teaching of Confucius was introduced by the system of training officials. The governors of the districts were to find out and recommend the government of the capable young men. Candidates went to study at the Specially Created Academy in the capital, whose graduates were appointed after passing the exams in the state apparatus. The right to enter the Academy had all the free people, regardless of the rank of knowledge.

At the end of II century BC e. Chan troops make hiking against Syunnu in the north, in Korea, west to East Turkestan and to the borders of modern Vietnam and Myanmar. The territory of the Han Empire has increased by almost one third however, as a result, he plunged into the economic and social crisis. The government was usurped by one of the relatives of the emperor, began folk unrest, the largest of which were the uprising of the "redobrov" and "green forest". Peasant armies Oversized usurper, then grabbed each other.

The winner of this crossbob was released by Liu, who proclaimed himself with Emperor Guan U-di and founding the Eastern Dynasty, or Late, Han (25-220). The capital was moved to the east, to the city of Luoyang. At this time, the Han Empire establishes permanent trade and diplomatic relations with Parfia and the Roman Empire. In the second half of the I-II centuries. The empire leads almost continuous wars with neighbors.

The end of the Eastern Han dynasty also laid the folk uprisings, the most powerful of which was the uprising of the "yellow dressings", which began in 184. e. In 220 N. er, after the death of U-di, China decays into three independent kingdoms: Wei, Shu and U. This event is conditionally considered the end of the history of ancient China.

History of Ancient China, Summary

The first empire of the ancient China - Qin existed only a half dozen years, but she laid the solid socio-economic foundation of the Han Empire. The new empire has become one of the strongest powers of the ancient world. Its more than four-hour existence was an important stage in the development of all East Asia, coinciding with the epochs of the rise and crash of the slave-owned production method. For the National History of China, it was an important stage of consolidation of the ancient Chinese nationality. The Zhango-Qin-Han era for the historical development of China and all East Asia has the same meaning as the Greek World for Europe. Ancient Chinese civilization laid the foundation of a cultural tradition, which is traced further throughout the centuries-old history of China until the new and the latest time.

Features of the study and periodization of the history of the ancient China

No other people showed a greater diligence in the timing historical eventsthan the Chinese who began to lead their chronicles at the beginning of the first millennium BC And subsequently, they punctually updated their dynasty for the dynasty.

In Chinese historiography, the use of dynasty periods. Each dynasty has its own name other than the surname of the rulers. Ethnonyms were first used as such names (the name of the nationality founded by this state) and toponyms (the names of the specific possessions of the future founders of the dynasties). From the XII century. The dynasties are indicated by philosophical categorical terms, for example, the yuan literally "initial" that is, the lack of principle of true rule, min - "enlightened".

Between the dynasty periods, the periods of the "troubled time" - the administrative-territorial fragmentation of the country, which indicate the terminological definitions: "The Epoch of Fighting Kingdoms", "The Epoch of Six Dynasties", "Trozenia" and so on.

The traditional Chinese state with deep antiquity was hardly a classic embodiment of the principle of power-property and centralized redistribution. While the peasants had put on the ground, handled the land and paid the tax rente in the treasury, structure chinese Empire It was a fastener. The stability of this kind existed, as a rule, in the framework of the dynasty cycle, not too long, most often no more than for a century. But since the land in significant quantities passed to rich landowners, the situation began to change. The treasury lost the arrival rate, it was often compensated by the increased arbitrariness of the power in the field. This in turn led to the deepening of crisis phenomena.

History of ancient China at school - 5th grade

The history of ancient China in Russian schools is studied in the 5th grade. Task lesson:To form an idea of \u200b\u200bancient China, to acquaint students with the history of ancient China, his geographical position, to form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe contribution of Chinese culture into world history. The topic of the lesson is new for students, but it plays an important role in the study of the section "Ancient East". Expected results: knowledge of geographical position, natural conditions Ancient China, the history of the formation of the Cincian Power. The ability to show the territory of the Qin Power, the Great Wall of China and the Great Silk Road. To express judgments about the contribution of the culture of ancient China to the world culture. Characterizes the living conditions and occupations of the population, the social system of the ancient China, the position of representatives of different layers. Major terms, concepts:"Great Wall", "Great Silk Road", Confucius.

Treasy Age (220-280) and Jin Empire

After the fall of the second Dynasty of Han and several years of civil engineering, the three most successful commander came to the fore. Cao Cao dominated in the north, in the Juanhe basin, where in 220 his son Cao Lei proclaimed himself as a state ruler Way. Liu Bay declared himself a ruler of the southwestern country Shu. Sun Quan, became the ruler of the southeastern part of China, the kingdom W.. A short period of triequiments, led to the formation of two independent states on the weakly mastered by the south of China.

Already by the middle of the III century. Power in the kingdom of Wei moved to the mighty clan of the commander of the Sum. In 265, he founded the new Dynasty of Jin, which soon, in 280, managed to subjugate Shu and U, uniting under his authority again all China, however, only for several decades. From the beginning of the IV century. Nomadic northern tribes one after another began to invade North China, Jin's empire ceased to exist, the Nan-Bay Chao, southern and northern dynasties began.

Nan-Bay Chao (IV-VI centuries)

The conquerors of North China were relatively retarded compared to the Chinese peoples. Under the influence of Chinese culture, nomads to the V-VI centuries. They fell so much as the end of the VI century. Their descendants became ordinary Chinese. Proverb "You can conquer the empire, sitting on horseback, but it is impossible to manage it, sitting on horseback"- Meaning that the impact of Chinese culture sooner or later led to assimilation and the chitaization of any ethnic groups won. Moreover, the ingenians were in northern China only 20%; All the rest of the population, despite the mass migrations of the Chinese to the south, was Chinese.

