Social Institute - a historically established form of organizing the joint activities of people, based on a set of norms and statuses, regulating their interaction and satisfying fundamental human needs.

In accordance with the fundamental needs of society (reproduction of the species, security and order, livelihood, acquisition of knowledge, socialization, spiritual needs) There are five main institutions of society:

1. family institution

2. state

3. production

4. spiritual institutions (religion, science, morality)

5. education.

Institutes are needed for:

    unification of large masses of people engaged in a certain type of activity;

    consolidating specific types and forms of interaction;

    regulatory regulation of these types of activities, standardization of the behavior of its participants;

    formation of a system of institutions endowed with material resources for this activity;

    personality socialization

1.10. The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture. The spiritual sphere of social life

The spiritual sphere of social life - a sphere covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, manifested in spiritual production to satisfy spiritual needs and create spiritual values.

The life of society in the spiritual sphere consists of the following elements: (elements of spiritual life)

1. morality - a set of rules of behavior derived from people’s ideas about justice and injustice, good and evil.

2. religion - a system of beliefs in the supernatural, ritual actions, traditions, religious institutions.

3. art - creative activity of people aimed at conveying objective reality through subjective experiences with the help of artistic images.

4. the science - a system of substantiated knowledge, expressed in an abstract-logical form, in the form of a theory.

5. right - a system of formal, generally binding norms established or sanctioned by the state, guaranteed by its coercive force.

6. ideology - a set of ideas that explains socio-political reality and shapes attitudes towards it, used by the political elite to influence mass consciousness for their own purposes.

7. philosophy - a discipline that studies the most general problems of the structure of the surrounding world, society and man.

The process of spiritual life itself has the following structure (structure of spiritual life):

1. Spiritual needs. Spiritual needs are the needs for the creation and development of spiritual goods.

Peculiarities:

1) spiritual needs are not given biologically, but manifest themselves and develop in the process of socialization;

2) spiritual needs are not exhausted as they are satisfied, but increase and become more complex;

3) spiritual needs serve as an indicator of personal development: the more spiritual needs a person has and the more complex they are, the more developed his personality

2. Spiritual production. Spiritual production is the production of social consciousness, the result of which is:

1) ideas, theories, images and other spiritual values;

2) spiritual social connections of individuals;

3) the person’s personality.

3. Spiritual values (blata). Spiritual values ​​are benefits that manifest themselves only through the consciousness of people and are aimed at satisfying spiritual needs.

Peculiarities:

1) spiritual goods are relative, they depend on culture and era 2) spiritual goods are inexhaustible, they do not decrease as they are consumed, but, on the contrary, develop.

Culture:

    the word comes from a Latin verb meaning "to cultivate the soil";

    in a broad sense, it is a set of forms and results of human activity, enshrined in social practice;

    in a narrow sense, these are branches of creative activity related to art.

Forms of culture: material and spiritual.

Material culture - a set of cultural objects that exist in sensory-objective reality, intended to satisfy material needs.

Spiritual culture - a set of cultural objects that exist through the consciousness of people, intended to satisfy spiritual needs.

Varieties of culture.

The concept of a social institution in the spiritual sphere

The spiritual sphere of society's life includes:

  • spiritual production (creation of spiritual ideas and values);
  • spiritual reproduction;
  • distribution of spiritual ideas and values;
  • consumption of spiritual ideas and values.

Spiritual production constitutes the “core” of every spiritual social institution:

  • Institute of Science;
  • Institute of Religion;
  • Institute of Culture and Art, etc.

Note 1

Spiritual production from a sociological point of view is considered as the institutionalized spiritual activity of certain groups of people (artists, scientists, church leaders, etc.).

Functions of spiritual production:

  1. Social integrative function. Inclusion of individuals and groups of people in the system of spiritual and social connections and relationships.
  2. Production of new ideas, knowledge, technologies of spiritual creativity. Creating optimal conditions for creative activity.
  3. Production of public opinion. Considers ways to actively shape public opinion in the direction necessary for certain structures.

