History of the Ministry of Culture. He wanted to create Soviet Hollywood - your great-grandfather became the hero of the series. It doesn't hurt

On November 8, 1917, the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR was created. All issues of culture, art, cultural and patriotic education of the masses are transferred to his jurisdiction. The first People's Commissar of Education (11/8/1917 - September 1929) - publicist, historian of art and literature, prominent political figure and builder of Soviet culture - Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (1875-1933). Second People's Commissar (September 1929 - October 1937) - statesman and party leader, member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR Andrei Sergeevich Bubnov.
The main goal of state cultural policy: the people become the sole owner and consumer of all cultural values. A state network of cultural and educational institutions was created. The People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR included boards and departments, and since 1929, Main Directorates by industry. Members of the board of the People's Commissariat for Education were Lunacharsky A.V., Pokrovsky M.N., Krupskaya N.K., Bubnov A.S., Makarenko A.S., Lepeshinsky P.K. On November 12, 1920, Glavpolitprosvet was created, which was part of the People's Commissariat for Education. Chairman - N.K. Krupskaya, deputy chairman - Maksimovsky, members of the board Mikhailov (from the Central Committee of the RCP), Gusev (PUR), Isaev (All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions). Glavpolitprosvet included departments: library, art, national minorities, proletarian culture, museums and monument protection, history and defense, photography and films, etc. Glavpolitprosvet was involved in organizing clubs, houses of culture, and reading rooms. He created the House of Theater Education named after. V.D. Polenova.
In the People's Commissariat of Education, the theater department was headed by V.E. Meyerhold, the literary department - A.V. Lunacharsky, then - V.Ya. Bryusov, A.M. Serafimovich, the filmmaking department - D.I. Leshchenko, the music department - N.Ya. Bryusova . There was a circus section at the theater department: the chairman of the section was G.S. Rukavishnikov, the section included I.G. Erenburg, the sculptor S.T. Konenkov. Under the People's Commissariat of Education there was a Main Science Department, which was engaged in the development of the local history movement and cultural work in educational institutions.
The People's Commissariat for Education had an Academic Center, which included scientific and artistic sections, with five subsections: literary, theatrical, musical, fine arts and cinematographic. At the People's Commissariat for Education, Blok A.A., Gorky A.M., Mayakovsky V.V., Grabar I.E., Benois A.I., Ivanov V., Bely A., Andreeva M.F., Fedin took part in the discussion of artistic policy K.A. and others. Many of them worked in the apparatus of the People's Commissariat for Education. The People's Commissariat for Education dealt with the state leadership of the whole range of issues of culture and the content of cultural work. The People's Commissariat for Education carried out a lot of work to attract the intelligentsia to its side, a significant part of which took a wait-and-see attitude, behaved passively, and at the same time, to the extent possible, worked in the cultural field. There was an outflow of the intelligentsia from Moscow and St. Petersburg to the south of Russia, mainly for material reasons. An important role in the process of “reconciliation” between the intelligentsia and the authorities was played by the All-Russian Union of Arts Workers (VSERABIS), created on May 7, 1919. By 1923, the trade union had 70 thousand members (95% of all arts workers). At different times, the leaders of the trade union were M.M. Kachalov, V.I. Pudovkin, A.V. Tairov, A.N. Pashennaya, A.P. Dovzhenko. In general, literary and artistic life was distinguished by the diversity and abundance of various creative groups and movements; there was the possibility of an alternative dialogue of cultures and dissent.
Many outstanding works appeared in various fields of culture (theater, literature, painting).
Since the beginning of the 30s. the policy of strict regulation intensified. On April 23, 1932, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted the Resolution “On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations.” Numerous groups and associations of masters of literature and art were liquidated. In their place, creative unions were created. In 1932, unions of composers, architects, and artists were created; in 1934 - writers. An important event in the cultural life of the country was the adoption of the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated December 16, 1935 on the creation of a committee for holding events dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the death of A.S. Pushkin. In building its state policy in the field of culture, the young state acted taking into account two important circumstances inherited from Tsarist Russia. On the one hand, there are the great achievements and noblest traditions of Russian culture that developed in the 18th-19th centuries, and at the beginning of the 20th century, on the other hand, ¾ of the adult population is illiterate. In 1914, only about 5.5 million people were studying on the territory of the RSFSR. About 85 thousand students studied in 75 higher educational institutions. Only 237 clubs were active. There were 29 books per 100 readers; 48 nationalities did not have their own written language. The most important task of cultural construction was a radical restructuring of the previous education system, the elimination of illiteracy of the population, which is the basis of culture. All means of culture became available to workers and peasants. The people became the sole owner and consumer of cultural values, a network of cultural and educational institutions, clubs, libraries, museums, theaters was actively created and developed... Cultural experts, artists and educators, including the West, noted the early Soviet experience of regulating culture as one of the brightest , original and effective. All-Union Committee for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

January 1936 - March 1953

By Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 36 of January 17, 1936, the All-Union Committee for Arts Affairs under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed. The committee was created “in connection with the growth of the cultural level of the working people and the need to better meet the needs of the population in the field of arts, and in order to unite the management of the development of the arts in the USSR.” The Committee had the rights of the People's Commissariat and was a union-republican body. The structure of the committee included 6 Main Directorates: theaters, musical institutions, fine arts, circuses, control of repertoire and spectacles, educational institutions, departments of architecture, amateur performances, economic and financial divisions. The committee included: a special purpose faculty (FON) for advanced training of management personnel, a higher certification commission, and a commission for considering applications for the assignment of personal pensions to artists. Elected methodological commissions were created under each administration. Also, under the management of fine art, there was a state commission for the purchase of works of fine art and a distribution commission for works of art among museums. The committee was directly subordinate to: the All-Union Academy of Architecture in Moscow and the Academy of Arts in Leningrad; United Publishing House "Art" on issues of theater, cinema, architecture; music publishing house "Music". The committee included the editorial board of the newspaper “Soviet Art”. The committee controlled all creative unions and the Literary Fund. The staff size of the Committee: in 1936 - 226 people, in 1939 - 516 people, in 1940 - 671 people. Chairmen of the committee: Platon Mikhailovich Kerzhentsev (07/17/1936-01/15/1938), Aleksey Ivanovich Nazarov (01/19/1938-07/1939), Mikhail Borisovich Khrapchenko (04/01/1939 -01/25/1948), Polikarp Ivanovich Lebedev ( 02/4/1948-04/24/1951), Bespalov Nikolai Nikolaevich (04/24/1951-03/15/1953). From 04/01/1939 to 01/25/1948, the Committee for Arts Affairs under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and later, from 03/15/1946 under Somin, the USSR was headed by M.B. Khrapchenko, a prominent figure in literature and art, researcher and critic, member All-Union Communist Party (B) since 1928, since 1967 - academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1960-1980. led philological science, Hero of Socialist Labor. The deputy chairmen of the committee over the years were: Boyarsky Ya.I., Shumyatsky B.Z., Chuzhin Ya.E., Ryabichev N.N., Markelov I.E. The heads of the main departments in different years were: Edelson Z.A. (IZO), Shapovalov L.E. (GUUZ), Solodovnikov A.V., Surin E.A. (theaters), Shatilov S. S., Oreud O.N. (music), Ganetsky Y.S., Morozov E.S. (circus), Vasilevsky V.I., Vdovichenko V.G., Dobrynin M.K. (repertoire control department), Eliseev V.T., Tregubenkov F.A. (capital construction department), Tolmachev G.G., Shivarikov V.A. (architectural department). Under the chairman of the committee, there was an artistic council consisting of three sections: theater and drama, music, and fine arts. The artistic council included 19 outstanding artists, including: Nemirovich-Danchenko V.I., Khorava A.A., Tolstoy A.N., Pogodin N.F., Samosud S.A., Dunaevsky I.O. ., Glier R.M., Mukhina V.I., Grabar I.E. Outstanding artists were involved in the consulting and methodological commissions at the main departments: Brodsky I.I., Grabar I.E., Gerasimov A.M., Yuon K.F., Ioganson B.V., Favorsky V.A., Freiberg P.V., Rodionov M.S., Manizer M.G., Domogatsky V.N., Mukhina V.I., Moskvin I.N., Shchukin B.V., Mikhoels S.M., Zakhava B. E., Simonov N.K., Pashennaya V.N., Neugauz G.G., Sveshnikov A.V., Myaskovsky N.Ya., Shostakovich D.D., Glier R.M. and others, over 80 people in total. The great role of the Committee for Arts was in mobilizing cultural and artistic figures, the entire people for Victory during the Great Patriotic War, in organizing the evacuation of cultural property to the eastern regions of the country, in restoring the network of cultural and art institutions, and the entire national economy in the post-war period. The committee, together with creative unions and the Central Committee of the trade union, took upon themselves the centralized leadership of military patronage work during the war years. 45 thousand creative workers participated in the artistic service of the fronts. They gave 1,350 thousand concerts at the front and in the front-line zone. During the war, 3952 artistic teams performed. There were over 1000 writers and poets at the fronts, of which 419 died. There were 900 artists in the active army. In total, about 5 million meters of film were shot during the war years, which became an invaluable historical document. The creative intelligentsia occupied leading positions in the life of the country. During the war years in the RSFSR alone, 4 thousand libraries were destroyed by fascist troops, and over 2 million copies were lost in them. books. 8 thousand club establishments and 117 museums were destroyed. By 1947, the network of cultural and educational institutions had reached pre-war levels. In 1945, the Committee for Arts Affairs under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was created. Chairman of the committee from 1945 to 1953 - Budaev Sergey Aleksandrovich. Deputy chairmen - Malyshev Yuri Vladimirovich, Glina Alexey Georgievich, Shiryaev Kirill Ivanovich. Head of the theater department - Efremov Viktor Pavlovich, head of the fine arts department - Kalashnev Philip Vasilievich, head of the department of educational institutions - Shchepalin Gleb Alekseevich. On February 6, 1945, the Committee for the Affairs of Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was created. Chairmen of the committee from 1945 to 1949 - Tatyana Mikhailovna Zueva, from 1949 to 1953 - E.I. Leontyeva. The committee included: library departments, club institutions department, educational institutions department and centralized accounting department. In the difficult pre-war, war and post-war times in the USSR, the state administration of culture, although it was somewhat fragmented, nevertheless, a huge amount of work was carried out to ensure the mobilization of the country’s creative forces to successfully solve state problems.