The southern dynasties also quickly replaced each other (Sun, 420-479; Qi, 479-502; Liang, 502-557; Chen, 557-589; the late Liang coexistently, 555-587). The Center for Chinese Culture focused on the south: there were outstanding scientists, poets, thinkers, energetically developed in China in China in the II century. Buddhism. Already with V c. On the fertile fields of the rice belt began to assemble two harvests per year, which is practiced and so on. In the south, new cities began to be created in a rapid pace, developing old and new types of crafts, flourishing trade and consumer money relations.

The flourishing of the Chinese Empire (VI-XIII century)

Dynasty Sui (581-618)

In 581, the commander of the kingdom of Northern Zhou Yang Jiang united all the northern and then the South China under his authority, proclaiming a new dynasty. The new emperor conducted a series of reforms, seeking to strengthen the state, knock the soil from under the feet of "strong houses". Each Pacquer should have had his own field and pay tax. His son Yan-di reared 10 thousand rich families from different parts of the country to the capital of Loyang rebuilt. Luxury palaces were built in the Luoyang area, as well as huge granaries, and for the transportation of tax grain from the south, which was already the main resident of the country, the Great Channel was died, tied by Yangtze with Huanghe. The maintenance of this structure with all its gateways and other devices was occupied, according to some data, up to 80 thousand people. Jan-di led several colossal buildings at the same time, tried to lead an active foreign policy and constantly fought and eventually the country could not stand the burden. Rebells broke out, Jan di was killed.

Tang Dynasty (618-907)

The ruler of the Tang Dynasty proclaim himself proclaimed himself one of the warlords and relatives of Yang-di on the women's line Lee Yuan. He and his son Lee Shi-Ming (Tha-Zong, 626-649) laid the foundation of the prosperity of the Chinese Empire. Land reform and implementation of the tax system within the framework of the ridiculous land use provided the treasury with a regular influx of income, and the state - the necessary labor force (labor service). It also contributed to strengthening the infrastructure of the empire - roads, canals, dams, palaces, temples, whole large cities were built. The craft and trade, including the treason craft, where the best masters of high qualifications were usually focused, who worked in the order of labor service or excess of this. Craft and trade was under the strict control of the state, special officials, which through the head of the tuan and khanov (shops and shop-guilds) strictly regulated every step of urban residents.

In the tongue, the empire was divided into 10 provinces (Dao), which in turn were divided into areas (Zhou) and the counties (Xian). All officials were appointed from the center and they were also controlled. This feature attached to the administrative bureaucratic system of China strength and sustainability. The work of the executive bodies and the entire state system, primarily the apparatus of the authorities, officials, strictly controlled the censors-prosecutors of the Special Chamber of Yushtai, who had great powers, including the right to submit reports to the highest name. The executive power was represented by two chancellors (Tszaisani or Zhichens) - the left (he was usually considered senior) and the right one, each of which conducted three of the six departments of the Chamber of Shashushen, a kind of Council of Ministers. The first group of departments treated the management of the ranks (selection of personnel and appointment throughout the empire), rites (control over compliance with the norms of behavior, the protection of public order) and taxes. To the second - managing military affairs, sentences and public works (the implementation of labor duties, construction, including irrigation).

The power of the county chief was very big and therefore was usually controlled most strictly. It was limited as a period (no more than 3 years in one place, followed by moving to another), and the place of service (in no case there is not where the official comes from). The empire paid special attention to the important problem of the training and principles of staff recruitment. In Tansky China, it was done on special exams on the degree in county, provincial and metropolitan centers, under the strict supervision of special commissions sent by the part, and in the closed room and in writing under the motto. For successful delivery The exam was performed well to know the writings of the ancients, first of all the classic Confucian canons, and also be able to creatively interpret the stories from history, to distrast on the topics of philosophical treatises and possess literary taste, to be able to compose poems. All this, of course, in a strictly Confucian spirit, with respect to the relevant mandatory form. Better than others copied with the task (3-5% of the candidates-applicants) were honored with the desired degree and, most importantly, they received the right to pass an exam on the second degree, and the owners of two on the third.

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

This period is also considered the time of the heyday of the Chinese Empire in the field of economics, culture, administration. The number, population and well-being of cities grew. New crafts appeared: the production of porcelain, silk, products from varnish, wood, ivory, etc. It was at this time that the powder and the compass were invented, it became widely spread. Agriculture and Agrotechnology reached great success, crop grain varieties were derived, the cultivation of Indian cotton began.

However, all this was combined with the onslaught of northern nomadic tribes (chuck, Tanguts) and the small attempts of the Soon Empire to reflect this Natisk. China was forced to pay a humiliating tribute, but it did not help and he lost the territory behind the territory, the city outside the city.

In 1127, Zhugzheni captures the capital of the Song Empire - Kaifyn and captured the imperial family. One of the sons of the Emperor runs to the south, in Hangzhou, which later becomes the capital of the new - South South Empire (1127-1280). The promotion of the Zhurzheney army to the south restrains only the Yangtze River. The border between Jin and the South Sun Empire is installed on the Mezzani of Juanhe and Yangtze.

Against the backdrop of Tan-Sun, the subsequent centuries were already a period if not always decline, then in any case stagnation.

Mongols and Dynasty Yuan (1280-1368)

Conquer the peoples of Southern Siberia, neighboring the Mongolian Stepha, the Army of Genghis-Khan in 1210 began a war with Chuzhseni and in 1215 he was already taken by Beijing. Mongols have left for the conquest of South Susoon China. In 1280, China was entirely under the rule of the Mongols, and great Han. Khubilai became the Chinese emperor of the Mongolian dynasty Yuan (1280-1368).