Spiritual production is closely related to institutional forms, since only in them spiritual activity acquires a normatively expressed and organized character.

Under certain conditions, the institutionalization of spiritual activity is a means social control or isolating the influence of free spiritual production.

Institute of Science

Definition 1

Sociology of science considers science as a social institution, studies the mechanisms of its inclusion in the system of interaction public structures, place in society, activity scientific communities and their integration into various types and forms of material and spiritual production.

For the full and normal functioning of an institute of science, the following mandatory principles are necessary (R. Merton):

  1. Universalism - the truth and objectivism of knowledge do not depend on the method of obtaining it.
  2. Universality, or communalism - scientific knowledge should be publicly available.
  3. Selflessness - cannot be used scientific knowledge for the sake of personal interests.
  4. Organized skepticism – critical evaluation of results is required scientific work scientific community.

Aspects of studying science as a social institution:

  • intra-institutional aspect: forms and spheres are considered scientific activity, institutions and organizations for the functioning of scientific communities and teams, the regulatory framework of scientific activity, social approaches to the work of scientists (including value preferences and orientations, types of social behavior);
  • external institutional aspect: considers the place of the institute of science in society, its interaction with other social institutions.

Consideration of science as a social institution provides for its characteristics:

  • social roles;
  • social functions;
  • social control.

Functions of the Institute of Science:

  • production and generation of scientific knowledge;
  • creative-practical function;
  • interaction with production and management institutions;
  • communicative;
  • cultural and ideological.

Institute of Religion

Levels of study of the Institute of Religion:

  1. Value-normative. It is a set of beliefs, prescriptions, symbols regarding sacred objects and phenomena.
  2. Behavioral – worship, behavior of believers.

Tasks of the sociology of religion:

  1. Study religion as a social institution, its place in society.
  2. Explore religion in an unbiased and objective manner.
  3. When considering the relationship between the institution of religion and other spiritual institutions, we must abandon their opposition.
  4. Analyze social behavior included in the sphere of activity of the Institute of Religion of other social communities.

Functions of the Institute of Religion:

  • integrative, promotes the unity of large groups of people around certain religious symbols, rituals, values, etc.;
  • normative, religion has its own system of standards and norms of behavior, bringing them into line with those existing in society;
  • communicative.

It implies a certain historically established form of organization of human joint life activity, which arises as a consequence of the need to satisfy the needs of society. Institutions are aimed at implementing various communicative functions and are characterized by their ability to determine people’s behavior with the help of established

rules (public opinion), taboos (prohibitions) and so on. Actually, this term in various contexts can have four main meanings:

  • a group of people personifying an institution;
  • an organization designed to perform specific functions;
  • some through which meaning is given to relationships in society;
  • a set of institutions;
  • groups of people concentrated in one area of ​​life.

The structure of social institutions contains the following elements:

Modern sociologists, as a rule, identify four main specific spheres of social life. It is in them that relationships and institutions are formed.

Economic social institutions: examples and essence

Public social institutions: examples and essence

This refers directly to relationships within society between different age, gender, national and other types
in groups. This also includes categories associated with social regulations and taboos. For example, family, upbringing, friendship, social movements, etc.

Political social institutions: examples and essence

Actually, this is all that covers the corresponding sphere of life. That is, relations in the state system - civil society. The institutions presented here are legal and judicial system, government and parliament, civil rights and political parties, the army and legal institutions.

Spiritual social institutions: examples and essence

This is the domain of culture and intangible science, education, religion, art and so on.

Orthodox St. Tikhon's Humanitarian University is non-state educational institution higher vocational education, implementing educational programs of professional higher and postgraduate, pre-university and additional professional education, performing fundamental and applied Scientific research across a wide range of sciences, educational areas and specialties.

The university was founded by the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) represented by His Holiness Patriarch Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II and the Holy Synod of Russia Orthodox Church in 1992 as the Orthodox St. Tikhon's Theological Institute.

Full-time education is free (upon receiving your first higher education)

The university accepts citizens for training in full-time based on contracts without paying tuition fees, part-time and part-time correspondence forms on the basis of contracts with payment of the cost of training by legal entities and (or) individuals.

