As a result of the implementation of major measures related to reforming the industry, the structure of the electric power industry has become quite complex. The industry consists of several groups of companies and organizations, each of which performs a specific separate function assigned to it.

Main groups of companies and organizations:

Generating companies of the wholesale market
Electricity companies
Energy sales companies
Companies managing the regimes of the unified energy system of Russia
Companies responsible for the development and operation of the commercial market infrastructure (WECM and retail markets)
Organizations exercising control and regulation in the industry
Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy

Key characteristics of groups of companies and their composition

1 group. Generating companies
Generating companies are large companies whose assets include power plants of various types. A total of 20 new thermal generating companies were established, as well as 1 generating company producing electricity and power at most hydroelectric power stations in Russia. In addition, there is 1 company that operates all nuclear power plants in the country. Thus, nuclear power plants are managed by Rosenergoatom, and almost all hydroelectric power plants are owned by RusHydro. Among the thermal power plants there are 6 wholesale generating companies (WGCs) that manage large thermal power plants - state district power plants, the total installed capacity of each of these companies is more than 8 GW. The power plants of each OGK are located in different regions of Russia. Also, 14 territorial generating companies have been created, which own medium-sized thermal power plants and combined heat and power plants. Power plants and thermal power plants owned by one TGC are located on the same territory (1 region or a number of neighboring regions of the country).
In addition to the above-mentioned generating companies, there are several more fairly large generating companies that were not controlled by RAO UES at the time of the start of the reform, and therefore did not change ownership. We are talking about four so-called “independent” joint-stock companies: Tatenergo, Bashkirenergo, Novosibirskenergo, Irkutskenergo. These companies only formally (by establishing their subsidiaries) fulfilled the law's requirement to separate competitive and monopolistic activities. For example, Tatenergo established a “generating company”, a “grid company” and Tatenergosbyt - as subsidiaries that manage, respectively, generating assets, network assets and energy sales activities in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Other companies from these four did the same.
Many of the remaining generating assets are controlled by the state, since they are located in the so-called territories of non-price zones (due to a serious imbalance in the volume of generating capacity and demand for electrical energy, or due to the isolation and small size of territorial energy systems). “Non-market” territories include territories remote from the central regions of the country that have a developed electrical power infrastructure: the territory of the Far East, Kamchatka, Chukotka, island. Sakhalin, most of the territory of Yakutia, the Kaliningrad region, as well as the territories of the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk region. True, the generating capacities of the last two regions are still in private hands - they belong to TGK-2, TGK-9, OGK-3.

2nd group. Electricity companies
Electric grid companies are represented, firstly, by a giant company: the Federal Grid Company (FGC), which owns the so-called backbone networks - that is, high-voltage power transmission lines (PLLs) (mainly 220 kV, 330 kV, 500 kV). Relatively speaking, these are transport arteries that connect various energy systems across a vast territory of the country, that is, providing the possibility of flowing significant volumes of electricity and power over long distances, between remote large energy systems. FSK, therefore, is of strategic importance not only for the electricity industry, but also for the economy of the entire country. Therefore, it is controlled by the state, which owns almost 80% of the company's shares.
Secondly, electric grid companies are represented by large interregional distribution grid companies (IDGCs), united into a single holding - IDGC Holding. From time to time there are speculations about the future merger of regional IDGCs, but for now the Holding has a complex corporate structure: regional IDGCs and the parent holding company itself, which owns large blocks of shares in regional subsidiaries. Such a complex structure is not the best form of organization from a management point of view; regional IDGCs have a certain degree of independence, and many procedures become more complicated due to the “multi-corporate nature” of an essentially single organization. The subsidiaries of IDGC Holding are:

IDGC of Center and Volga Region
IDGC of the South
IDGC of the North Caucasus
IDGC of Volga
IDGC of Urals
IDGC of Siberia
Tyumenenergo
Moscow Electric Grid Company
Lenenergo
Yantarenergo