China's economy after half a century Warred in decline, agriculture and trade were upset. Confucian officials were forced to give out their place to Mongols and people from other areas of Asia. The Chinese were considered the people of the third and fourth grade (after the Mongols themselves and Sam-Zhen, i.e. immigrants from other countries). However, after a few decades, confusion officials began to come to the administration (confusion officials began to function (from 1317, the examination system began to function); The descendants of the first Mongolian rulers who frequently anti-wives in the wives, more and more turned into ordinary Chinese. However, the usual assimilation scenario of the invaders did not take place.

After a series of cataclysms, the most catastrophic of which was a breakthrough of dam on Juanhe in 1334, which took hundreds of thousands of lives. In the country, displeasure to Mongols sharply increased. The uprisings began to flash, whose participants were called "Krasnopovaznosniki". The leader of the rebels Zhu Yuan-Zhang (1328-1398) in the end and took the imperial throne, founding the Ming Dynasty.

China during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Like the previous Emperors of Zhu Yuan-Zhang, the Emperors of Zhu Yuan-Zhang did a lot to strengthen the central authority, starting with agrarian reforms. A fixed taxation was introduced with relatively low taxes, and some categories of yards sometimes were released from taxes, as it happened before. The system of duties was universal, but was implemented alternately.

Successfully driven Mongols from the territory of China, the Minsk Army held several successful military campaigns and in the south, in the Vietnam area. The Chinese fleet, headed by Zheng He, from 1405 to 1433 committed several maritime expeditions to the countries of Southeast Asia, to India and even to the eastern coast of Africa.

By the same period include the establishment of trade relations with neighboring countries. Trade was extremely profitable for ingenians. They represented their products as the "gifts" from the authorities of their country, the Chinese, perceiving them as a manifestation of Dunnic trade with "barbarians", "died", and the volume and value of the imperial awards and complains were to exceed the "tribute" How much the prestige of the Chinese emperor was valued by the Chinese themselves above the prestige of "Danikov rulers".

The MIN dynasty existed for almost three centuries, the last half of this period is in the conditions of a protracted crisis. Over a year and a half of the tightened political struggle in the tops for the necessary country of reform, the process of rupture of peasants has achieved extremely degree. At the head of the next uprising was Tzu-Cheng (1606-1645). In 1644, the troops were taken by Beijing, and he himself, having ended with Min, declared himself an emperor. However, he did not work on the throne.

The history of the ancient China is divided into four periods associated with the Board of a certain dynasty:

• 1) Yin (Shang) - XVI-XI centuries. BC.;
• 2) Zhou - XI-III centuries. BC.;
• 3) Qin - 221-207. BC.;
• 4) Han - 206 BC - 220 AD.

During the fourth period, the process of developing a slave-ownership state begins to feudal.

The formation of the Ancient Chinese state according to the Chinese tradition was associated with the conquest of the Shan Shang Neighboring tribes. The need to hold in the obedience of the conquered population has intensified the process of formation of the state.

The state system of the ancient Chinese state over time was transformed into a classic oriental despoty. The king was a focus of the highest state power, the commander of the army, the highest court, the Supreme Priest, leading its origin from God. Higher positions in the state appointed relatives of the king, and smaller - judges, scribes, tax collectors and others - professional officials.

At the highest level in the social hierarchy there was a king (van). Then the Shan slave-owned aristocracy and priestly came. The next step was occupied by the slave-owned aristocracy of the conquered tribes. Depending on the proximity to the king of the aristocracy possessed titles that were given the right to certain privileges.

The bulk of the population was free communities. In the period of the state, Yin (Shang) community has played a big role. Community land use was organized on the system "well fields". All lands were divided into two categories: "Public" field and "private" fields. The "public" field was processed together with the entire community, the entire harvest was made by the elder of the community and then the king. "Private" fields were individually used by the family, which was also the entire harvest. The whole land was considered as state ownership and was at the disposal of the king. In private property there were slaves, houses, tools of labor.

Slaves could own both individuals and the state. Sources of slavery were: Military capture, selling for debts, appeal to slavery for some crimes, receiving slaves as a date. Slaves were in the position of livestock; They could not have any family nor property.

In the XII century The Yin State (Shang) experienced a deep crisis. At the same time, one of the tribes was strengthened by one of the tribes - Zhou, who was under the control of the state of Shan. In 1027 BC. The Zhou tribes caused the defeat of the troops. On the change of the empire, the state came a state based on Zhou tribes.

The Board of the Zhou dynasty is divided into three periods (the period of Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou and Zhangho ("Fighting Kingdoms")), which consistently replaced each other.

The first rulers of Zhou distributed their relatives and leaders of the friendly tribes of the Ducks into hereditary possession. Total registered about 200 such complaints. The owners of the devals formed a price of hereditary nobility - Zhu Hou. The most noble titles - Gong and Hou - wore the nearest relatives of the ruler. Guna and Hou, in turn, complained to their close relatives of Daifu titles. The lower layer of Zhowa aristocracy was serviced people - Shi - descendants of noble people on the side line.

The supreme power in the state was in the hands of the king (Vana), who was called the son of the sky (Tian Zi). The entire territory of the country was divided into areas led by the rulers appointed by the king. However, essentially these were individual kingdoms. Centralized state apparatus during the entire period Zhou did not exist.

During the kingdom of Zhou, the king was still the Supreme Owner of the Earth, but the ownership of a slave-owned nobility was gradually turned into a private property, which could be alienated, to lease, mortgage. For farmers, a community and community land use continued to maintain their importance. However, during the period of "warring kingdoms", the system of "well fields" occurs and further strengthening individual land tenure.