PSTGU became the first secular university in the history of Russia, where a lay person can receive a complete higher theological education. According to His Holiness Patriarch Kirill, “St. Tikhon’s University opens the opportunity for people, regardless of their social status and gender, to receive a theological education and become useful to the Church.”

The basis of education in all faculties is the principle of basic fundamental university education, based on in-depth study national history, philosophy and foreign languages. (17 modern and ancient foreign languages ​​are taught at PSTGU).

Master's degree

After completing a four-year bachelor's degree, the student has the opportunity to continue studying to obtain a master's degree. The master's program operates in 9 areas:

  • Theology,
  • Religious Studies,
  • Story,
  • Philology,
  • Teacher Education,
  • Economy,
  • Art history,
  • Decorative and applied arts and folk crafts,
  • Conducting.

Second degree

PSTGU provides the opportunity to receive a theological education for people who already have a higher secular education. Among our graduates is the Minister of Justice of the Russian Federation A.V. Konovalov; Director of the Department of Interethnic Relations of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation A.V. Zhuravsky; Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Director of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.K. Zhirov and others.

Areas of training:

The University has 10 faculties:

Faculty of Theology– directions (bachelor’s degree) “Philology”, “Philosophy”, directions (bachelor’s and master’s degree) “Theology” and “Religious studies”..

Missionary Faculty– directions (bachelor’s degree) “Religious Studies”, “Cultural Studies”, “Tourism”, “Social Work”.

Faculty of Education– direction (bachelor’s and master’s degrees) “Pedagogical education (primary education).”

Faculty of Philology- direction (bachelor's and master's degrees) “Philology” (domestic and foreign philology).

History department– direction (bachelor’s and master’s degrees) “History”.

Faculty of Church Arts– specialty “Painting” (departments of restoration, icon painting, monumental art); directions (bachelor's and master's degrees) “History of Art”, “Decorative and Applied Arts and Folk Crafts.

Faculty of Church Singing– specialty “Artistic direction of opera and symphony orchestra and academic choir”, direction (bachelor’s degree) “Conducting”;

Department of Secondary Vocational Education- Choral school - specialty "Choral conducting".

Social Sciences– direction (bachelor’s and master’s degrees) “Economics”, “Sociology”.

Faculty of Informatics and applied mathematics– direction (bachelor’s degree) “Mathematical support and administration of information systems.”

Faculty Additional education - programs professional retraining, advanced training programs, short-term distance learning courses in theology and the fundamentals of Orthodox theology and culture.

Department of Pre-University Training carries out training of applicants in all areas of the University.

Students of all faculties receive basic theological education. The list of theological disciplines and their content correspond to the programs adopted in higher spiritual educational institutions Russian Orthodox Church.

Postgraduate studies and a dissertation Academic Council have been opened for the defense of theological and church historical dissertations for the degrees of candidate, master, doctor of theology, doctor of church history.

Lectures and seminars are held in the University buildings at the following addresses: st. Novokuznetskaya, 23 B; st. Ilovaiskaya, 9; 1st Novokuznetsky lane, 4; st. Bakhrushina, 8, etc. The university has 6 icon painting workshops, 2 mosaic and fresco workshops, 3 church sewing workshops, 1 icon restoration workshop.

International activity

PSTGU carries out extensive international cooperation. The geography of international contacts of the university includes countries of Eastern, Western and Northern Europe, Asia, Middle East, North America and Australia. The university has a number of joint scientific and educational programs with such foreign universities as the Orthodox St. Sergius Theological Institute (Paris, France), St. Vladimir Theological Academy (USA), University. Humboldt (Berlin, Germany), University of Friborg (Switzerland), Catholic University of Milan (Italy), Catholic University of Paris (France), Institute of Eastern Christian Studies (Nijmengen, Holland), Patriarchal University. Andrew the First-Called (Georgia).