Ministry of Culture of the USSR. March 1953 - February 1992

March 15, 1953 The Ministry of Culture of the USSR was created. On June 20, 1953, the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved the regulations on the Ministry. It also absorbed the functions of the liquidated Ministries of Higher Education of the USSR, Labor Reserves of the USSR, Cinematography of the USSR, Committee for Arts under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Committee of Radio Communications under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Main Directorate for the Printing Industry, Publishing and Book Trade under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. From March 15, 1953 to May 4, 1960, three Ministers of Culture of the USSR were replaced. The Ministers of Culture of the USSR were Panteleimon Kondratyevich Ponomarenko (03/15/1953-03/09/1954) and Georgy Fedorovich Alexandrov (03/21/1954 - 03/10/1955). For 5 years, the Minister of Culture of the USSR was Nikolai Aleksandrovich Mikhailov (03/21/1955-05/04/1960), in 1938-1952. First Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee, Member of the CPSU Central Committee, Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of five convocations, from 1952-1954. - Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, First Secretary of the CPSU MK. The attempt to concentrate the management of all culture in one Ministry was unsuccessful. Gradually, over the course of 4-5 years, the Ministry of Culture of the USSR retained general management of all types of arts and direct management of the largest cultural institutions of national importance. The Ministry monitored the activities of creative unions. The Ministry created the Main Directorates: theaters, musical institutions, film production with departments of cinematography and film distribution, economics, circuses, the Board for External Cultural Relations, the Department of Fine Arts Institutions with the State Inspectorate for the Protection of Monuments and the Department of Fine Arts, the Department of Personnel and Educational Institutions , planning and financial management, Department of cultural and educational institutions, Main library inspection, first department and office. The structure partially changed, but in general remained consistent with the main areas of activity of the Ministry. Cultural policy in the country was determined by decisions of congresses and plenums, the Central Committee of the CPSU and directives of five-year plans. The Ministry of Culture focused its main efforts on implementing the decisions adopted by the XX Congress in 1956 and the XXI Congress in 1959 and the decisions of the plenums of the CPSU Central Committee (September 1953, March 1954, February 1957). In the system of the USSR Ministry of Culture in 1953-1959. Over 400 theaters operated, giving performances in 35 languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR. The theaters annually staged from 1,700 to 3,500 new productions and in total there were over 200 thousand performances, which were attended by 75-80 million annually. spectators. Outstanding actors performed in the performances: A.L. Abrikosov, M.F. Astangov, A.N. Gribov, L.I. Dobrzhanskaya, I.V. Ilyinsky, P.S. Molchanov, V.S. Maretskaya, R. Plyatt .Ya., Tolubev Yu.V., and others. Theater directors have achieved significant success: Vivien L.S., Zavadsky Yu.A., Okhlopkov N.P., Popov A.D., Simonov K.M., Ravenskikh B.I., Pluchek V.N., Tovstonogov G.A., Simonov E.R. Musical life in these years became more diverse, contacts with foreign countries were strengthening, outstanding composers D. D. Shostakovich, G. V. Sviridov, aspiring composers A. Ya. Eshpai, A. G. Schnittke, R. K. Shchedrin were actively working. etc. Mass song genres and film music developed successfully. There were 53 musical theaters in the USSR, including 32 opera and ballet theaters, 24 musical comedies, 34 symphony orchestras, 12 folk instrument orchestras, 41 choirs, 32 song and dance ensembles. There were 108 republican, regional and city philharmonic societies, 17 concert and variety bureaus, and the state concert association of the USSR. In addition, the All-Union and Republican radio system included 12 symphony orchestras, 10 orchestras and ensembles of folk instruments, and 12 choirs. The Union of Composers of the USSR united more than 1,200 members, including 940 composers and more than 240 musicologists. Of the 150 operas performed on the stages of opera houses, 82 operas belonged to Soviet composers. The development of artistic painting in the USSR was distinguished by great intensity and diversity. The Union of Artists united over 8.5 thousand workers in the fine arts. The network of art and art-historical museums of the USSR MK system amounted to 96 units. About 400 art exhibitions of various levels were held annually in the USSR. The circus arts were under the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Culture. In 1947, the Central Studio of Circus Art was created in Moscow, later reorganized into the All-Union Directorate for the Training of Circus Artists. There is a noticeable expansion of the circus network. More than 40 circuses were built. The USSR Ministry of Culture developed regulations, charters, instructions and standards for cultural education institutions - libraries, clubs, museums. Had great powers to coordinate the activities of cultural and educational institutions of other departments. The Ministry’s system included 120 thousand club institutions, more than 500 cultural and recreation parks, and over 400 thousand amateur art groups, uniting over 5 million participants. Methodological guidance was provided by the All-Union House of Folk Art named after N. K. Krupskaya, which was under the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Culture until 1958.
The Ministry was in charge of all libraries. This task was carried out by the Main Library Inspectorate of the Ministry and the State Library named after. IN AND. Lenin. Much attention was paid to the opening and construction of libraries in areas of virgin land development: in 1954-1955. 2.5 thousand libraries and 1,300 reading rooms have been opened. Every year the country's book stock increased by 1.8 billion copies. Over 7 copies for each citizen of the USSR. The Ministry had direct jurisdiction over 8 museums of all-Union significance: the State Hermitage Museum, the State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin, State Tretyakov Gallery, etc. The network of art, literary, historical, biographical and memorial museums expanded significantly. Ministry of Culture of the USSR in the 60s - 1st half of the 70s. XX century Minister of Culture Furtseva Ekaterina Alekseevna.
From May 4, 1960 to October 24, 1974, the Minister of Culture was Ekaterina Alekseevna Furtseva, a member of the CPSU from 1938, from 1942 the second and first secretary of the Frunzensky district of Moscow, from 1950 - second secretary, from 1954 from 1957 to 1957 - first secretary of the Moscow CPSU Civil Committee, from 1956 - candidate member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee and secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, from 1957 to 1961 - member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. For many years he was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Despite the existing difficulties and contradictions in the State cultural policy, the Ministry of Culture of the USSR in these years energetically improved the forms and methods of managing cultural construction. In March 1963, the State Committee for Cinematography was separated from the Ministry of Culture, and in August 1963, the State Committee for Press was separated. The main efforts of the Ministry were aimed at implementing the decisions of the XXII, XXIII, XXIV Congresses of the CPSU and the 7,8,9 five-year plans in the field of cultural construction. The Ministry had 11 departments. The management staff consisted of about 400 employees. The composition of the employees was stable; they worked for 10–15 or more years. The Deputy Ministers were Vladykin Grigory Ivanovich, Popov Vladimir Ivanovich, Kukharsky Vasily Feodosievich, Mokhov Nikolai Ivanovich. Theater management - chief Ivanov Georgy Alexandrovich, deputies: Korshunov V.I., Kudryavtsev V.A., Sinyavskaya L.P. The management included: the repertoire and editorial board (editor-in-chief Goldobin V.Ya.); department for monitoring the current repertoire (head N.V. Shumov); organizational and production department (head V.A. Kudryavtsev). The following people worked in the department for many years: Malashenko V.I., Medvedeva M.Ya., Tsirnyuk V.A., Nazarov V.N., Kochetkova N.V., Shumov N.V., Zhukov Yu.A. and others. Department of Musical Institutions - Chief Vartanyan Zaven Gevonrovich, deputies: Mironov S.A., Lushin S.A., editor Sakva K.K. The department included: the department of musical theaters (chief Zhuravlenko I.S. and 46 senior inspectors); department of concert organizations (chief V.N. Kovalev and 6 senior inspectors). Department of Fine Arts and Monument Protection - Chief Timoshin Georgy Alekseevich, deputies: Khalturin A.G., Nemtsov N.G. The management included: an artistic expert board (editor-in-chief Darsky E.N.); department for the protection of monuments, art museums and exhibitions (chief Nemirovnik G., deputy Vertogradov M.A. and 8 state inspectors); department of monumental and decorative arts (head Bezobrazova T. M. and 4 senior inspectors). Department of Cultural and Educational Institutions - chief Danilova Lidiya Alekseevna, deputies Lyutikov L.N., Gavrilenko A.Ya.). The department included: the department of cultural education and folk art (chief Gavrilenko A.D., inspectors-methodologists N.G. Filipchenko, A.M. Dementman, I.I. Maslin, P.P. Kharlamov); museum department (head Inna Aleksandrovna Antonenko and 5 inspectors and instructors); Main library inspection (chief Valentin Vasilievich Serov, deputy A.I. Efimova and 5 inspectors).
Department of Personnel, Educational Institutions - (chief Ilyina Lidiya Grigorievna, deputy heads of department Soptesov A.F. and Minin V.N.). The management included: management personnel department; department of scientific institutions and educational institutions, sector for work with foreign students and department of planning and distribution of young specialists. Department of External Relations - chief Kalinin Nikolai Sergeevich, deputies Supagin A.L. and Kuzin Yu.A.). The management included six departments and about 40 employees. Department of Capital Construction and New Equipment - Head Surov I.P.
Planning, production and technical departments.
Logistics department.
Economic management.
In the Ministry, the Party Committee (Secretary M.P. Tsukanov) and the Local Trade Union Committee (Chairman A.N. Mikhailov) operated as a district committee of the CPSU. The Ministry was under the jurisdiction of a number of all-Union organizations: the All-Union Association of State Circuses (manager F.G. Bardian), the State Concert of the USSR (director N.M. Aleshchenko), “Soyuzconcert” (director P.N. Konnova), the Melodiya record company, the All-Union Studio recordings, Institute of Art History (Krulikov V.S.), “Soyuzteaprom”, “Teomontazh”, State Institute for the Design of Theater and Entertainment Enterprises (Giprotheatr), “Soyuzattraction”. A multifaceted, multigenre and multinational theater has been steadily developing. In the USSR in 1970, there were 538 theaters, incl. drama - 327, opera and ballet - 40, musical comedy - 26, young spectators - 35, puppet - 100. By 1975, the number of theaters increased by 30, and the number of performances reached 272 29, the theater occupancy rate was 75.5%. New buildings were built and received: the Taganka Theater, the Moscow Art Theater (on Tverskoy Boulevard), the Children's Musical Theater under the direction of Natalya Sats, the Sovremennik Theater, the Circus on Vernadsky Avenue, etc. Every year, at the expense of the Ministry, many dozens of new plays were published and distributed among the country's theaters . During these years, new plays appeared by Arbuzov A.N., Aksenov V.P., Rozov V.S., Roshchin M.M., Zorin L.G., Shatrov M.F., Panova V.F., Volodin A M., Vampilova A.V., Ibragimbekova R., Dvoretsky I.M., Drutse I.P., Salynsky A.D., Shtok I.V., Pogodin N.F., Kataeva V.P., Stavsky E.S., Makayonka A.E., Ashkinazi L.A., Khmelik A.G., Polevoy B.N. and others. The theaters' repertoire widely represented Russian and Soviet prose based on the works of prominent writers of that time, as well as foreign classics. Much attention to Furtseva E.A. devoted to the Moscow Art Theater, where outstanding actors worked. Efremov O.N. became the main director of the Moscow Art Theater. Musical life in the country developed successfully. The main hallmark of musical art throughout the world was the Bolshoi Opera and Ballet Theater. The theater was experiencing a "golden age". Outstanding singers, ballet masters, directors, and conductors worked there. The theater featured the music of outstanding composers A.P. Borodin, M.P. Mussorgsky, P.I. Tchaikovsky, the operas “Ivan Susanin”, “Prince Igor”, “Khovanshchina”, “Carmen Suite”, “The Nutcracker”, ballet "Swan Lake". During these years, there were 80 ballet companies in the country, a young generation of performers appeared on the stage, and a whole galaxy of outstanding choreographers emerged. In 1966 in Moscow Moiseev I.A. organized a young choreographic concert ensemble. In the 60s There were 20 folk dance ensembles in the USSR. A large group of outstanding Soviet composers entered active musical life. 60-70s - years of successful development of fine arts. Many artists continued to create an artistic chronicle of the Great Patriotic War. The construction of original, expressive sculptures, monuments, and ensembles of monumental works has expanded widely throughout the country. Many dozens of all-Union and republican exhibitions were held. In 1936, at the congress of the Union of Artists, S.V. Gerasimov was elected first secretary. The Union of Artists had 7 thousand members and 2 thousand candidates. There were 108 state art museums, 120 collective farm and state farm art galleries with a collection of about 9 thousand works of art in the country. The Ministry was in charge of the All-Union Association of State Circuses (State Circus). There were 50 stationary and 14 traveling circuses in the country. Over 6 thousand artists worked in circuses. The Ministry attached great importance to the development of cultural and educational institutions, libraries, clubs, museums, cultural and recreational parks. In the 70s librarianship began to be centralized. In total, there were 350 thousand libraries of various departments in the USSR, and the Ministry had more than 150 thousand public libraries under its jurisdiction. By the end of the 60s. in the USSR there were more than 130 thousand clubs, together with trade union clubs there were 762 amateur artistic groups, and 800 folk theaters operated. In the USSR, the network of museums grew from 400 in 1960 to 1259 in 1974.