Over time, the areas of traditional stay of Zhou began to be exposed to more frequent raids of Western tribes, and in 771 BC. The ruler of China Pin Wan was forced to transfer the capital to the East. The period of Eastern Zhou began or, as it is also called, "separated kingdoms" (Chunzu). Once in the land of the specific rulers, Chinese Vanya preserved only the nominal power. Increased fragmentation and rivalry between the lots, which turn into actually independent states. In the central regions, there were relatively small kingdoms based on the closest relatives of the Zhowsky kings. These include the kingdoms Lou, Wei, Zheng, Han, Jin, and others. It was their rulers who were the first to call their own possessions of the middle states. On the re-ferey there were larger and powerful states: in the east, the kingdom of qi, in the west Kingdom of Qin, in the lower reaches and the average course of the Yangtze River Kingdom, Yue and Chu.

From VII century BC. These states entered the fight for the championship, which was originally conducted under the slogan of the restoration of the Government of the Zhouse rulers. The concept of "hegemon" (BA) occurred, the power of which was based on a bare force, unlike the king (Vana), which was affected by the subjects of "strength of virtue." For the first time, the title took in 651. The ruler of the kingdom of Qi Huai-Gui. Later, it was repeatedly transitioned to the rulers of other kingdoms. In 544 BC. The rulers of the lots have concluded a world agreement, which, however, was respected long.

In V c. BC. The country broke up into a variety of independent states, which were led by a fierce struggle.

The formal date separating the era of "separated kingdoms" from the "Fighting Kingdoms" era is considered to be 481 BC. - The year of the end of the oldest Chinese chronicles "Chun Qui". However, for the opposition of two periods there were objective reasons associated with deep changes in China's social and economic life. In many kingdoms, political reforms were carried out, aimed at limiting the privileges of the generic aristocracy and the strengthening of the sole power of the ruler. The main goal These transformations were mobilizing all the forces of the state in the struggle for survival.

In the III century. BC. The winner in this struggle was the king of Qin, which turned into a strong centralized state. Shang Yana's reforms were of particular importance for strengthening the Qin Empire - the sander of the Qin State (died in 338 BC). In order to centralize the state, administrative division was carried out on a territorial basis, the free sale and purchase of land was legalized, taxation was established in accordance with the number of land treated, it was re-equipped and reorganized by the army. In each of the 36 educated areas were scheduled for two ruler, military and civilian, the former aristocracy was put under the strictest control. Wealth and government merits were the criterion of knowledge, old titles were destroyed. Severe laws were introduced for the slightest misdeed. The reforms Shang Yana contributed to the sharp strengthening of the Qin Army and the state as a whole. In 249 BC. The Qin Army defeated the domain of the Zhousky king, putting the end of the Zhowa dynasty. In the following years, the rulers of Qin managed to defeat the rest of the state. By 221 BC The country's union was completed.

The ruler of Qin took the title of Huangi (emperor) and entered the story under the name Qin Shihuandi, i.e. First Emperor Qin.

Having completed the association of China, Qin Shihuandy immediately made a number of symbolic gestures confirming his position of the only lord. He traveled the whole country, setting memorable steles at different strokes, ascended to the sacred mountain of Tishan and made the sacrifice of the sky on her top, began the construction of grandiose palaces in the capital, etc. However, royal innovations, aimed at the unification of the political and public life of the Empire, had much greater importance for the follow-up history of China. Qin Shihuandi abolished previous specific possessions and introduced a unified country management system, dividing China on 36 regions, which, in turn, were divided into the counties. Unified rules have been introduced public service and the criteria for evaluating the service merit of officials, and local officials were charged with the duty almost every day to file his heads about the state of affairs in the suspension; Even the absence of an official in the sick service should have identified documented. Money has been unified, uniform lengths of length and weight, a single writing, even a single axis width for the cart has been introduced. Qin Shihuandi introduced a single name for its subjects - "black-headed". The subject of the empire was forbidden to own weapons, and from the 6 giant statues, which were set in the Cinema capital from the cinestic authorities of Iron Swords, and other weapons. Qin Shihuandi took care of the safety of the external borders of its empire. He conceived the construction of a grand wall along the northern frontiers of China, togeting several million people for work. This wall was supposed to protect China from nomadic Syunnu raids. At the same time, Qin Shihuandi sent troops to the south - to the region of modern provinces Guangdong and Fujian. There were built fortresses and new areas were established, the first Chinese population of which was referred to as references.

Qin Shihuandi took decisive measures to ensure ideological uniformity. He forbade his subjects to reading any books with the exception of those that could bring practical benefits (the latter were attributed to the management on agriculture, crafts, medicine, fortunate). In 213 BC The famous "burning books" took place, followed by the execution of more than 400 scientists, suspected in disloyal regime.

However, the rapid grandiose construction work turned out to be an exorbitant heavy burden for the treasury, and the adopted administrative control measures are far from such effective as Qin Shihuandi counted. As soon as he died and was buried in his grand tomb, as unrest began throughout the empire, quickly grew into armed rebellion. The authority of the successor Qin Shihuandi - Erishawandi ("The second emperor") was clearly insufficient to ensure that the Cine Army could hold back the wave of popular perturbation. Acute social contradictions and folk uprisings led to the elimination of the Qin monarchy. In 209 BC On the lands of the former kingdom of Chu flared up a powerful uprising. Three years later, one of the rebel armies, headed by a rural old-fashioned Liu Bana, caused a decisive defeat by the Qin Troops. Erishawandi was killed by His courtiers, and Liu Ban, taking the capital of the empire, became the founder of the Hairy dynasty. Soon he managed to spread his power to all China.

Liu Ban did not restore the Qin management system. He complained to the seven of his closest companions of the title of Van, and later distributed hereditary diets to another 130 comrades. However, all hereditary possessions were in the eastern and southern regions of the empire, whereas in the western part of the areas and counties established by Qin Shihuandi are preserved. The order headed by Liu Bana was preserved for about half a century after his death, when the throne occupied his son and grandson. Embeding to the throne in 140 BC Liu Bana Emperor U-di has taken decisive measures to strengthen the central government. Now the goet was supposed to share between all the heirs of his owner. At the same time, the U-di restored the authority of inspectors that controlled the local administration existed in Qin. The rulers of the areas from now on charged to the duty to recommend for the service of capable young people, and a special academy was created in the capital to prepare future officials. The main government department was the Secretariat of the Emperor.