The most successful PSTGU students undergo additional training, internships and internships in foreign countries. training centers. University teachers travel to give lectures and conduct academic and scientific work in foreign educational and scientific institutions. Foreign experts give lectures to our students.

student life

In 2010, the consecration of the student campus took place at 9 Ilovaiskaya Street (Maryino metro station, Bratislavskaya). It includes a dormitory, academic building, refectory, library and chapel.

In their free time from classes, our students lead an active student life. From the first year, everyone participates in liturgical life, organized by faculties. The faculties host festive performances, concerts, meetings with famous hierarchs, learned theologians, etc. The university's futsal team successfully takes part in various competitions.

We are waiting for you at the Orthodox St. Tikhon's Humanitarian University!

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RF

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "ORENBURG STATE"

AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY"

Institute of Management

Department of State and Municipal Administration

Course work

in the discipline "Management of Public Relations"

on the topic of: " Social institutions spiritual sphere and their role in the life of society"

Completed by: student of group 51 Tuchkova E.V.

Checked by: teacher Bobrova E.P.

Orenburg - 2010

Introduction

Chapter 1. The concept of an institution in the spiritual sphere

1.1 Spiritual production as the basis of social institutions of the spiritual sphere

1.2 Functions of spiritual production

Chapter 2. Concepts, functions and prerequisites for the emergence of social institutions of the spiritual sphere

2.1 Institute of Science

2.2 Institute of religion

2.3 Institute of Culture

Chapter 3. The role of social institutions of the spiritual sphere and their condition in the development of modern society

3.1 The role of the institute of science in the life of society

3.2 The role of the institution of religion in the life of society

3.3 The role of the cultural institution in the life of society

3.4 Social institutions of the spiritual sphere in the development of modern society

Conclusion

List of sources used


Introduction

The transformations carried out in our country are gradually increasing the value of public relations management, since it is this area of ​​activity that increases social responsibility statesmen and company leaders.

Management of public relations includes such an important section as social institutions, namely social institutions of the spiritual sphere.

Social institutions of the spiritual sphere in modern society can be characterized as the creation of spiritual values, ideas and relationships that arise in the process of formation of spiritual values, their preservation, distribution, consumption.

Despite this, in our society the very concept of spirituality long years caused a negative reaction, since it was seen mainly as involved in religion, the church. If in Russian language dictionaries two meanings of the term “spiritual” were most often given: associated with the inner, moral world of a person and with religion, then in official interpretations both of these meanings merged into one, the latter.

The spiritual sphere is the relationship that arises in the process of creating spiritual values, their preservation, distribution, and consumption. Institutions related to the spiritual sphere: institutions of the educational system, science, theaters, museums.

The relevance of the presented topic is beyond doubt because social institutions of the spiritual sphere play an active role in the life of society.

Purpose course work– to reveal the theoretical essence of social institutions of the spiritual sphere and their role in the life of society and to trace the state of social institutions of the spiritual sphere in the conditions of the development of modern society

In accordance with the purpose of the work, the following tasks:

· consider theoretical aspects the concept of “The concept of an institution in the spiritual sphere”, its main parameters and functions

· study the prerequisites for the emergence, functions and concepts of social institutions of the spiritual sphere

· determine the role and state of social institutions in the sphere in the development of modern society

The object of the course work is social institutions of the spiritual sphere, as an independent dynamic self-developing system.

The subject of the research is the study of the process of dynamism, the development of social institutions of the spiritual sphere, from the point of view of theoretical approaches

Chapter 1. The concept of an institution in the spiritual sphere

1.1 Spiritual production as the basis of social institutions of the spiritual sphere

Spiritual production, which acts as the creation of spiritual values ​​and ideas. The named process is the content of the spiritual sphere of society’s life, or more precisely, part of this content, because, in addition to the creation of ideas and values, there is also their reproduction, distribution and consumption.

Let us dwell, first of all, on the concept of spiritual production, since it constitutes the “core” of spiritual life, and consequently, of each of its social institutions, be it institutions of science and religion, culture and art, etc. There are two approaches to this concept - social and philosophical and sociological. The first means viewing it as the production of social connections and relationships between people in the form of ideas, values, theories, images, perceptions, etc. The sociological approach involves the study of spiritual production as a certain institutionalized spiritual activity of certain groups of people (scientists, artists, church leaders, etc.).