The output of specialists with higher education increased threefold: from 2.5 thousand in 1960 to 7.7 thousand in 1974.
The Ministry paid primary attention to issues of national cultural policy in the Union republics. These years were the heyday of the culture of the Union republics. The Ministry paid primary attention to issues of international cultural relations. In 1974, the USSR maintained cultural ties with more than 70 countries based on government agreements and plans. Over the course of the year, over 20 thousand Soviet artists and cultural figures traveled abroad. Through the Ministry, 138 artistic groups and 30 artistic groups, about 340 soloists, traveled to foreign countries. 130 foreign groups performed in the USSR. In 1974, Soyuzconcert held 26,374 concerts, performances and other performances.
Ministry of Culture of the USSR in the 2nd half of the 70s - 1st half of the 80s. Minister of Culture Demichev Petr Nilovich.
On November 14, 1974, Pyotr Nikolaevich Demichev was appointed Minister of Culture of the USSR. Worked until June 18, 1986. Born in 1918, candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology. In 1937-1944. served in the Red Army, participant in two wars. He was the first secretary of the Moscow CPSU Civil Committee and secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. In the leadership of the Ministry over the years there were: First Deputy Minister - Yuri Yakovlevich Barabash, Deputy Ministers: Evgeniy Mikhailovich Chekharin, Tamara Vasilievna Golubtseva, Vasily Feodosievich Kukharsky, Evgeniy Vladimirovich Zaitsev, Petr Ilyich Shabanov, Zinaida Mikhailovna Kruglova. The Ministry had 14 departments: theaters, musical institutions, fine arts, monument protection, external relations, cultural and educational institutions, library affairs, economic planning and finance, accounting and reporting, capital construction and design, educational institutions and personnel , scientific and technical, supply, economic. The Ministry was guided by the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1975) and the new Constitution adopted in 1977, which determined the main path of development of Soviet culture. The following worked in the theater management: chiefs: Chausov M.L. (1974-1981), Gribanov M.A. (1981-1985), inspectors: Astakhov S., Bayteryakova D., Mireny V., Ivanov V., Medvedeva M., Danilov A., Pereberina N., Sadovsky S. and others. All-Union shows and drama festivals were held and theatrical art of the peoples of the USSR, performances on military historical themes, which, as a rule, were timed to coincide with anniversaries - the 55th, 60th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, the 30th, 35th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The following worked in the Department of Fine Arts and Monument Protection: Chiefs: Khalturin A.Ch., Popov G.P., Deputies: Kulchinsky D.N., Bezobrazova T.A., Khoroshilov P.V., Department employees: Dareniy E.N. ., Egorychev V.V., Vertogradova M.A., Andreev A.V., Anikeev A.A., Kuindzhi V.P. The Ministry, engaged in the development of fine arts, closely interacted with the USSR Academy of Arts (president B.S. Uvarov). Several major all-Union exhibitions were held, which demonstrated the major achievements of Soviet artists. The Department of Musical Institutions was headed in different years by Vartanyan Z.G., Fedorovich V.G., deputies Kurzhiyamsky V.M., Kovalev V.G., Lushin V.A. The department had departments for musical theaters and concert organizations and musical groups, and a repertoire and editorial board. They worked: Zhuravlenko I.S., Krasnov M.V., Shekhonina I.E., Solomatin V.A., Kachanova E.L. etc. Traditional music festivals “Russian Winter”, “Moscow Stars”, “Moscow Autumn”, “Leningrad Spring”, the All-Union Youth Creativity Festival in Minsk, “Kiev Spring”, “Melodies of Soviet Transcaucasia”, “Belarusian musical autumn”, etc. In 1975, “Soyuzconcert” held 30 thousand concerts, performances and performances. The 200th anniversary of the Bolshoi Theater was widely celebrated. The central place in the activities of the Ministry in the 70-80s. were occupied with issues of further development of cultural construction in the countryside. In general, in the USSR in the 60-80s. 131 thousand club facilities with 29 million seats were built. On average, six new clubs and libraries were built every day, incl. 90% in rural areas. There were 15 cultural institutes, 11 faculties at art universities and pedagogical institutes, and 130 cultural and educational schools in the country. Over 10 years, the output of cultural education workers with secondary education has doubled and the number of workers with higher education has tripled. The country's theaters and concert organizations held about 30% of performances and concerts in rural areas. They served up to 55 million collective farmers and workers annually. The Ministry paid great attention to the development of amateur performances in all departments, in which 30 million people participated, incl. almost half of the children. In 1977-1979 The 1st All-Union Festival of Amateur Creativity was held. The grand final concert in the Kremlin was attended by 2 thousand participants. The department of cultural and educational institutions was headed in different years by Danilova L.A., Tyutikov L.N., deputy Demchenko A.N., heads of departments Gavrilenko A.Ya., Rodimtseva I.L., Anoshchenko I.L., Filipchenko N. O.G., Morozov V.O., Dimentman A.M., Greshilova G.N., Selivanov B.A., Skidalskaya N.V. At the end of the 70s. From the Department of Cultural and Educational Institutions, the Department of Museums was separated and created, headed by I.A. Rodimtseva. The Department of Libraries and Coordination of Libraries was headed by Serov V.V., Lesokhina V.S., deputies Nizmutdinov I.K., Fonotov G.P., Silina T.I. Merkulov T.I., Gavrilenko N.V., Rodin V.V. worked in the department. and others. There are 24 employees in total. In 1982, there were over 330 thousand libraries in the USSR. Each library had an average of 2,400 readers. In 1982, public libraries issued 317 million books and magazines. There were 148 million readers. In the country, books were published in huge editions, for example, a three-volume set of works by A. S. Pushkin was published in a circulation of 10.7 million copies.
Ministry in the 70-80s maintained cultural relations with 120 countries and more than 250 international cultural organizations. In 1984, the Ministry of Culture sent 127 groups and groups of artists, 430 vocalists, 43 art exhibitions, and more than 500 delegations of cultural figures and specialists to socialist countries alone. The Department of External Relations was headed by Grenko V.F., Kuzin Yu.A., deputies Kondrashov V.M., Bodyul I.I., Zhiltsov Yu.M., Aleksandrov V.G., Budrova A.A., Supagin L. I., Miradov R.N., Strelets A.I., Petrov G.N. The department employed 50 employees.
The state had a powerful personnel potential in culture and art. 1.2 million people worked in the system of the USSR Ministry of Culture, incl. 680 thousand certified specialists, 280 thousand of them with higher education. More than 600 people received the title of People's Artists of the USSR, 130 People's Artists of the USSR, 237 were awarded Lenin Prizes, 172 received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. About 200 thousand writers, artists, composers, filmmakers and architects were members of creative unions.
Secondary specialized training was provided by 500 educational institutions of various specialties. 23-25 ​​thousand people graduated annually. In the early 80s. There were 78 higher educational institutions in the country, incl. 34 musical universities, 14 theater, 13 art, 17 cultural institutes. The industry had an extensive network of institutes and advanced training courses for management personnel and specialists. They included the All-Union Institute for Advanced Training of Management Personnel, 14 republican institutes and courses, 125 regional and regional courses. More than 55 thousand cultural and art workers underwent retraining there every year.
Over the years, the Ministry had the Department of Personnel and Educational Institutions, then the Department of Personnel and the Department of Educational Institutions and Scientific Institutions. The heads of the department of educational institutions were: Ilyina Lidiya Grigorievna, Modestov Valery Sergeevich and Chausov Mikhail Lavrenovich. Nazarov V.N., Sukhanov V.V., Medvedeva L.G., Kargin A.S., Zharchinsky O.F., Rudnov Yu.A., Bezrukov A.S. worked in these departments. and others. In order to improve work with the Ministries of Culture of the Union Republics and subordinate organizations and institutions, an Organizational Inspection Directorate was created in the Ministry (head - Lyudmila Petrovna Yairova, deputy - Anatoly Nikolaevich Mikhailov, then Vyacheslav Fedorovich Bashkardin). Gamayun L.P., Dankova G.V., Chernosova G.M., Zhukova L.A. worked in the department. and others. The managers of the affairs of the Minister of Culture of the USSR were A.Ya. Gavrilenko, then N.T. Likhachev, the deputy was V.I. Suslov, and the secretary of the board was Tamara Vasilievna Dukhanina. Ministry of Culture in the 2nd half of the 80s - early 90s. XX century Liquidation of the USSR Ministry of Culture. The onset of perestroika in the USSR in the late 80s - early 90s. has made new demands on cultural leadership. Administrative and bureaucratic methods of management, excessive centralization, imperfection of economic mechanisms in the cultural sphere, shortcomings in content, and omissions in working with the creative intelligentsia were criticized. At this time, there was a change in the leadership of the Ministry of Culture: on August 15, 1986, Vasily Georgievich Zakharov, Doctor of Economics, Professor, was appointed Minister of Culture of the USSR. In 1978 -1983. - Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the CPSU, in 1983-1985. – Deputy Head of the Propaganda Department of the CPSU Central Committee, since 1985 Second Secretary of the Moscow CPSU General Committee. Mikhail Alekseevich Gribanov was appointed First Deputy Minister, Nina Prokopyevna Silkova, Vasily Vasilievich Serov, Petr Ilyich Shabanov, Vladislav Igorevich Kazenin, Yuri Mikhailovich Khilchevsky were appointed as Deputy Ministers. A number of specific measures have been taken to improve work with the creative intelligentsia. On October 12, 1986, the Soviet Cultural Foundation was created (chaired by Academician D.S. Likhachev). On October 18, the All-Union Musical Society was created, the chairman is People's Artist of the USSR Arkhipova I.K. At the end of October 1986, the XV Congress of the All-Russian Theater Society took place, at which a decision was made to transfer the WTO to the Union of Theater Societies of the USSR. Chairman - People's Artist of the USSR Lavrov K.Yu., First Secretary of the Board - People's Artist of the USSR Efremov O.N. A decision was made to recognize famous avant-garde artists (Larionov M.F., Goncharova N.S., Chagall M.Z., Malevich K.S., Kandinsky V.V., Falk R.R., etc.) By decision On March 16, 1989, the USSR Council of Ministers transferred all theaters to new conditions of organizational, creative and economic activity, and a transition was made from state administration to state-public management of theaters. It was also decided to transfer concert organizations to new business conditions. In 1987, the USSR Moscow Art Theater troupe was divided. A.M. Gorky. One part of the team was headed by O.N. Efremov, the other by T.V. Doronina. In 1987, the Peoples' Friendship Theater was opened in Moscow.
In 1988, the “Concept for building an automated library system of the USSR Ministry of Culture” was adopted. A decision was made to expand the rights and powers of territorial cultural bodies. Since January 1990, the transfer of cultural and educational institutions to new business conditions began. In 1987, the 70th anniversary of the Great October Revolution was widely celebrated. The 150th anniversary of the death of A.S. was celebrated on a grand scale in the country. Pushkin. The Ministry paid primary attention to issues of folk art. In August 1988, the First International Folklore Festival took place in Moscow, in which all the Union republics and representatives of 20 countries took part. Measures were taken to qualitatively improve international cultural relations. The number of international festivals and cultural days of various countries has increased manifold. There were especially large-scale cultural exchanges with India, Spain, and the USA. In 1988, there was a change in the structure of the Ministry's apparatus. Instead of sectoral departments, the following were created: the Main Department of Cultural Work, Library and Museum Affairs. Deputy Minister Silkova N.P. She simultaneously became the head of this department. Heads of departments: Novikova S.N., Bezbozhny V.T., Mizyukov A.N., Gavrilenko N.V., Kondratyeva G.V., Donskikh L.V. Main Directorate for the Protection and Restoration of Monuments and Capital Construction (head - Petrov S.G., deputy Gusev P.V.) with six departments. Main Directorate of External Relations (headed by I.I. Bodyul) with six departments.
Main production and technical department (head - Kuznetsov Yu.G.).
Main Economic Directorate (head - Galitsky M.M.).
Department of Personnel, Educational Institutions and Scientific Institutions (head - L.N. Tyutikov).
Business management.
Economic management.
After V.G. Zakharov resigned from the post of Minister of Culture of the USSR in June 1989. the post of Minister was vacant for 5 months. In the wake of Gorbachev's perestroika, democratization and glasnost, on November 21, 1989, Nikolai Nikolaevich Gubenko became the Minister of Culture of the USSR. He is the first Minister of Culture of the USSR, not a party functionary, but a professional artist, born in 1941, Soviet theater and film actor, director, screenwriter, creator of six films. From 1987 to 1989 - chief director of the Taganka Theater. Almost all deputy ministers were replaced. The Deputy Ministers were Yuri Ulrinovich Fokht-Babushkin, Andrey Andreevich Zolotov, Eduard Nikolaevich Renov, Yuri Mikhailovich Khilchevsky, Igor Aleksandrovich Cherkasov, Petr Ilyich Shabanov. The structure of the Ministry was almost completely destroyed. Instead of departments and main departments, 4 boards were created: cultural policy, external cultural relations, socio-legal regulation, economics and material resources. Each board had departments and subdivisions. The Ministry employed 340-355 employees. Particular attention was paid to the development of the fundamentals of legislation on culture. It was possible to achieve an increase in budget funds for culture from 0.8% to 1.2% of the expenditure portion of the USSR state budget. The Inter-Republican Council for the distribution of funds was created in the Ministry. The ministry became a home for the creative intelligentsia. But there was no time left for the Ministry to implement the plans. With the collapse of the USSR in November 1991, the USSR Ministry of Culture was liquidated. On February 4, 1992, all employees of the Ministry were dismissed.

Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR. April 1, 1953 - February 1992

By decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on April 1, 1953, the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR was created. It included the functions of the liquidated Ministry of Cinematography of the RSFSR, the Committee for Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the Committee for Arts Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the Directorate for the Printing Industry, Publishing and Book Trade under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. The Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR, in accordance with Article 52 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, was a union-republican one, subordinate to both the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. In 1953, the central office of the Ministry employed 617 employees. For 10 years until 1964, the structure of the Ministry was constantly changing. The following were separated from the Ministry: cinematography, printing, planetariums, etc. By 1964-1965 In the structure of the Ministry's apparatus there remained the following departments: libraries, club institutions, museums, monument protection, musical institutions, fine arts, theaters, educational institutions and personnel, economic, financial planning, office, central accounting, capital construction and technical equipment. Departments: first, methodological, for preparing and organizing foreign tours. Basically, this structure was preserved for all subsequent years. The Ministry had a board of 15-17 people.
In different years, the Ministry was directly responsible for from 120 to 180 different institutions: theaters, museums, concert organizations, higher educational institutions, libraries, and manufacturing enterprises. They employed more than 40 thousand creative and technical employees. In the 80s The Ministry was directly under the control of 57 higher educational institutions, 20 museums, 12 institutes, 11 theaters, 13 creative groups and concert organizations, 5 republican libraries, more than 30 manufacturing and other enterprises.
From time to time the structure of the Ministry changed slightly, in 1975. the main organizational and inspection department, the main department of historical and cultural monuments, the main department of educational institutions and scientific institutions were created, and the main information and computing center (GICC) was created. The Ministry had a central safety bureau. 3a 38 years of activity of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR, there were 5 Ministers of Culture of the RSFSR: Zueva Tatyana Mikhailovna (1953-1959), Popov Alexey Ivanovich (1959-1965), Kuznetsov Nikolay Alexandrovich (1965-1974), Melentyev Yuri Serafimovich ( 1974 - July 1990), Solomin Yuri Methodievich (1990 - November 1991). The Deputy Ministers of Culture over the years were: Evgeny Vladimirovich Zaitsev, Mikhail Alekseevich Gribanov, Vasily Mikhailovich Striganov, Vladimir Vasilievich Melov, Sergey Mikhailovich Kolobkov, Alexander Grigorievich Flyarkovsky, Nina Borisovna Zhukova, Alexander Ivanovich Shkurko. They worked from 5 to 35 years. The ministry worked in close contact and interaction with the unions of writers, artists, composers, cinematographers, architects of the USSR and the RSFSR, the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Monuments, the All-Russian Theater Society, the All-Russian Choral Society, SSOD, the Trade Union of Cultural Workers, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol. The Ministry focused its main efforts on working with the ministries and cultural departments of the constituent entities of the RSFSR on the development of culture and art in the republics, territories and regions (16 ASSR, 6 territories, 49 regions and 2 independent cities of Moscow and Leningrad). Library science developed successfully. The number of libraries increased from 43,300 in 1953 to 50,200 in 1990. Accordingly, the library stock increased from 33 million to 92.1 million copies of books; employees - from 58.2 to 119.2 thousand; readers - from 31 million to 53.2 million people; book lending - from 59.4 million to 117.5 million. The heads of the Library Department were: Gudkov N.N. (1953-1963), Serov V.V. (1964-1967), Fenelonov E.A. (1968-1973), Bachaldin B.N. (1974-1985), Ryzhkova N.A. (1985-1990). Library congresses, conferences, and meetings were held at a high level in the RSFSR at which problems in library science were identified and measures were developed to solve them. 50-80s - a time of genuine growth in club business and folk art. The development of a network of club institutions and the construction of rural clubs and regional cultural centers have reached an unprecedented scale. In the 60-70s. 3-5 new premises were put into operation every day, 90% of them in rural areas. In 1981, there were more than 77.5 thousand club institutions. Much credit for the development of the club business belongs to the heads of the department of club institutions: V.N. Kudryakov, V.I. Deineko. Deputies - Zorina T.V., Nemchenko A.M. Heads of departments and employees: Mishustina S.I., Vinogradskaya L.O., Lavrinenko V.I., Lunin Yu.V., Ilina S.I., Demidov G.I., Antonenko V.G., Stepantsov N. I., Pervushin B.F., Maslova T.V. In 1987, there were 656 thousand clubs and amateur art groups operating in the system of the Ministry of Culture and Trade Unions. 7 thousand groups had the title - national. From 1953 to 1991 11 All-Russian and All-Union festivals and shows of amateur artistic creativity were held. In the 60-80s. The museum business developed intensively. The number of museums more than doubled: from 396 in 1960 to 828 in 1982. They were visited by millions of spectators. Experienced specialists worked in the department of museums of the Ministry: Bartkovskaya A.V., Evstigneev V.S., Brazhnikova G.I., Starotorzhskaya G.A., Kaynova M.A., Kolesnikova L.I., Polyakova T.A., Shumova A.A., Kotlyarova E.A., Vorontsov V.L. In the 70-80s. The protection and restoration of historical and cultural monuments has reached a significant scale. The Ministry registered 30 thousand monuments. Workshops for the restoration of monuments were created in 58 territories of the RSFSR. Budget allocations for the restoration of monuments increased 3.5 times. In 1966, the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Monuments (VOOPIK) was created. The structure of the Ministry included the State Inspectorate for the Protection of Monuments, which was transformed into the Main Directorate for the Protection, Restoration and Use of Monuments. Worked in them for many years: Prutsyn O.I., Tarasov N.A., Oreshkina A.S., Kucherov V.V., Krivonos A.A., Agaletskaya N.A., Krivonos G.V., Zhivtsova G. M., Semenova G.V., Golovkin K.G., Gryzlov T.I. etc. In the 70-80s. The activities of theaters in the RSFSR developed successfully. The theaters performed plays by domestic and foreign classics: Ostrovsky A.N., Gorky M.A., Chekhov A.P., Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E., Turgenev I.S., Gogol N.V., Dostoevsky F. M., Shakespeare W., Dickens Ch.; modern authors: Arbuzov A.I., Abdulin A.Kh., Dvoretsky I.M., Drutse I.P., Solynsky A.D., Rozov V.S. and others. The talent of many wonderful theater directors was especially revealed: Simonova E.R., Tovstonogov G.G., Efremova O.N., Goncharova A.A., Volchek G.B. and others.
All-Union and All-Russian festivals and shows of drama and theatrical art were held annually, dedicated to: the 150th anniversary of L.N. Tolstoy, the 120th anniversary of A.P. Chekhov, the 35th and 40th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The following people worked fruitfully in theater management: Demin V.P., Podgorodinsky V.V., Svetlakova M.A., Skachkov I.P., Hamaza I.L., Pereberina N.V., Kimlach Yu.I., Smirnov G. .A., Miroshnichenko F.A. and others. In 1983, the All-Russian Theater Society (VTO) had 34 thousand members. The society was headed for many years by M.I. Tsarev. and Ulyanov M.A. Fine art has achieved significant development. Fine arts weeks were held annually. Exhibition activities have reached a large scale. Various exhibitions were held: “Soviet Russia”, “My Black Earth Region”, “We are building the BAM”, “60 Heroic Years”. Thousands of works of art were purchased and donated to art museums and art galleries. Every year, dozens of monuments were built, and the network of art museums and art galleries expanded. For many years, the following people worked in the management of fine arts institutions: Kalashnev F.V., Shitov L.A., Gulyaev V.A., Vorobyov V.P., Nikiforov V.N., Fedyushkin B.I., Vladimirova V.I. , Vlasov B.V., Porto I.B., Kurgan V.P., Usachev E.I., Lovchikova E.A., Dremina T.N. and others. The art of music developed successfully. Musical theaters performed operas and ballets by G.V. Sviridov, T.N. Khrennikov, A.I. Khachaturyan, R.K. Shchedrin, D.D. Shostakovich, S.S. Prokofiev. and others. Traditional music festivals “Russian Winter” and “White Nights” were popular. The Rosconcert association had more than 30 ensembles, orchestras, and VIO. The following people worked in the management of musical institutions: Lushin S.A., Kuznetsova V.P., Ivanova G.N., Ryauzova K.N., Pushkarev A.F., Lyapina T.G., Talanov E.F., Skotarenko V. .WITH.
The primary task of the Ministry was personnel training, and a network of educational institutions was developing. In 1989, the Ministry's system included 37 higher educational institutions of culture and art, and 20 secondary educational institutions. In total, there were 44 universities of culture and art on the territory of the RSFSR. In 1965, there were only 3 cultural institutions in the country. In 1982, higher educational institutions graduated 8.7 thousand specialists, secondary educational institutions - 26.7 thousand. The following people worked in the management of educational institutions: Romanov I.I., Fomichev Yu.K., Tulupov G.P., Monakhov F. A.A., Tyshchenko A.K., Ziva V.F., Beletskaya K.V., Barminova O.N., Izmestyeva N.V., Ermakovich N.A., Kuvardina D.A., Timoshin I.V. . and others. Worked in the personnel department: Shishkin S.M., Samarin G.M., Novitsky V.B., Dubrovskaya L.I.., Panferova Yu.N. and others. There were two scientific institutions in the system of the Ministry of Culture: the Scientific Research Institute of Culture and the All-Russian Art Scientific and Restoration Center named after. I.E. Grabar. Economic and financial activities occupied a significant place in the work of the Ministry; issues of capital construction, repairs and provision of cultural facilities with new equipment and technology. There were 36 manufacturing enterprises directly subordinate to the Ministry, incl. 16 mechanical factories, only in the 11th five-year plan in the RSFSR 24 theaters and concert halls with 22,330 seats were built. The following people worked in these departments: Sorochkin B.Yu., Badanov A.N., Agranatov N.B., Drygin I.F., Agapov A.I., Pleskanovskaya I.A., Karlova N.I., Metelkin V. K., Slutsky I.G., Surova N.I., Karpitskaya G.G., Kachalkina Yu.V., Petrosyan L.G., Vasiliev N.S., Antonov E.V., Sergeenko D.M. , Leichenko A.E., Fure G.S. The following people worked in the Administration for many years: Pryamilov V.I., Bezrukova G.P., Khamidullina L.A., Gorelova V.I., Koronova L.R. and others. The legal department was headed by M.I. Zvyagin for more than 15 years.
Since 1975, the Main Organizational Inspectorate Directorate operated in the Ministry for 15 years. Its structure included three departments: the Non-Chernozem Zone; Siberia and the Far East; Chernozem zone, Volga region and southern regions. Ermolaev A.I., Ponko A.D., Glushkov V.K., Nifontov O.N., Morozov N.K., Zhiro M.M., Smiryagina V.V., Kobrin V.V. worked in the main office. , Tkachev A.I., Domracheva L.G. and others. Since 1985, the years of perestroika began in the country, discussions began on the problems of cultural construction, renewal of all spheres of culture and art. A concept and plans for the development of culture until 2005 were developed, and specific plans for the development of individual branches of culture were envisaged. The functions of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR were updated. In 1989, the structure of the Ministry's apparatus was changed, enlarged main departments were created, headed by deputy ministers. New Deputy Ministers came to the Ministry's apparatus: Kostyukovich Anatoly Fomich, Rodionov Vasily Alekseevich. Throughout the years of activity of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR, the curator in the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR was the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Vyacheslav Ivanovich Kochemasov. On March 27, 1992, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR was transformed into the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Russian Federation, which operated for six months.

Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation 1992-2008

On March 27, 1992, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Russian Federation was created. After 6 months - on September 30, 1992, it was transformed into the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. A critic and literary critic, doctor of cultural studies, rector of the Literary Institute named after A. M.A. Gorky Sidorov Evgeniy Yurievich. He worked in this position until August 1997. The Ministers of Culture of the Russian Federation were also: from August 28, 1997 to September 30, 1998 - Natalya Leonidovna Dementyeva; from September 30, 1998 to February 8, 2000 - Egorov Vladimir Konstantinovich First Deputy Minister under Sidorov E.Yu. there was Konstantin Aleksandrovich Shcherbakov, Deputy Ministers - Yuri Borisovich Volegov, Vadim Petrovich Demin, Tatyana Kantimirovna Nikitina, Valentin Alekseevich Rodionov, Mikhail Efimovich Shvydkoy. The Ministry had 18 departments: federal programs (headed by S.V. Shishkin); regional and national policy (Vasilieva A.V.); for theatrical arts affairs (V.V. Podgorodinsky); for musical art affairs (Lushin S.A.); for Fine Arts (Bazhanov L.A.); for the protection of cultural heritage (Mansurova F.M.); for museum affairs (Lebedeva V.A.); for library affairs (Kuzmin E.I.); on affairs of folk art and leisure (Demchenko A.N.); for science and educational institutions (Popov V.A.), economics (Sorochkin B.Yu.); accounting (Kulikova N.S.); control and audit (Osokova V.V.); contractual legal (Samarin N.A.); international cultural relations (Makarchenkov L.L.); capital construction (Agapov A.I.); economic (Chernetsov V.A.); business management (Bezrukova G.P.); HR department (Novoseltsev E.N.); GIVC (Bogatov B.P.). The members of the board of the Ministry were: in addition to the leadership of the Ministry, Vedenin Yu.A., Kazenin V.I., Maltsev E.D., Neroznak V.P., Obrosov I.P., Piotrovsky M.B. Under the Minister of Culture Natalya Leonidovna Dementyeva, the previous structure of the Ministry was largely preserved. The first deputy was V.S. Evstigneev, the deputies were V.I. Azar, V.N. Antonov. Under the Minister of Culture Vladimir Konstantinovich Egorov, the first deputy was N.L. Dementyeva, A.P. Tupikin was the deputy state secretary, the deputies were B.N. Antonov, V.V. Egorychev, P.V. Khoroshilov. In the structure of the Ministry under Minister Egorov V.K. were: Department for the Preservation of Cultural Property; Department of National and Regional Cultural Policy, Arts Affairs, Museum Affairs, Public Affairs, Libraries, Science and Information, Protection of Immovable Monuments of History and Culture, International Cultural Relations. The main tasks and functions of the Ministry were formulated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted on December 12, 1993, the law of the Russian Federation “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture” and a number of other laws adopted on June 23, 1999, December 27, 2000. Since the beginning of 2000. The state department of culture is being restructured and a new structure of the Ministry is being formed. In February 2000, Mikhail Efimovich Shvydkoy, Doctor of Art History and Professor, was appointed Minister of Culture. Golutva A.A., Dementyeva N.L., Molchanov D.V. are appointed as First Deputy Ministers. Deputy Ministers: Malyshev V.S., Khoroshilov P.V., Rakhaev A.I. and State Secretary-Deputy Minister Chukovskaya E.E. The Ministry had 4 Departments: state support of cinematography; state support for art and the development of folk art; preservation of cultural values; economics; 5 departments: science and education, regional policy, business administration, foreign cultural policy, legal administration; seven departments: state register and registers, libraries, personnel and awards, museums, inspection for the protection of immovable historical and cultural monuments, special department, economic department. The Ministry had 13 cluster territorial departments for the preservation of cultural values. The Minister had 8 advisers and one assistant. The Ministry operated in this form for 4 years, until March 2004. On March 9, 2004, the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications was created in the Russian Federation, formed on the basis of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Press, Television and Radio Broadcasting and Mass Communications. Alexander Nikolaevich Sokolov (March 2004 - May 2008), Doctor of Art History, Professor, Honored Artist, is appointed Minister of Culture. The Ministry included: Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography (headed by M.E. Shvydkoy); Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications (headed by Seslavinsky M.V.); Federal Archival Agency (head V.P. Kozlov); Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Protection of Cultural Heritage (headed by Boyarskov B.A.), Deputy Ministers were: Amunts D.M., Nadirov L.N., Busygin A.E., and State Secretary -Deputy Minister Pozhigailo P.A.
The Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications had 4 departments: business administration, public policy, financial and economic and legal. Each department had 4-5 divisions. The Directors of the Departments were: Drozhzhin Alexander Yurievich, Bundin Yuri Ivanovich, Golik Yuri Vladimirovich, Karnovich Kirill Valerievich, Shubin Yuri Alexandrovich. In the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography, the Deputy Ministers were: Golutva A.A., Malyshev V.S. The agency had 7 directorates, each of which had departments. The heads of departments and departments were: Kobakhidze M.B., Kolupaeva A.S., Lazaruk S.V., Ilyina I.F., Kiselev F.V., Krasnov A.D., Sparzhina M.Yu., Luchin A. A.A., Furmanova G.G., Blinova S.M., Manilova T.L., Smirnova I.M., Arakelova A.O., Serpensky A.M. The Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation operated until May 12, 2008. By the Presidential Decree of May 12, 2008, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation was created on the basis of this Ministry. Avdeev Alexander Alekseevich was appointed Minister of Culture. He served as Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation until May 2012. The Deputy Ministers were: Chukovskaya E.E., Busygin A.E., Golutva A.A., Khoroshilov P.V. There were 7 departments in the Ministry:
Department of Contemporary Art and International Cultural Relations (director Shalashov A.A.). The department included 6 departments: musical art; theatrical arts; folk art; Europe, Asia, Africa, America; cultural relations with the CIS countries and compatriots abroad, coordination and analytical.
Department of Cinematography (director Zernov S.A.). The department included 5 divisions.
Department of Cultural Heritage (director Kozlov R.Kh.). The department included 5 departments: museums, libraries and archives, accounting of cultural property, fine arts.
Department of Science and Education (Director Neretin O.P.). The department included 4 divisions; art education; planning and development of education, science and innovation, targeted programs.
Department of Regulatory and Legal Affairs (Director Rybak K.E.). The department included 5 divisions.
Department of Economics and Finance (Director Shevchuk S.G.). The department included 5 divisions.
Department of Construction, Major Repairs, Investment Policy and Restoration (Director K.G. Cherepennikov). The department included 2 divisions.
Department of the General Secretariat (Director Yu.A. Shubin). The department included 5 divisions.
The Ministry also had independent departments; civil service, personnel and awards (chief E.V. Egorova) and the special department (chief P.V. Pavlov). The Ministry had a coordinating council for culture, which included the heads of cultural bodies of all subjects of the Russian Federation. The board of the Ministry had 29 members. On May 12, 2008, the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Field of Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrankultura) was created, headed by Alexander Vladimirovich Kibovsky. The structure of Rosokhrankultura included 4 departments and 13 territorial departments. The Ministry was under the jurisdiction of the Federal Archive Agency (heads Vladimir Petrovich Kozlov, Andrey Nikolaevich Artizov). The main efforts of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation were focused on the implementation of the Federal target programs “Culture of Russia 2001-2005” and “Culture of Russia 2006-2011.” , which contained the industry development strategy and practical levers for program implementation. The diverse, multifaceted and multinational theater world of Russia has been steadily developing. The number of theaters increased from 568 to 594, the number of performances grew by 4-8% per year, the number of spectators from 27 to 30 million people. About 80 thousand workers worked in the theaters, including 35 thousand artistic and artistic personnel. On average, the country hosted 260 theater festivals in 77 cities. Musical life was actively developing. There were 70 opera and ballet theaters, 12 musical comedy and operetta theaters. Every year, musical theaters performed more than 2 thousand performances. A lot of work was carried out by 13 symphony and chamber orchestras, 6 leading concert organizations, 2 academic choirs and 7 professional groups. More than 30 music festivals were held annually. The Ministry carried out its main activities in cooperation with the Union of Composers, which has 48 branches in the country, which included 1.5 thousand composers and performers. Fine art, traditional forms and so-called contemporary art developed successfully. Every year, cultural bodies and the Union of Artists of Russia held from 1 thousand to 3.5 thousand various exhibitions on a parity basis; works of fine, decorative and folk art were purchased for fine art museums and art galleries. Private business, the art market, and art fairs began to play an increasingly important role. In the field of librarianship, the main tasks focused on the creation of a national electronic library and a consolidated catalog of Russian libraries, the creation of a multi-level system of federal and regional centers for the preservation of library collections. In general, there was a reduction in libraries. For 7 years from 2001 to 2008. the number of libraries decreased by 2.5 thousand, especially in rural areas. A big problem was the reduction in the acquisition of literature in municipal libraries. The popularity of museums grew, and a growth trend in the main indicators in the field of museum affairs was established. The number of museums of all departments from 2113 in 2001 increased to 2468 in 2007, incl. museums of the Ministry of Culture from 2027 to 2281. Museums were visited annually by 70-76 million visitors. Every year, museums restored from 50 to 120 thousand museum objects and entered them into an electronic catalog. The activities of cultural and leisure institutions and folk art houses are characterized by an increase in intensity and the search for innovative effective forms of work. In 2007, there were 49,572 cultural and leisure institutions of all departments, incl. in the system of the Ministry of Culture - 48,399 institutions. There were 28 thousand amateur artistic groups constantly operating. More than 3.3 million creators took part in them, incl. in rural areas 2.3 million. A significant part of the participants are children. At the same time, almost a quarter of the institutions required repairs; 32 thousand buildings were in unsatisfactory condition. There was a high staff turnover. Of the 312 thousand personnel, only 45 thousand had higher education. The number of cultural and recreational parks has sharply decreased. In 2001-2007 the number of parks decreased by 141. The Ministry paid significant attention to strengthening cultural ties with other countries. International documents on cultural cooperation were concluded with 35 countries.
In the Russian Federation there were 74 higher educational institutions of culture and art, 278 secondary specialized educational institutions, and more than 5.5 thousand children's art schools of various profiles. Almost 1.5 million people were employed in all educational institutions, incl. Universities - 95 thousand, secondary educational institutions - 15 thousand, children's art schools - 13 million people. Over 148 thousand teachers worked in educational institutions. There were 44 higher educational institutions and 18 secondary educational institutions under federal subordination.
There were 9 scientific institutions in the Ministry's system, employing over 800 researchers with scientific degrees of doctors and candidates of science.
The Russian Federation in 2010 included: 21 republics, 9 territories, 45 regions, two cities of federal subordination (Moscow and St. Petersburg), 4 autonomous districts: a total of 83 subjects of the Russian Federation. All of them were united into 8 Federal Districts. The constituent entities had: 41 ministries of culture, 24 departments of culture, 10 committees of culture, 12 departments of culture. The work of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation with the regions was carried out through the coordination council for culture, as an advisory body under the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. The Council met at least twice a year for special meetings. The Council was headed by the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation.
The apparatus of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation employed 335 employees. All of them had higher education, incl. with degrees of doctors and candidates of science, professors, associate professors - 11, members of creative unions - 6. 84 people had work experience in the Ministry of up to 5 years, 51 people had up to 10 years, 48 ​​people had up to 15 years of experience. There was an active process of personnel renewal. In 2009 alone, 52 new employees were hired and 33 were fired, mainly due to age and transfer to another job. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation managed to overcome the negative consequences in the development of culture of the first perestroika years. The Ministry confidently confirmed the status of the state educational institution in the field of cultural construction.

State administration of cinematography 1917-2016.

The establishment of centralized state control over film activities began in 1919 with the nationalization of the film industry and trade.
In 1919-1922 The All-Russian Photo-Cinematography Department (VFKO) of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR operated. Head of Department Leshchenko D.I.
In 1921, the outstanding film director S.M. Eisenstein. created the film “Battleship Potemkin”, which went around the whole world in triumph.
In 1922, VFKO was transformed into the Central State Photo and Film Enterprise (Goskino). It received a monopoly right to rent films throughout the RSFSR. Goskino was subordinate to the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR. The directors of the film industry were: Konstantin Matveevich Shvedchikov (1919-1923), Alexander Alekseevich Khanzhenkov (1923-1926), Erasm Samuilovich Kadomtsev (1926-1929), Yan Samuilovich Rudzutak (1929-1930), Ryutik Martemyan Nikitovich (1930-1931), Shumyatsky Boris Zakharovich (1931-1938).
On June 13, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR established the Joint Stock Company for the production and distribution of films in the RSFSR. Later it was renamed Sovkino. The film industry is growing rapidly, the network of film installations is expanding, and sound cinema is being introduced. At the same time, the “Film Committee under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR” operates. In the mid-30s. The first sound films “A Way to Life” (dir. N.V. Ekk), “Seven Braves” (dir. S.A. Gerasimov), “Chapaev” (dir. S. and G. Vasilyev brothers) were created on February 13, 1930 The All-Union Association for the Film Industry “Soyuzkino” is organized, subordinate to the Supreme Economic Council and the People's Commissariat of Light Industry. On February 13, 1933, the Main Directorate of the Film and Photo Industry was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and became part of the All-Union Committee for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. On March 23, 1938, the Committee for Cinematography Affairs was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The entire film industry is concentrated in it. Chairmen of the committee: Dukelsky Semyon Semenovich (1938-1939), Bolshakov Ivan Grigorievich (1939-1946). March 23, 1946 The Committee was transformed into the USSR Ministry of Cinematography. Bolshakov Ivan Grigorievich (1946-1953) is appointed minister. Cinematography has finally emerged as an independent branch of culture. The committee was responsible for all film studios, cinemas and film industry enterprises, as well as the management of film distribution, the construction of film enterprises, and the training of personnel for cinematography. The Committee provides general management of the activities of film departments under the Council of People's Commissars of the union and autonomous republics, regional and regional executive committees. In 1940, there were more than 12 thousand cinemas in cities and 18.8 thousand in villages in the USSR.
During the Great Patriotic War, there were more than 150 operators at the front. During these years, 102 feature films of various themes and genres were released. Among them: “Secretary of the District Committee”, “At six o’clock in the evening after the war”, “Pig Farm and the Shepherd” (dir. Pyryev I.A.); “Rainbow” (dir. Donskoy M.S.); “Wait for me” (dir. Stolpner A.P.); “Two Fighters” (dir. Lukov L.D.), and others. During the war years, about 5 million meters of film were shot, which are an invaluable historical document about the war. The Central United Film Studio has been created in Almaty. More than 100 domestic films have been released there. In August 1946, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution on the film “Big Life” (dir. Lukov L.D.). Film directors G.M. Kozintsev, V.N. Pudovkin, S.N. Yutkevich, S.M. Eisenstein were criticized. At the turn of the 40-50s. More than 100 new films have been released over the years. Trophy films appeared. The films “Kuban Cossacks” (dir. Pyryev I.A.) were released; “Volga, Volga”, “Circus” (dir. Aleksandrov G.A.). Since March 1953, the functions of state management of cinematography have been transferred to the Ministries of Culture of the USSR and the RSFSR. For 10 years, cinema was part of the system of the Ministry of Culture. On March 23, 1963, the USSR Union-Republican State Committee on Cinematography was formed, and since 1978 - the USSR State Committee on Cinematography. It operated until 1988. Committee chairmen: Alexey Vladimirovich Romanov (1963-1972), Philip Timofeevich Ermash (1972-1986), Alexander Ivanovich Kamshalov (1986-1991), first deputy chairman Nikolay Yakovlevich Sychev, deputy chairmen : Aleksandrov Mikhail Vladimirovich, Ioshin Oleg Ivanovich, Moshin Leonid Sergeevich, Pavlenok Boris Vladimirovich, Sizov Nikolay Timofeevich. The USSR Goskino had 3 main departments: the main script editorial board for feature films (chief editor Bogomolov Anatoly Vasilyevich); Main Directorate of Film Production (head Gennady Evgenievich Sholokhov); Main Directorate of Cinematography and Film Distribution (Head Fedor Fedorovich Belov) In the 70-80s. in the USSR there were 40 film studios, where it was possible to create 130 feature films, 100 television films and about 140 documentaries per year. 7 film copy factories. On July 5, 1963, the RSFSR State Committee on Cinematography was created (since 1972, the Cinematography Committee under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR). The committee had 2 main departments: the main directorate of film production (with a script editorial board, chief Simaranov Yuri Vladimirovich, editor-in-chief Teimuraz Ivanovich Gvarishvili); Main Directorate of Cinematography and Film Distribution (head Vasily Petrovich Zuev). Chairmen of the committee: Filippov Alexander Gavrilovich (1963-1985), Sychev Nikolay Yakovlevich (1985-1988). First Deputy Chairman Mikhail Afanasyevich Soloviev, Deputy Chairman Oleg Ivanovich Nifontov. In 1965, the founding congress of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR took place. On January 1, 1978, there were 5,462 members of the Union. The first chairman of the Union Kulidzhanov L.A. In 1988-1999 The management of the cinematographic industry was within the system of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR. The first Deputy Minister of Culture for Cinema was Anatoly Ivanovich Protsenko. There were: the main directorate of film production (chief Kazarin Mikhail Nikolaevich), with two departments: economic planning and financial, production and technical and screenwriting editorial board; Main Directorate of Cinematography and Film Production (headed by Valery Viktorovich Markov), with five departments: organizing and improving film services to the population, introducing and operating technological equipment, organizing and developing a video network, economics and film and video distribution. There were 11 film studios in the system of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR: the largest of them was the Sverdlovsk Film Studio. All film studios annually produced from 80 to 90 full-length feature films, up to 160 documentaries, up to 450 popular science films, over 20 animated films and about 750 issues of film magazines. Over 1,500 films were dubbed in the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation. There were up to 70 thousand film installations in the RSFSR. About 3 million spectators visited cinemas every day, and there were 5 film colleges. The following magazines were published: “The Art of Cinema”, “Film Script”, “Film Studies Notes”. In 1990-1992 The State Fund for the Development of Cinematography operated under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. The president of the fund is Anatoly Ivanovich Protsenko, the deputy chairman is Alexander Ivanovich Melech. On February 5, 1992, the Cinematography Committee under the Government of the Russian Federation was created. From 1993 to 1996 it was called the Russian Federation Committee on Cinematography, from 1996 to 1999. - State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography. All these years, the chairman of the committee was Armen Nikolaevich Medvedev, the first deputy chairman was Anatoly Ivanovich Protsenko. In 1996-1999 Chairman of the State Committee for Cinematography - Golutva Alexander Alekseevich. Deputy chairmen - Melech Alexander Ivanovich and Lazaruk Sergey Vladimirovich.
In 1999-2000 The chairman of the State Committee on Cinematography was Golutva Alexander Alekseevich, deputy chairmen: Lazaruk Sergey Vladimirovich and Glukhov Viktor Vladimirovich.
From May 2000 to 2016, cinematography management was within the system of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
In 2000-2004 In the Ministry of Culture there was a Department of State Support for Cinematography (headed by Lazaruk Sergey Vladimirovich, deputy head by Dorozhkin Yuriy Mikhailovich), with two departments: creative examinations and support for the production of national films (headed by Zernov Sergey Anatolyevich), department of promotion of domestic films (headed by Strochkova Galina Markovna). Cinematography issues were supervised by First Deputy Minister Alexander Alekseevich Golutva. In 2004-2008 The cinematography department was part of the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. The deputy head of the agency was Alexander Ivanovich Golutva. In the cinematography department (chief Sergei Vladimirovich Lazaruk) there were 3 departments: production of national films (chief Elena Nikolaevna Gromova), promotion of domestic films (chief Galina Markovna Strochkova), state register (chief Yuri Viktorovich Vasyuchkov).
From May 15, 2008 to 2013, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation operated a cinematography department (directors Sergey Anatolyevich Zernov, Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Telnov, deputy director - Igor Aleksandrovich Kallistov) with four departments: state support of national feature films (chief Elena Nikolaevna Gromova) , state support for the production of live-action animated national films (chief Elena Kirillovna Mineva), promotion and distribution of national films (chief Galina Markovna Strochkova), state register (chief Yuri Viktorovich Vasyuchkov). In the leadership of the Ministry, this department was supervised by Deputy Minister Golutva A.A. and since 2011 - Ekaterina Eduardovna Chukovskaya. In December 2000, the Government of the Russian Federation created the Federal Fund for Social and Economic Support of Domestic Cinematography. The mechanism of state support for cinematography was regulated by the Federal programs “Culture of Russia (2001-2005)” and “Culture of Russia (2006-2010)”. Release of film products for 1996-2002. increased from 110 to 670 units per year, including feature films - from 20 to 105 units. From mid-2004 to mid-2007, the total number of films produced was 250 full-length feature films, 15 short feature films, about 30 issues of the film magazines “Fitil” and “Yeralash”, about 1,300 titles of documentary films and about 200 titles of animated films. Films by leading masters Khotinenko V., Govorukhin S., Godovsky V., Chukhrai P., Khutsiev M., Poloki G., Melnikov V., Ryazanov E., Bortko V., Panfilov G., Balabanova A aroused noticeable interest among the viewer ., Sokurov A. and filmmakers of the younger generation: Bondarchuk F., Meskhiev D., Ogorodnikov V., Kravchuk A., Sashaev P. and others. In connection with the celebration of the 60th, 65th, 70th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, cinema turned to patriotic themes. Many films were devoted to historical issues, reflecting the life of various nationalities in Russia. Russian cinema has received international recognition. In 2006 alone, 128 screenings of Russian films took place at international festivals. 56 films were directed at them. In 2008, a celebration was held of the 100th anniversary of the release of the first Russian feature film.
Russian cinema has received international recognition. In 2006 alone, 56 films were sent to international festivals.