The kings of the new dynasty were undertaken repeated attempts to weaken the severity of social contradictions. At the end of the i century. BC. Emperor U-Di introduced restrictions on the size of land possessions and the number of slaves owned. No one could have more than 138 hectares of land and 200 slaves.

After the death of U-di on the Han Prestrol, the minor rulers were. At the court, Favoritism flourished, the authorities often fell into the hands of temporarys from among the relatives of the Empress or servants of the Imperial Harem. At the same time, the wide masses of the peasantry - the constant support of the throne - ruined and replenished the ranks of the vagrants or bathers in the farms of major landowners.

The weakening of the Han House led to the change of power. The relative of the Empress Van Manman in 8 g., Becoming "Yes Si Ma" - Han's Higher Sannis, captured power as a result of a coup. In 9, AD He proclaimed himself with the emperor of a new blue dynasty. Having come to power in the conditions of the growing struggle of the masses against major landowners, Van Mans conducted a number of reforms.

Wangman found his public ideal in the descriptions of the Rannezhou. He forbade buying and selling the land, which was declared royal, restored the community land tenure system. Each family was allocated arable one. The sale of slaves was banned, but at the same time the number of state slaves increased. The state regulation of market prices and interest on loans was introduced, monetary reform was carried out and new taxes were introduced. There was a state monopoly on a coin chasing, mountain and river crafts. Van Man sought to focus in the hands of the state all sources of income and create a strong bureaucratic empire. The office of government officials was increased, the appointment of a position was practiced on an examination basis.

However, to prevent the crisis of the slave-ownership state, all these reforms, of course, could not. In 12, under pressure from rich landowners, a ban on the sale and sale of land and slaves was canceled. At the same time, drought and floods, which happened to a rare constancy for several years in a row, caused hunger in the central regions, followed by armed meters. The most fame received the rebel detachments from Shendong, whose members were called "redobrov", as they smeared the face with red paint, to resemble the demons to their appearance. Their leader issued himself for the sibling of the Han dynasty. In 23, "Krasnobrov" managed to take the imperial capital. Van Mai died in his palace.

However, the victory went to the descendant of the notable branch of the Han House of Liu, who in 25 g. Proclaimed the restoration of the Han dynasty. Since Liua chose Loyang his capital, his dynasty was named East, or late Han.

The history of the Nostdhankian dynasty largely resembles the history of its predecessor. At first, the central authorities restored control over the entire territory of the country, although calm in the empire was purchased by the cost of compromise between the administration and the local elite. Over time, the growth of large land ownership and the ruin of the peasantry pushed the state. The politically decline of the dynasty, as in the Epoch of Early Han, was expressed in the elevation of the imperial favorites from among the relatives of the Empress and Palace Enunov, which led to the exacerbation of the struggle between these temporars and regular officials. The social base of power was steadily narrowed, and at the same time tax revenues were reduced in treasury.

In 184, an uprising broke out, known as the uprising of yellow bandages, immediately swept the majority of the central regions of the Empire. The performance of yellow bandages was suppressed by government troops and squadrons of provincial magnates, but the Han Yard finally lost control over the country. In 189, the Palace Guard learned the beating of Enuns of the Imperial Harem, and then the troops came from the border of General Dong Zho completely plundered the capital. Hanskaya Power actually ceased to exist. True, formally, the power of the Han Emperor was held for another 30 years, while applicants for the throne found out the relationship between themselves. Almost all this time, the Han Emperor was in the rate of commander Cao Cao, who deftly took advantage of the authority of the Han House in order to strengthen in the central regions of the former empire. In 220, Cao Pi, the eldest son Cao Cao, forced the Han Emperor to renounce his title and proclaimed the welling of the Wei dynasty.

Cao Pi, who overthrew the last Han sovereign, failed to become the ruler of all of China. The commander Liu Bay, who settled in Sichuan, declared himself the emperor of the Han dynasty (in history, his kingdom is called Shu or Shu-Han). In November 222, EXAMPUT Liu Bei Last Sun Quan, proclaimed the creation of the kingdom of y in the areas of the lower and middle course of the Yangtze.

The kingdom of Wei was the strongest among new states. The basis of his power was the system of military settlements, which consisted of about 80% of the consolidated population. At the same time, a new system of selection and qualifications of officials was introduced. From now on, all civil servants in accordance with their "merits, virtues, talents and behavior" were divided into nine ranks. In the areas established special positions of Zhongzhenov ("impartial and direct") who made the selection of candidates for the service. The latter was assigned the "rustic" category that determined their personal abilities. The "Rustic" category institute has secured the dominance of the local elite, very quickly ensuring the right to possession higher second category.

Cao not long remained the owners in their state. In the 40s The key posts in the army moved to the family of the Sum, and soon the successors of Cao Cao were divided by the fate of the Han Dynasty: in 265. The last Way ruler "lost the throne" Suma Janany, who founded the Jin dynasty. By this time, Yan's Sum was already subordinate to the kingdom of Shu-Han, and in 280 Palo and the South-China Kingdom of W. China was again united under the rule of the Jin dynasty. However, the triumph of the house of the Sum turned out to be short. At the end of 311, internecake broke out inside the reign clan, which led to nomadic tribes, which have long been inhabited by the Northern and Western borders of the Empire. In 308, the leader Syunnu Liu Yuan proclaimed himself by the emperor, and three years later, the cavalry of nomads seized and looted the Jin capital of Loyang. This event can be considered the end of the era of the ancient empires.

Features of the Chinese civilization.