Spiritual production is carried out in numerous forms, which are the result of socio-historical practice. Spiritual production itself is relatively independent, which is emphasized by its well-known independence not only from material production, but also from the social institutions formed on its basis. Actually, the basis was the types of spiritual production (science, religion, art, etc.), which “have as their main result consciousness as an ideal form of human relationship, as a certain type of spiritual communication between people.”

Thus, spiritual needs represent the objective need of people and society as a whole to create and master spiritual values. Often in philosophical literature, spiritual needs are also defined as a certain mental state of people that encourages them to create and master spiritual values.

Unlike material needs, spiritual needs are not given biologically, they are not given to a person from birth. They are formed and developed in the process of socialization of the individual. The peculiarity of spiritual needs is that they are fundamentally unlimited in nature: there are no limits to growth for them, and the only limiters to such growth are only the volumes of spiritual values ​​already accumulated by humanity and the desire of the person himself to participate in their increase.

1.2 Functions of spiritual production

Spiritual production performs important functions in society social functions. This is, first of all, the inclusion of people and their groups in the system of existing social and spiritual connections and relationships. Essentially we are talking about the socially integrative function of spiritual production. It is precisely this goal that social institutions of science, culture, religion and others pursue when they organize complex system spiritual activity both in the field of scientific, artistic, religious and other spiritual creativity, and in the field of development and distribution of the products of this creativity.

Another institutionally significant function of spiritual production is the production of new ideas, knowledge and technologies of spiritual creativity. Social institutions in the spiritual sphere of society’s life strive, first of all, to create favorable conditions for creative activity, since it is precisely this that is capable of uniting people around itself. large groups people and give them the opportunity to “manifest themselves” in reproductive forms of activity.

Another very important function of spiritual production, the role of which is rapidly growing in last years(especially in Russia) - production of public opinion. Its institutional consolidation has now become widespread. There is not only a study of public opinion (which hundreds and thousands of sociological services are doing in the center and in the regions), but also its active formation in the direction necessary for certain structures.

Spiritual production cannot be carried out outside institutional forms, since in them spiritual activity acquires an organized and normatively expressed character. At the same time, of course, there is always room for non-institutional free spiritual activity of individuals and individual (often informal) groups. Any type of spiritual production develops its own relationships between institutionalized and extra-institutional, amateur forms of spiritual activity, which is largely determined by the nature of the social system and political regime.

A totalitarian state is built, as a rule, on the recognition of only institutional forms of spiritual production, which supports it and creates a system of prohibitions on numerous amateur forms of spiritual creativity. As an example, we can cite state policy (more precisely, communist party) in the USSR, which banned everything that it did not allow, including even an original song.

Consequently, it can be argued that the institutionalization of spiritual activity under certain conditions can act as a means of social control or even isolating the influence of free spiritual production.

However, in one of the works related to sociological studies of the spiritual life of society and devoted to this problem, L.N. Kogan rightly notes: “Spiritual life... is studied by a whole complex of sociological disciplines. Doesn't exist at all sociological research... which, one way or another, directly or indirectly, would not concern the spiritual life of society” 1.

Nevertheless, there are branches of sociological knowledge that directly and directly study processes in the spiritual sphere of social life. There are quite a lot of them. But among them, in turn, we can distinguish those that highlight the study of social institutions as a subject area. Of these institutions in the spiritual sphere of society's life, only three will be considered here - science, religion, and culture.


Chapter 2. Social institutions of the spiritual sphere

2.1 Institute of Science

Science is such an important and complex phenomenon social life that it is studied by a number of disciplines or their branches (philosophy of science, economics of science, history of science, scientometrics, etc.). Even a comprehensive direction has emerged - scientific studies. Among the branches of knowledge that analyze science as an object of their research, the sociology of science occupies a worthy place.