There is an opinion that in the second half of the 20th century there was no woman in our country who would have reached such political heights and made such an incredible career as Ekaterina Alekseevna Furtseva. She was Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee, First Secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee and for almost 14 years - Minister of Culture of the USSR.
Let's remember her life in the format of a biographical photo selection.
Portrait of candidate member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee E. A. Furtseva

Ekaterina Alekseevna Furtseva was born on December 7, 1910 in a village near Vyshny Volochok. Mother Matryona Nikolaevna worked at a weaving factory. My father died in the First World War.

Ekaterina Alekseevna with her mother

Ekaterina completed seven years of school, and at the age of fifteen she entered the weaving factory where her mother worked. But a different fate awaited her. At the age of twenty, the factory girl joined the party. Soon the first party task follows: she is sent to the Kursk region to improve agriculture. But she doesn’t stay there long; she is “thrown” into Komsomol-party work in Feodosia.

Portrait of young Ekaterina Furtseva

They notice her, call her to the city Komsomol committee and offer her a new Komsomol ticket. From the blessed South she is sent to the North, to the very heart of the revolution, to the capital of October - Leningrad. At the Higher Courses of Civil Aeroflot.

Nikita Khrushchev, Nina Petrovna, Ekaterina Furtseva (third from left in the first row). Moscow region, early 60s

In the new city, Catherine fell in love with a pilot. His name was Pyotr Ivanovich Bitkov.
At that time, “pilot” was an almost mystical word. Pilots are not people, but “Stalin's falcons”. The pilot is irresistible, like Don Juan. Being married to a pilot meant keeping up with the times. Living almost according to a myth. One could share everything with the pilot - even love for Comrade Stalin.

Ekaterina Furtseva with her husband Pyotr Bitkov and daughter Svetlana

In Moscow, Furtseva becomes an instructor in the student department in the apparatus of the Komsomol Central Committee. A year later, she was sent on a Komsomol voucher to the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. The future industrial engineer plunges headlong into Komsomol work.

Kliment Voroshilov, Anastas Mikoyan, Ekaterina Furtseva

The war began, my husband was mobilized. She was left alone with her mother, whom she had by then sent to Moscow. Land mines are exploding in Moscow, she, along with everyone else, is on duty on the roof, extinguishing incendiary bombs - saving the capital. And suddenly - lingering news after a meeting with her husband: she is pregnant.

Ekaterina Furtseva with her daughter Svetlana

In May 1942, Svetlana was born. Only four months after the birth of her daughter, her husband came on leave. He announced that he had been living with someone else for a long time. Disappointment followed disappointment. After graduating from the institute, she, as a political activist, was offered to enroll in graduate school, and a year and a half later she was elected party organizer of the institute. Science was finished forever.

Now the three of them lived: her mother, Svetlana and she. Ekaterina received a room in a two-room apartment near the Krasnoselskaya metro station. From the institute she is sent to work at the Frunzensky district party committee. Furtseva's immediate superior - the first secretary of the district committee - was Pyotr Vladimirovich Boguslavsky. She developed a special relationship with him.

In 1949, during a party concert behind the scenes of the Bolshoi Theater, Nikolai Shvernik arranged an audience for her with the leader. Stalin liked her. She saw him for the first and last time, but that was enough for her.

Ekaterina Furtseva speaks at the Plenum of Creative Unions. 1967

In December 1949, she spoke at an extended plenum of the city party committee, where, harshly criticizing herself, she spoke about the district committee's shortcomings.

At the beginning of 1950, she moved to a building on Staraya Square, to the office of the second secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee. A couple of months later, her faithful friend Pyotr Vladimirovich Boguslavsky fell victim to the fight against cosmopolitanism - he was removed from all positions and expelled from the party. The romance ended on its own.

Family of Ekaterina Furtseva: daughter Svetlana, granddaughter Marina, son-in-law Igor Kozlov - with cosmonaut Adriyan Nikolaev

From 1950 to 1954, Furtseva came into close contact with Khrushchev. There were rumors about their romance. Immediately after Stalin's death, she became the first secretary of the city party committee. Now all of Moscow was under her command.

N.S. Khrushchev, writer K. A. Fedin, USSR Minister of Culture E. A. Furtseva (right) and others talking at a country dacha during a meeting of party and government leaders with figures of Soviet culture and art.

She made a strong impression on Khrushchev: both because she spoke at meetings without a piece of paper, and because she was not afraid to admit and repent of imaginary sins, and because she was a “specialist.” This was her favorite word. When meeting new people, the first thing she asked was: “Are you an expert?!”

N.S. Khrushchev and E. A. Furtseva at the opening of the exhibition. 1950s

Until the end of her life, Furtseva retained a respectful attitude towards professors and important old assistant professors, whom she had seen enough of in graduate school. The “specialist” knows more than she does; this conviction was very strong in her. And she, a former weaver, wanted to see just such people on her team.

It was a happy time for Furtseva. And not only in public life. While still working as a secretary in the Moscow City Party Committee, she met Nikolai Pavlovich Firyubin, one of her subordinates.

Ekaterina Furtseva with Nikolai Pavlovich Firyubin

Nikolai Firyubin was a professional diplomat, a short, slender brown-haired man with a thoroughbred and expressive face. Spoke English and French. To those who knew them both well, it was amazing how such different people could come together.
Outwardly, she behaved inappropriately. At every opportunity, she flew to see him in Prague, then to Belgrade, where he was transferred as ambassador. All this was in front of everyone, but she was not going to hide. He was flattered by this. Firyubin was looking for a reason to break off his previous marriage and threatened to renounce everything.
Five years later, when he returned to Moscow and became Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, they got married. And only then Ekaterina Alekseevna realized how mistaken she was. However, it was no longer possible to change anything.

Khrushchev did not forget what he owed her. Soon Ekaterina Alekseevna was introduced to the Presidium of the Central Committee and overnight turned from the party Cinderella into the party Queen.
Khrushchev's gratitude, however, did not last forever. What served well the first time - the telephone - the second time played against Ekaterina Alekseevna herself.

Participants of the 1st All-Union Congress of Journalists; among those present: 1st row from left to right: General Director of TASS under the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. G. Palgunov (2nd from left), Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council K. E. Voroshilov, editor-in-chief of the newspaper “Pravda” P. A. Satyukov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. S. Khrushchev, member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee M. A. Suslov (6th from left), member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee E. A. Furtseva, member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee N. A. Mukhitdinov.

It was 1960, the second half of Khrushchev's reign. Many were unhappy with him. Including Furtseva. This dissatisfaction was vented. Just washing the bones. Once, in a telephone conversation, Furtseva “walked through” Nikita Sergeevich. The next day, he read the transcript of her personal conversation with Central Committee member Aristov. His reaction was lightning fast. At the next, extraordinary plenum of the Presidium, Ekaterina Alekseevna was removed from the post of secretary.

Her reaction was as open-hearted and sincere as Khrushchev’s “bandwagon”. That same day she came home, ordered no one to be allowed in, lay down in the bath and opened her veins. But she had no intention of dying. That is why she did not cancel a meeting with one of her friends, who was assigned the role of a savior angel. And this friend played her role.

There was surprise at the silence outside the door, then bewilderment. Then fear. Then - a call to the special services and the arrival of a special team, which broke down the door and found Ekaterina Alekseevna bleeding. Khrushchev did not respond to this “cry of the soul.” The next day, at a meeting of the expanded composition of the Central Committee of the party, of which Furtseva remained a member, he, laughing wryly, explained to the party members that Ekaterina Alekseevna was having a banal menopause and should not pay attention to it. These words were carefully conveyed to her. She bit her lip and realized: the second time women’s games in a company that plays only men’s games would not work.

Gina Lollobrigida, Yuri Gagarin, Marisa Merlini, Ekaterina Furtseva

The procedure for removal from power was worked out to the smallest detail. No one burst into the office or pointedly turned off the phone. The abdication from power was marked by silence. They suddenly stopped saying hello to you, and most importantly, the turntable fell silent. It was simply turned off. However, a month later a message arrived that Furtseva had been appointed Minister of Culture. And it was then that the nickname that stuck to her for a long time began to circulate throughout the country - Catherine the Great.