1. Geographic closure of China. In the north, China is limited to the deserts of Gobi and Siberian forests, in the East - the Pacific Ocean, in the south - tropical jungle, in the West - Himalayas. At the level of agrarian society, these obstacles are difficult to prejurate, so in China there were practically no intrusions from the outside, and, moreover, overnourishment (excess labor resources) constantly arises.

2. Stability. The gradual development of society, without shocks, revolutions.

3. The basis of the economy is agriculture. The main industry is highly intense agriculture based on the general-day irrigation system. Cattle breeding was not developed due to the lack of pasture lands and because of the use of people as a major force. An excess of working hands contributed to the development of the craft.

4. Cyclic political Development. The whole history of China is moving in stages:

Stage 1 - seizure of power during a whole period of civil wars. At this time, a significant part of the population dies and an excess of Earth appears and high level life, social stability. This emperor confirmed the presence of the "Sky Mandate", i.e. The right to power in the country.

Stage 2 - the population is growing, the earth is missing, the peasants go to the city, appear beggars, peasant uprisings, i.e. Social instability appears. This testifies that the emperor has exhausted "the mandate of the sky."

3 Stage - the overthrow of the old dynasty, the establishment of a new one.

One cycle is about 300-500 years.

5. The peculiarity of the social structure of China is that the city and rural counties do not differ from each other and carry the same duties in front of the state. The entire population is divided into 2 groups: 1) a full estate - peasants, artisans, merchants, ruling classes; 2) Opt pervasia - people of new professions, they do not have freedom of movement and cannot take exams to become an official.

6. China Management System. In China, there will be no police nor the army before the 19th century, the entire country was ruled by 1% of the population - officials (Shenshi). To become Schansha, it was necessary to pass exams for knowledge of philosophical literature, mathematics, etc. There were 9 Shenshi discharges: the first three were obtained in the county, the following three in the provinces, and the last three in the capital. State Schendi was engaged in the policies and government management. They carried the service outside the native province, and every 3 years the place of service changed to prevent corruption. Shenshi, who do not have public posts, were engaged in the economy in their homeland, they led everyone, were teachers, doctors.

7. Hard submission to traditions and observance of the ritual.

Periodization of Chinese history.

Stage 1: 2 Millennium BC. - decomposition of primitive building and the emergence of the oldest states (Song-Yin, Western Zhou). Cities had proper geometric layout. In the Shan Initian period - the first written signs arise.

2 stage: 8-3 centuries. BC. - Ancient China. East Zhou.

At this time, the first philosophical schools and the first collections of poems appear. Confucianism is born.

3 stages: 221-207 BC BC. Empire Qin. There was the first association of China at the Qin dynasty. A rigid administrative structure was created. The construction of the Great Wall of China begins.

4 Stage: 2nd. BC. AD Empire Han. From the 1st century AD. called Eastern Han. Confuciation applies, palaces are built, the first history of China is written, paper and other "great" inventions are invented.

5 stage: 3 - 6 centuries. AD Political decay. The strongest state is North Wei (4-6 centuries) with the capital in Luoyang. Buddhism is distributed.

6 stage: Con. 6 - beginning 7 centuries. Empire Sui (Combining China). The Great Chinese Channel, connected by Yangtze and Juanhe (more than 1000 km).

7 stage: 7 - NEW.10 centuries. Empire Tang. The Schunshi system introduced, a single set of laws was compiled. China leads intensive trade with Arab Caliphate, Central Asia, India. Invented typography.

8 stages: Ser.10 - Kon. 13 centuries. Empire Song. She was won by grandson of Genghis Khabilam, who founded the Mongolian dynasty yuan.

9 Stage: Kon.13 - Ser.14 centuries. Dynasty yuan. Mongols have mastered Chinese and writing, perceived the control system. But more active than the Chinese participated in international trading relations.

10 Stage: KON.14 - Ser.17 centuries. Dynasty min. Beijing became the capital. Craft develops. Europeans appear in China, create a concession in Macau. Penetration into the first missionaries - Jesuit.

11 Stage: 1644-1911 Manchurian Qing Dynasty. The active penetration of Europeans, so in 1757 all ports for foreign merchants were closed (it lasted until the mid-19th century). China was cut off from the outside world, so there is a conservation of the economic and social system, deterioration and delay in development.

Mythology.

Allocate:

1. Cosmogonic myths, according to which everything arose from two particles: Yang (male spirit, positive, light, controls the sky) and Yin (female spirit, cold, negative, manages the earth). Later it was the idea that a person was created by the goddess of Nyu-Wa from clay and dry grass. Subsequently, the myth arose that the Universe occurred from Pan-Gui first.

2. Myths about natural disasters and heroes who saved people from them. Mostly it is flooding and drought.

The ideas about the past world reflected the order existed on Earth. All power in the sky belonged to the Supreme Divine Di. The nearest environment di is the deceased ancestors of the emperor (Emperor - Wang or Juandi). They fulfill instructions di and give him the request of Wan. Therefore, bringing victims to your ancestors, Wang could easily die them, and at the same time and enlist the support of the Supreme Divine. The function of the Vana, like the Supreme Priest, communication with its ancestors, which are intermediaries between the world of people and the world of the gods.

Gradually occurs the separation of the world of ancestors from the world of gods. As a result, two cults appear: the cult of ancestors, the cult of the Supreme Divine. At the same time, the cult of the Supreme Divine is transformed and di turns into the sky.

3. The right of ancient China

1. The agricultural tribes lived on the extensive territory between Rembamiuanghe and Yangtze.

In the history of the ancient China, four periods can be distinguished, each of which is associated with the reign of a certain dynasty:

The kingdom is Shan (Yin) - from the XVIII century. BC. until the XII century BC.;

In the history of the ancient China, you can highlight four periods, each of

which are associated with the reign of a certain dynasty:

The kingdom is Shan (Yin) - from the XVIII century. BC e. until the XII century BC e.;

Kingdom Zhou - from the XII century. BC e. until 221 BC;

The kingdom of Qin - from 221 BC. e. until 207 BC e.;

Kingdom Han - from 206 BC. e. Until 220 g. e.

The process of the transition from the primitive community building to a class society in China was activated by numerous wars and the conquest of one people to others. Since the organs of the primitive-free system were not adapted to manage the conquered people, a special state apparatus was created.

2. A characteristic feature of the development of the ancient Chinese society was the presence of two practically unchanged social institutions in it for centuries:

1) Traditional peasant communitywhich on the one hand supported his relatives, and on the other hand, the thoughts and actions were hardly controlled;

2) Developed bureaucratic apparatuswho was expressed in the existence of a system of complex social ranks.

The bureaucratic control system was improved by the dynasties with each other.

The society and state of the ancient China were slave-owned. Slaves were in possession of both private individuals and the state.

The dominant class was made up more priestly, secular aristocracy and aristocracy of subordinate tribes. Most of the population was free communities.

Slaves Could not have any family nor property.

The main sources of slavery were:

Capture prisoners in war;

Sale of slavery for debts;

Appeal to slavery for some crimes;

Getting slaves from subordinate tribes as a date.

Land It was considered state property and was at the disposal of the kings. All lands were divided into two categories:

public fieldwhich was treated together with the whole community. The whole harvest came the elder of the community and eventually sent to the king;

private fieldswho were individually used by the family, however, the property of their holders. In private property there were slaves, houses, tools of labor.

In the middle of the 4th century BC. The reform of the sander of Juna, who led the sale and purchase of land was carried out.

Also, this reform introduced a new territorial division of the country - on the counties. The reform existed a pie handpiece. Every five peasant families were the initial cell - a five-line, headed with an old-age. Five-five dudors made up the "village", five "villages" - clan, etc. - Up to counties and regions.

In 9, AD Van Mana reforms - tried to ban the sale of land, but did not work.

The social structure of ancient China was not closed, there was an opportunity to navigate from the lower society to large administrative posts.

At the head of state stood the king van ("Son of the sky")

The king possessed the highest legislative and judicial authority, commanded the troops, was the Supreme Priest, leading his pedigree from God. The throne was inherited if the circumstances did not interfere.

Vanu was subordinate to the highest officials (Dafa), and those, in turn, had their subordinates.

One of the most famous rulers of ancient China was Qin Shi-Huangi (259-210 BC), First Emperor Qin Dynasty. He centralized the management of the state.

China was the only state of the ancient world, where attempts were made to weaken the meaning of knowing, in particular, to liberate the state apparatus from its influence the appointment to the state position required certain knowledge from the applicant. They had to ask competitive exams.

3. Sources of law: Customs, written laws, ruler orders.

The ancient Chinese law has experienced a powerful influence of two opposing teachings: confucian religion and ideology of legists. Confucius adherents considered the main regulator of the behavior of people is not the law, but the norms of morality. Lochists (finals - Shanan Yang, etc.) insisted that the life of the Vana subjects should be ordered with the help of social laws that express the interests of state power. During the reign of the Han dynasty, confusion and legigrants occurred, which was reflected in the new concepts of the unity of morality and lawwho complement each other.

Numerous legal collections appear in the Han Epoch, which contained articles on the right of ownership, marriage-family relations, criminal law and process.

In this way, the most important feature of the Ancient Chinese Society was the presence of a traditional peasant community and a developed bureaucratic apparatus. In ancient China, the ruling dynasties were cyclically, which improved the bureaucratic system of the preceding dynasty, without breaking it completely. The ancient Chinese law has experienced a powerful influence of two opposing teachings: confucian religion and ideology of legists.

State and the right of ancient Greece. Ancient Sparta

Ancient China is the most ancient culture that practically without changing the lifestyle to the present day. The wise Chinese rulers were able to spend the Great Empire through the millennium. Let's briefly consider everything in order.

Ancient people probably reached East Asia between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago. Currently, pieces of clay dishes, ceramics were discovered in the Chinese-collector hunter cave, the approximate age of the cave is 18 thousand years old, this is the oldest ceramics ever found.

Historians believe that agriculture appeared in China about 7,000 years before our era. The first harvest was a grain called millet. Rice began to grow, too, at about this time and, perhaps, appeared a little earlier than millet. Since agriculture has become more food, the population has increased, it also allowed people to do other works other than the constant search for food.

Most historians agree that the Chinese civilization has formed in about 2000 BC around the Yellow River. China has become a house for one of four early civilizations. China is different from other civilizations, the culture that has developed, remained to this day, of course, changes have occurred for thousands of years, but the essence of the culture remained.

Other three civilizations disappeared or were completely absorbed and assimilated with new people. For this reason, people say that China is the oldest civilization in the world. In China, families who controlled the land became the leaders of family governments called dynasties.

China dynasty

The history of China since ancient times before the last century shared on various dynasties.

Dynasty Xia

Xia dynasty (2000 BC - 1600 BC) was the first dynasty in China's history. Its period lasted about 500 years and included the kingdom of 17 emperors - the emperor is the same as the king. Sia people were farmers, possessed bronze weapons and clay dishes.

Silk is one of the most important products that China ever created. Most historians agree that the Sia dynasty produced silk clothes, while silk production may have begun much earlier.

Silk is produced by mining from silk insect cocoons. Each cocoon gives one silk thread.

Not all historians agree that Sia was a real dynasty. Some believe that the story is just a mythical story, because some points do not correspond to the archaeological discoveries.

Shan Dynasty

Shan dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC) was originally a clan living along the yellow river during the Sia dynasty. The clan is a group of very close families, which are often considered as one big family. Shan won the earth and gained control over Chinese civilization. Shan dynasty lasted more than 600 years and was headed by 30 different emperors.