She considered tens of thousands of cultural workers in Moscow and the Moscow region to be her team. And another three or four million ordinary members of the “army of cultural scientists” throughout the USSR: modest librarians, learned museum workers, arrogant employees of theaters and film studios, etc. This entire army called her Great Catherine.

Delegates of the 24th Congress of the CPSU, Minister of Culture of the USSR E. A. Furtseva (right) and soloist of the ballet of the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR, People's Artist of the RSFSR M. Kondratyeva talking during a break between sessions.

Furtseva’s office was decorated with a portrait of Queen Elizabeth, with a laconic inscription: “To Catherine from Elizabeth.” There was a legend that, after talking for half an hour with Furtseva, the queen turned to her with a request: “Catherine, don’t call me Your Highness, just call me Comrade Elizabeth.”

Ekaterina Furtseva and Sophia Loren

The Danish Queen Margrethe once said that she would like to do for her country as steadfastly as Furtseva did for hers.

Speech by USSR Minister of Culture E. A. Furtseva at the opening of the 2nd International Ballet Competition at the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR.

According to her note, the Taganka Theater was established in the name of Suslov, and at the same time, with her light hand, abstractionist artists were denounced in the Manege. With her blessing, Shatrov’s play “Bolsheviks” was published in Sovremennik. It was she who took the initiative to build a sports complex and a new building for the choreographic school in Luzhniki.

Minister of Culture of the USSR E. A. Furtseva and Hero of Socialist Labor, foreman of shipbuilders of the Baltic Shipyard named after S. Ordzhonikidze V. A. Smirnov

It was all over with Firyubin. She didn't get divorced, but she didn't love either. She became withdrawn. Perhaps she became animated only during noisy feasts, over a glass of good wine. In recent years, this tendency has already been noticeable to everyone. Her daughter Svetlana gave birth to Marishka, the granddaughter of Ekaterina Alekseevna.

Ekaterina Alekseevna with her daughter Sveta and granddaughter Katya

Svetlana and her husband really wanted to have a dacha. Furtseva did not want to build it, but under pressure from her daughter, she turned to the Bolshoi Theater - building materials could be bought inexpensively there. The deputy director of the Bolshoi Theater for construction helped her, and then a scandal broke out. She received a reprimand and was almost thrown out of the party.

E. A. Furtseva, A. I. Mikoyan, L. I. Brezhnev, K. E. Voroshilov

For the last two years, Furtseva has been alone. Almost no one was in her house, Firyubin was having an affair, and she knew about it.

On the night of October 24-25, 1974, a bell rang in Svetlana Furtseva’s apartment on Kutuzovsky Prospekt. The USSR Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Nikolai Pavlovich Firyubin, her mother’s husband, called. He cried: “Ekaterina Alekseevna is no more.”

Boris (Ber) Zakharovich Shumyatsky (November 4, 1886 (according to other sources November 16), Verkhneudinsk, Transbaikal region, Russian Empire - July 29, 1938, Moscow, RSFSR, USSR) - statesman, participant in the Russian revolutionary movement and the Civil War in Siberia, diplomat, journalist, head of Soviet cinema in the first half of the 1930s, member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Encyclopedic reference

Born into a family of artisans. In 1905–1907, one of the leaders of armed uprisings in Krasnoyarsk and Vladivostok. Since 1913 in the army, private. In 1917, Chairman of the Siberian Regional Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), authorized by the Central Committee in Siberia. Delegate to the VI Party Congress, member of the All-Russian Bureau of Military Organizations under the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b). Since November 1917, chairman of Centrosiberia and chairman of the East Siberian Military Revolutionary Committee. Since the fall of 1918, one of the leaders of the partisan movement in Siberia. Since July 1919, political worker of the 51st Infantry Division. From September 1919, chairman of the Tobolsk district revolutionary committee, from October 1919 to January 1920, chairman of the Tyumen provincial revolutionary committee and the provincial committee of the RCP (b). Since March, Chairman of the Tomsk Provincial Revolutionary Committee and the Provincial Committee of the RCP (b), since June - Dalburo of the RCP (b), at the same time Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Far Eastern Republic, since July, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic. Since October 1920, deputy chairman of the Sibrevkom, since December, chairman of the Yenisei provincial executive committee and the provincial committee of the RCP (b). In January-February 1921, member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 5th Army, member of the Sibburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Authorized People's Commissariat of the RSFSR in the Far East. Delegate to the 3rd Congress of the Comintern. Since 1922 in diplomatic, party and government work. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Since November 1930, chairman of Soyuzkino. In 1933, head of the Main Directorate of the Film Industry and deputy chairman of the Committee on Arts. On January 18, 1938 he was arrested and on July 28 sentenced to death. Shot. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Awarded the Order of Lenin.

Irkutsk Historical and local history dictionary. Irkutsk, 2011.

Biography

Boris Zakharovich's father worked as a bookbinder in St. Petersburg at the publishing house "A.F. Marx Partnership" in the early 1880s. When, in connection with the murder of Alexander II, St. Petersburg Jews began to be evicted beyond the Pale of Settlement, Zakhara Shumyatsky, like many, was assigned to the countryside, somewhere in Belarus or Ukraine. However, he did not agree with this definition and went to the appropriate authorities, where he argued that he had a city specialty and in the countryside he would not be able to feed his family; he needed a city. “Oh, city,” they said there, “we will find you a city.” And his family was sent to Transbaikalia to the city of Verkhneudinsk. “You yourself wanted a city, here’s a city for you.” The Shumyatsky family took several months to reach their new place of residence. Upon arrival, they were registered as peasants, allocated land, and sometimes hired to do bookbinding work in the services of local authorities.

B.Z. Shumyatsky spent the first years of his life there. He practically did not study at school. He often wrote that his education was “at home,” but, apparently, at home he was taught to read and write in Russian, he mastered conversational Buryat and, it seems, could communicate in Yiddish. Since 1898, he was a student, then a worker in the Chita railway workshops. In 1903, Boris Shumyatsky joined the RSDLP. Since 1904 he has been a worker at the Krasnoyarsk railway depot.

Revolutionary

During the Revolution of 1905, the Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia, he commanded a Bolshevik combat detachment of about 800 people, including a Red Cross squad of paramedic school students barricaded in railway workshops. After the suppression of the uprising he was arrested, but in January 1906 he escaped from a death sentence. Lived on a passport in the name of Ilya Silin. He worked in the depot of Kurgan and Verkhneudinsk. Underground nickname Ilya-Kon. He wrote in newspapers under the pseudonym Ilya Silin.

Managing editor of the newspapers “Pribaikalye”, “Baikal Wave”, “Zabaikalets” (Verkhneudinsk), “Voice of Manchuria”, “Mysl” (Harbin). The owner of the newspaper “Pribaikalye”, Verkhneudinsk merchant Nodelman, was arrested in , the newspaper was closed. After being released from prison on bail, Nodelman agreed to publish a new newspaper, Baikal Wave. The newspaper “Zabaikalets” was owned by Reifovich. The newspaper was published in Reifovich's house in Verkhneudinsk on Naberezhnaya Street. The newspaper was closed in October 1906. Shumyatsky fled from Verkhneudinsk to Chita on October 18 or 20, 1906. In Chita he published the newspaper "Taiga".

He married Liya Isaevna Pandre (1889-1957), who took her husband’s surname, a student at a paramedic school, the daughter of a wealthy merchant from the city of Kansk. In 1909 their daughter Nora was born, and in 1922 Ekaterina. B.Z. Shumyatsky conducted revolutionary work in party organizations in Siberia. Sent to work in the Vladivostok group of the RSDLP, an active participant in the armed uprising of sailors of the Pacific squadron in Vladivostok.

Since 1914, Shumyatsky has been published in Pravda.

Between two revolutions, fleeing from imminent arrest in 1911-1913. I was in exile in Argentina. He carried out active revolutionary work in the organizations of the RSDLP in Siberia. Since 1914, it has been published in the central organ of the RSDLP, the newspaper Pravda. In 1917 deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, an active participant in the publication of the newspapers "Izvestia of the Krasnoyarsk Council", "Krasnoyarsk Worker", the weekly "Sibirskaya Pravda", a delegate of the VII (April) Conference of the Bolsheviks, a participant in the 1st All-Russian Congress of Soviets, elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, introduced to the editorial board of the central body responsible for organizing the publication. After the unsuccessful Bolshevik putsch, he went underground to restore the destroyed organization, prepare and hold the VI Party Congress. Sent to the Central Committee Commissioner for Siberia and Mongolia. Elected chairman of the Siberian regional bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b). At the 1st All-Siberian Congress of Soviets (Irkutsk, October 1917) he was elected chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Siberia (Tsentrosibir), proclaimed the power of the Soviets from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok from October 15 to 16, which became the beginning of the October armed uprising of 1917 in the Russian Empire. Led the liquidation of the rebellion in Irkutsk, wounded during negotiations.

During the Civil War - one of the leaders of the partisans in Western Siberia. He opposed the conclusion of the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany. Since December 1918, chairman of the East Siberian District Military Revolutionary Committee. From July 1919 on political work in the army. In October 1919 - January 1920, chairman of the Tyumen provincial revolutionary committee and the provincial committee of the RCP (b). Since March 1920, chairman of the Tomsk provincial bureau of the RCP (b) and the revolutionary committee. Since June 1920, Chairman of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Far Eastern Republic. From July 1920, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic, and from October, Deputy Chairman of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee. Since December 1920, chairman of the Yenisei provincial executive committee.

In 1921-1922, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 5th Army, a member of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee, and an authorized representative of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs in the Far East. From the soldiers of the Mongolian army battalion he created the first government of the Mongolian People's Republic. He brought them to Moscow to the Congress of Soviets and introduced them to the country's leadership. An active participant in the Mongolian People's Revolution, a consultant to the first governing bodies of this state. In recognition of Shumyatsky's merits, the leader of the Mongolian People's Republic Sukhbaatar made him his twin brother. Awarded the title "Honorary Citizen of the Mongolian People's Republic" and the Order of the Red Banner of Mongolia No. 1.

In 1922, Shumyatsky came into conflict with the People's Commissariat of Nationalities and his leader I.V. Stalin on the issue of autonomy for Buryatia, which had previously received it as part of the Far Eastern Republic. Shumyatsky managed to achieve the creation of an autonomous republic instead of three national districts, but he himself was exiled into honorable retirement for diplomatic work.

In 1923-1925, plenipotentiary and trade representative in Persia. Dean of the diplomatic corps in Tehran.

Since 1925, a member of the Leningrad Provincial Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, then the rector of the Communist University of the Workers of the East, then the rector of the Institute of National Economy. Plekhanov.

Since November 1930, chairman of Soyuzkino. In 1933, head of the Main Directorate of the Film Industry and deputy chairman of the Committee on Arts.

Soyuzkino

In 1929, a congress of Soviet filmmakers was held, at which the inconsistency of managing the work of the industry was revealed and a decision was made to change the leadership of the film and photo industry. Since November 1930, B. Z. Shumyatsky headed the domestic film industry as chairman of the All-Union Film and Photo Association (“Soyuzkino”). To reproduce qualified film personnel, VGIK was organized on the basis of the film technical school.

GUKF

Since 1933, Shumyatsky - Chairman of the State Administration of Film and Photo Industry (GUKF) ("Narkomkino"), then deputy. Chairman of the Committee for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. During Shumyatsky’s leadership of the Soviet film industry, the films “Chapaev”, “Jolly Fellows”, “Maxim’s Youth”, “Thirteen”, “Circus” and many others were created. The success of Soviet films at international film festivals is associated with his name.

Shumyatsky regularly attended film screenings in the Kremlin. He left verbatim recordings of discussions between the Politburo members and Stalin about the films.

"Soviet Hollywood"

After a trip to the USA, Shumyatsky planned a general reconstruction of Soviet cinema and the creation in Crimea, based on American experience, of a southern studio film production base that would implement the principles of mass production technology - “Soviet Hollywood”. This expensive but very effective project (it was planned to produce 200 films a year) was not implemented due to the limited resources of the country.

In May 1935, the 15th anniversary of Soviet cinematography was celebrated. It was recognized that the industry crisis had been completely overcome and Soviet cinematography was on the rise. A number of Soviet films received worldwide recognition and commercial success. Many film creators received high government awards, and Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky was awarded the highest order of the USSR - the Order of Lenin.