Shan was the oldest Chinese civilization, who left after himself written records, which were applied on the shells of the turtles, cattle bones or other bones.

The bones were often used to determine what nature wants or nature. If the emperor had to know the future, let's say which "the king will have a son" or "to start war", the assistants cut out questions on the bones, then heated them to cracks. The lines of cracks told the desires of the gods.

At the time of the dynasty, the Shang, people worshiped many gods, probably like the Greeks in antiquity. Also worship the ancestors was very important because they believed that their family members become god-like after death.

It is important to understand that other smaller Chinese families also existed in different parts China at the same time as Shan, but Shan, apparently, was the most advanced, as they left behind a lot of writing. In the end, Shan was defeated by the Zhou clan.

Zhou Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-256 BC) existed longer than any other dynasty in China's history. Due to the split in the dynasty over time, Zhou was divided into parts called West Zhou and East Zhou.

Zhou fought with invading armies from the north (Mongols), they built large mounds from dirt and stone as barriers that slowed the enemy - it was a sample of the Great Wall. Crown was another invention of this time - it was extremely effective.

During Zhou, the Iron Institute of China began. The weapon with the iron tip was much stronger, and the iron plow helped to increase the production of food.

All agricultural land belonged to nobles (rich). The nobles allowed the peasants to handle land, like a feudal system, which developed in Europe in the Middle Ages.

The appearance of China's philosophy

At the time of the Zhou dynasty, two most important Chinese philosophies were developed: Taoism and Confucianism. The Great Chinese Philosopher Confucius has developed a lifestyle called Confucianism. Confucianism says that all people can be trained and improving if you find an approach.

Major postulates: People must focus on helping others; The family is the most important value; Elders of society are the most revered. Confucianism is still important today, but it has not been widespread in China before the period of the Khan dynasty.

The founder of Taoism was Laosie. Taoism is all that follows "Dao", which means "path". Tao is the driving force of all things in the universe. Yin Yan symbol is usually associated with Taoism. Taoists believe that you should live in harmony with nature, to be humble, live just without unnecessary things and compassion everything.

These philosophies differ from religions, because they have no gods, although the idea of \u200b\u200bancestors and nature is often considered as gods. The power of the emperor was also associated with religious beliefs. Zhou spoke about the mandate of heaven as a law, which allowed Chinese emperors to rule, - he said that the ruler was blessed with heaven to manage the people. If he lost the blessing of heaven, it should be removed.

Things that have proven that the ruling family has lost the mandate of heaven, were natural disasters and rebellion.

K 475 BC The provinces of the Kingdom of Zhou were more powerful than the central government of Zhou. The provinces rebelled and fought with each other for 200 years. This period is called the period of warring kingdoms. In the end, one family (Qin) merged all the others in one empire. It is during this period that imperial China's concept appears.

Qin Dynasty

From 221 BC e. Until 206 BC e. Qin dynasty received control over civilized China. The Board of Qin las long, but had an important impact on China's future. Qin expanded their territory and created the first empire of China. The cruel leader Qin Shi Juan declared himself the first true emperor of China. This dynasty has created a currency standard (money), the standard of wheel axis size (to make all the same size roads) and uniform laws used in the entire empire.

Qin also standardized various writing systems into one system, which is used today in China. Qin Shi Juan imposed the philosophy of "Legalism", which focuses on people who follow the laws and receive instructions from the government.

Mongolian invasions from the north were constant problem in China. The Government of Qin ordered the walls built earlier to be combined. This is considered to be the beginning of the creation of the Great Wall. Each dynasty built a new wall or improved the wall of the previous dynasty. Most of the walls of the Qin period today are destroyed or replaced. The wall that exists today was built by a later dynasty called Min.

For the emperor, an amazing tomb was made, more than a football field. It is still sealed, but the legend says that inside it there is a mercury river. Outside the tomb there is an army of clay in a natural value, found in 1974.

In the terracotta army, more than 8,000 unique soldiers, more than 600 horses, 130 chariots, as well as acrobats and musicians are all made of clay.

Although the Qin rule rule is short, its standardization of Chinese life has left a deep influence on the later dynasty in China. It is from the period of this dynasty we got the name "China". The first emperor of this dynasty died in 210 BC. e. He came to replace a weak and little son. As a result, the uprising began, and the member of the Qin army took control of the empire, which began a new dynasty.

Han Dynasty

The Han dynasty began in 206 to our era and lasted 400 years to 220 AD. And it is considered one of the greatest periods in the history of China. Like the Zhou dynasty, the Han dynasty is divided into West Han and East Han. Chang culture today defines Chinese culture. In fact, most Chinese citizens today declare "Han" as ethnic origin. The government made Confucianism by the official system of the empire.

During this time, the empire grew strongly, won the Earth in modern Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam, and even in Central Asia. The empire has grown so much that the emperor took a larger government to manage it. At this time, many things were invented, including paper, steel, compass and porcelain.

Porcelain is a very hard type of ceramics. Porcelain is made of special clay, which heats up until it is melted and does not turn into almost the glass. Porcelain dishes, cups and bowls are often called "Chinese", because several hundred years ago, the whole porcelain was produced in China.

The Han Dynasty was also known for his military power. The Empire expanded to the west to the edge of the Takla Makan desert, which allowed the government to protect trade flows in Central Asia.

The pathways of the caravans are often called the "Silk Road", because this route was used to export Chinese silk. The Han Dynasty also expanded and strengthened the Great Wall of China to protect the Silk Road. Another important product of the Silk Road was the Religion of Buddhism, which reached China during this period.

Chinese dynasties will continue to rule in China to the Middle Ages. China has retained his uniqueness, because the time of the centuries they honor their culture.

Interesting facts about ancient China