Essays

1. In the Siberian Underground: Essays 1903–1908. - M.; L., 1926;
2. Krasnoyarsk uprising. 1905. - M., 1926.

Literature

1. Glockman R. The first chairman of Centrosiberia // Irkutsk Land. - Irkutsk, 1967.
2. Bagaev B. Boris Shumyatsky: Essay on life and work. - Krasnoyarsk, 1974.
3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Bibliographical Institute - Granat, vol. 41, part 111. - M. 1925, stb. 254-258.
4. Yakushina A. P. Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky. - History of the USSR, 1969. - No. 2. - P.118 - 123.
5. Bagaev B.F. Boris Shumyatsky. Essay on life and work. - Krasnoyarsk, 1974. - 204 p.
6. Taylor R. Boris Shumyatsky and the creation of Soviet cinematography in the 30s (from English) // Film Studies Notes. - 1989, No. 3.
7. Richard Taylor Ideology as Mass Entertainment: Boris Shumyatsky and Soviet Cinema in the 1930s, in Richard Taylor and Ian Christie, (eds.), Inside the Film Factory, Routledge Ltd., 1991.
8. Bernstein Aron. People's Commissar of Cinematography // LEHAIM. - August - September, 1997.
9. Muzalevsky M. He dreamed of Soviet Hollywood. - Cavalier, No. 7. - 2002.
10. Mayakovsky V. Full collection Op. - M., 1957. - T. 5. - P.120.
11. Yesenin S. Full collection Op. - T. 4. - M: Science - Voice, 1996. - P. 494.
12. Bulgakova E. S. Diaries (January 1938).
13. Schumatsky Boris. Silvester bei Stalin. - PHILO, Berlin 1999. - 180 pp.
14. Qajar carpet from the Shumyatskys’ apartment in the House on the Embankment. - Our Heritage, No. 78. - 2006.
15. Shumyatsky B. L. Facts and family legends about Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky (on the 120th anniversary of his birth). - Cultural space of Eastern Siberia and Mongolia. - T. 1. - P.157 - 164. - Ulan-Ude, 2006.
16. Shumyatsky B. L. He was talented in everything - revolutionary, diplomat, People's Commissar of Cinema. 120 years since the birth of B.Z. Shumyatsky // Buryatia: newspaper. - No. 231 (3871)yu - 12/8/2006.
17. Simacheva T. A.(author-compiler) “Boris Shumyatsky” (bibliography, documents, materials for the biography). // Kinograf. - No. 18. - P.94 - 133, 2007. - No. 19, 2008.
18. Shumyatsky Boris Zakharovich. Organizer of the film process. - Encyclopedia of Russian Cinema. USSR/CIS. - Electronic database.

Shumyatsky, Boris Zakharovich

Shumyatsky B.Z.

(1886-1938; autobiography) - genus. in 1886, November 16, in the city. Verkhneudinsk, Transbaikal region. His father was initially engaged in agriculture and the yam industry, and then, having moved to the city, took up bookbinding, which he studied in his youth while working at the bookbinding and cardboard factory of F. A. Marx in St. Petersburg. The mother was a completely illiterate woman. Until the age of 10, Sh. grew up in the village, then he and his family moved to the mountains. Krasnoyarsk A large family and constant poverty forced the relatives to send the boy to serve. For this purpose, at the age of 12, he was sent to the mountains. Chita (2 thousand miles from home), where he goes to work, first in a private wallpaper workshop, then as an apprentice in the carriage shop of the main Chita railways. workshops. In 1903, at the request of the gendarmes (there was no secret police in Chita at that time), he resigned from the chief. workshops, and then after a while he gets a job as a delivery boy in the office of the t-md br. Kolesh, from where he is also soon dismissed for participating in the strike of employees. After wandering around unemployed for several months, he gets a job - first as a capper, and then as a helper - in one of the local stores.

At the end of 1904, Sh. moved to Krasnoyarsk, intending to learn a little literacy, since before that he had only learned to read and write by self-taught. Moving to Krasnoyarsk, he counted on the help in self-education of his brother Mark (a Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalist), a good tutor, a railway technician, who had passed the matriculation exam before that external examination. During a trip to Krasnoyarsk, he is arrested on suspicion of transporting and distributing illegal literature, but due to lack of evidence, after spending two weeks in Verkhne-Udinsk, he is released. In the spring of 1905, Sh. went to work in the turning shop of the station depot. Krasnoyarsk and works illegally in the local social-democratic organization: first as a member of the subcommittee and the leader of the so-called “technical group”, and then in the summer of the same year he took part in the organization of the “great Siberian railway strike” and as a “traveling” (organizer, propagandist and agitator) went to carry out this strike along the line Siberian Railway.

During the “days of freedom” (October, November and December 1905), as a member of the Krasnoyarsk Council of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, he first participated in the 2½-month organic work of the council as a government body, then at the end of December of the same year he took part in the Krasnoyarsk uprising . After the suppression of this uprising in January 1906, he went to prison, and after some time escaped from there. From that moment until the imperialist war, Sh. led throughout Siberia, the Far East and other places the life of an illegal underground worker and a professional revolutionary, while at the same time working professionally as a worker consistently in the railway. depot st. Kurgan, Slyudyanka, Verkhneudinsk, in the main workshops of the Chinese-Eastern. zhel. dor., in Harbin, in ch. workshops of the Vladivostok port, at a stamping factory in South America during emigration. While working in Vladivostok in 1907, Sh. participated in and led the Vladivostok uprising, from where, after its failure, he fled to Harbin, and from there to Western Siberia. There he works as a co-operator, statistician and journalist in a number of positions.

In August 1913, shortly after returning from emigration, Sh., under the name Mikhalev, participated and, together with Petrovsky (now the forerunner of the Union from the Ukrainian SSR), led the “working delegation” of the All-Russian. cooperative congress in Kyiv. He fails there and, pursued by spies, is arrested on the way to Siberia and goes to prison, having previously undergone a series of prison sentences and transfers. Upon leaving prison and after the trial, already in mid-1915, Sh. surrendered as a soldier. The February and October revolutions found him in military service.

Sh. began to conduct literary and newspaper work for the first time in 1906, when from June of this year, by decree of the Siberian Union of the RSDLP, he was sent as an editor from the Bolsheviks (together with the editor from the Mensheviks A.F. Sukhorukov) to the editorial offices of legal newspapers, which, on assignment unions were then established in Eastern Siberia. These newspapers: "Pribaikalye", "Baikal Struya" and "Zabaikalets". Then, at the end of 1906, Sh. led the Bolshev in Harbin. newspaper "Voice of Manchuria", taken by the Harbin party organization from one of the local radicals (engineer Borovsky), and collaborates in other publications associated with the local party organization, especially on issues of the trade union movement, since at that time he worked as the secretary of the center. Bureau of Trade Unions of Right-of-Ways of the East China Railway. dor.

In 1912-1913 Sh. collaborates with Pravda, and since the beginning of the February Revolution he has been closely involved in the publication of the newspaper Izvestia of the Krasnoyarsk Council. Since March of the same year, he, together with I. Belopolsky and Jorov, has been preparing the release of the first Bolshev in Siberia. newspaper "Sibirskaya Pravda", which appears on April 2, and then, together with V. Yakovlev, A. Rogov, A. Pomerantseva, F. Vrublevsky and A. Arkhipova, who arrived in Krasnoyarsk, runs this newspaper until the end of summer, until the merger with the Bolsheviks of local internationalists, when the newspaper "Krasnoyarsky Rabochiy" became the organ of the party organization. In April of the same 1917, Sh., together with A. Pomerantseva and F. Vrublevsky, organized the first Bolshevik in Siberia in Krasnoyarsk. book publishing

"Attack" and writes for him a brochure "What the Bolsheviks Want", published in several thousand copies and then distributed not only in Siberia, but also, through the publishing house "Priboy", in St. Petersburg. Having arrived in St. Petersburg after the July defeat, Sh., as a member of the "Voyenka" under the Central Committee of the Party, works together with N. Podvoisky in the newspaper "Soldier and Worker" and "Soldier", and then, on instructions from the Central Committee, restores the destroyed printing house of "Pravda" and publishes the center . The organ of the party "Proletary", renamed after closure into "Workers", and then into "Workers' Way". Making sure that the publishing center. the organ was already on its feet, the Central Committee of the party in mid-September constructed a collegial editorial board for it, to which it also appointed Sh. After the October Revolution, Sh. took part in the publication and editorship. a number of Soviet party newspapers in Irkutsk, Perm, Tyumen, Novo-Nikolaevsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Verkhne-Udinsk; edits the first journal in Siberia on revolutionary issues. oriental studies - "Peoples of the Far East" and collaborates in various organs of the party press. During the years of illegality, Sh., commissioned by prof. Zubashev and Meleev are processed by an extra. materials of the Tomsk branch of Russian technical engineering. total about handicrafts of Tomsk lips. and based on statistics. cards and statements are compiled in the collection "Handicrafts of the Tomsk Province." and is performed by a number of other extras. works (on the issue of free port in Vladivostok, on the Omsk-Tyumen railway, etc.).

After the February and October revolutions, Sh. worked as deputy chairman of the city council. Krasnoyarsk and a member of the Krasnoyarsk Bolshevik. committee; Member of Central Siberia Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b), then Chairman. center. will perform Committee of Councils of Siberia (Centrosiberia); member of the provincial bureau of the RCP of a number of provinces. party committees (Tyumen, Novo-Nikolaevsk, Tomsk, Leningrad); member of the Sibburo and Dalburo of the Central Committee of the RCP; pres. gubernia revolutionary committees, gubernia executive committees of the mountains. Tyumen, Novo-Nikolaevsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk; Presovmin of the Far Eastern Republic; Commissioner of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs for Siberia and Mongolia, Plenipotentiary and Trade Representative of the USSR in Persia; was elected as a delegate to Soviet party congresses and a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of two convocations, etc. Along the military line of Sh., crossing the white front of Kolchak to the station. Tchaikovskaya, takes part in the capture of Perm, and then, as part of the 2nd brigade of the 51st division, takes part in the capture of the mountains. Tobolsk, from where, as a political worker, he was called by the Sibrevkom to Tyumen and appointed pre-gubrevkom. Then in 1920 he was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic, then deputy chairman of the Sibrevkom, and then a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 5th Army, in which position he worked until February 1922, politically leading the Mongolian campaign against Ungern and helping the Mongols in creating the people's government of this country; For this work, the Mongols elect him an honorary citizen. Mongolia.

Along diplomatic and economic lines, Sh. works in Persia, where during the three years of his stay he strengthens ties between the USSR and Persia, signs a trade agreement and a number of practical agreements; organizes the Soviet-Persian bank (Ruspers) and a number of mixed trade production joint-stock companies (Perskhlopok, Sharq Island, Persazneft, Ruspersahar, Avtoiran, Mesujat, etc.), takes the first order for us to build abroad, i.e. in Persia, six radio stations, etc. Recently (1926-27), Sh. headed the Communist Party as rector. University of the Workers of the East named after. I. V. Stalin, heads his department of foreign East, edits the magazine "Revolutionary East" and is a member of the scientific committee of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

[Since 1930, chairman of Soyuzkino, since 1933, head of the Main Directorate of the Film Industry and deputy chairman of the Committee for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Unreasonably repressed, rehabilitated posthumously.]

Shumyatsky, Boris Zakharovich

(Andrey Chervonny; b. 1886) - old Bolshevik (since 1903). In 1905 he was a member of the Krasnoyarsk Party Committee, a member of the strike committee, an organizer of the Red Guard and one of the organizers of the December uprising in the main Krasnoyarsk railways. workshops. After the suppression of the uprising he was arrested; escaped from a Krasnoyarsk prison and conducted illegal party work in Omsk and other regions of Siberia. In November 1907, Sh. was one of the leaders of the Vladivostok uprising, after the failure of which he fled. He carried out underground work until 1911 in Harbin and other Siberian cities. In 1911-12 - in exile. In 1912 he worked at Pravda. Then in Kyiv and Kansk, where he was arrested, tried (in 1915) for participation in the Krasnoyarsk armed uprising of 1905 and was sent to the army. After the February Revolution, he was one of the organizers of the Krasnoyarsk Council, the organizer and head of the newspaper Sibirskaya Pravda. After the July days, he worked in Petrograd in the Bureau of Military Organizations under the Central Committee of the Party, in gas. "Soldier and Worker"; was a delegate to the VI Party Congress and was a member of the editorial board. "Proletarian", "Worker" and "Worker's Way". After the October Revolution, Shch. - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Siberia (Centrosiberia), an active participant in the civil war. In 1918-19, during the Kolchak era, he worked underground, then in the front line (Tyumen - Perm). In the summer of 1919, with units of the III Army, he participated in the struggle for Perm and Tobolsk. In November 1919 he was appointed chairman of the Tyumen Gubernia Revkom, at the beginning of 1920 - chairman of the Tomsk Gubernia Revkom and at the same time deputy. prev Siberian Revolutionary Committee and member of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In the summer of the same year - member of the Far Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic. In 1921-22 - member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 5th Red Banner Army, head of operations against Baron Ungern and commissioner of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs for Siberia and Mongolia. In 1922-25 - plenipotentiary and trade representative of the USSR in Persia. In 1926 - to the desk. work in Leningrad; from the end of 1926 to 1928 - rector of KUTV. In 1928-30 - member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since the end of 1930, Sh. - Chairman of the Board of Soyuzkino and a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR and the Parkomlegprom of the USSR (since 1932). In 1931, the government of the Mongolian Republic awarded him the Military Order of the Red Banner. Chairman of the Directorate of Film and Photo Industry at the Council of People's Commissars since 1933.

Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .

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