The last group of network companies are small territorial network organizations (TSOs). These organizations, as a rule, serve the power grids of small municipalities and may belong to both municipal authorities and private regional investors. The number of such organizations is large, but the share of their services in value terms in comparison with the cost of services of IDGC Holding and FSK is not so significant. It is also worth mentioning here the existence of ownerless networks - that is, such electrical networks, the ownership of which is not assigned to any owner. This became possible as a result of multiple economic transformations that have shaken the country's economy over the past decades.
Due to weak control and low level of control over the activities of small TGOs on the part of municipal and regional authorities, other government bodies, as well as due to the weak motivation of the current owners to develop and maintain the power grids of their TGOs in the required condition, proposals for the takeover of small grid companies by companies of the structure are increasingly appearing IDGC. This, on the one hand, certainly runs counter to the ideas of industry reform (an increase in the number of participants and the development of competition), but on the other hand, in the conditions of Russian reality (the inefficiency of small owners who are determined to short-term use of the inherited asset with maximum short-term return to the detriment of investment development) may be effective.

3rd group. Energy sales companies
The main representatives of this group of companies in the industry are energy sales companies - the heirs of the RAO UES empire. These are “fragments” of vertically integrated joint-stock energos that have received a special status - the status of a supplier of last resort. Due to this specificity, the energy sales segment is perhaps the most unreformed segment of all today.
In addition to guaranteed suppliers, there are also independent energy sales companies. These are, first of all, companies that supply electric energy and power to large consumers directly from the wholesale electric energy and power market (WEM). In addition to such companies, there are also those that engage in the purchase and sale of electrical energy in retail markets. But there are significantly fewer such companies due to the peculiarities of market rules.

4th group. Companies managing the regimes of the unified energy system of Russia
This is, first of all, the System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia (SO UES), as well as its territorial divisions. The system operator bears an important “intellectual” load from a technological point of view. It controls electrical power regimes in the power system. His commands are mandatory for execution by subjects of operational dispatch control (primarily for generating and electric grid companies).
Within technologically isolated territorial power systems, mode control is carried out by a separate company, which is entrusted with the functions of operational dispatch control in the local power system. This could be a network organization. (This situation may occur in isolated energy regions, for example, in the northern territories, in Yakutia.)

Group 5. Companies responsible for the development and operation of the commercial market infrastructure (WECM and retail markets)
Today, this is, firstly, the non-profit partnership "Market Council" (NP Market Council), and, secondly, its subsidiaries: OJSC "ATS" - also a commercial operator and CJSC "CFR" - a financial settlement center, carrying out calculations and offset of counter financial obligations and claims.
NP Market Council, as is clear from its name, has the form of a non-profit partnership, the members of which are all participants in the wholesale electricity and capacity market (WEM). He develops and finalizes an agreement on joining the trading system of the wholesale market, which is mandatory for all participants in the Wholesale Electric Market. This agreement, taking into account the annexes - regulations of the WECM, determines the rules and procedure for the functioning of the WECM, describing in detail the various processes, payment procedures, etc. The accession agreement must comply with the Wholesale Market Rules approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as other regulatory legal acts. When changes are made to the WECM Rules, changes are also made to the connection agreement. Important decisions are made and approved by the Market Council Supervisory Board. The Market Council also develops rules for the functioning of retail markets (within its powers) and is responsible for the development of the industry based on a balance of interests of electricity industry entities.
OJSC "ATS" is a commercial operator of the wholesale market. It organizes the work of the market and the interaction of market participants.
ZA "CFR" carries out financial settlements on the market.

Group 6. Organizations exercising control and regulation in the industry
Control and regulation in the industry, within the limits of their powers, is carried out by various executive authorities: both of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The Ministry of Energy has a direct influence on processes in the industry. A significant role is played by the Federal Tariff Service (FTS), the Ministry of Economic Development, the Government of the Russian Federation itself, as well as Rostekhnadzor, the state corporation Rosatom, etc. On the part of the federal subjects in the retail market, executive authorities in the field of tariff regulation (regional energy commissions, tariff committees, etc.).

Group 7. Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy
This is a multitude of enterprises of various sizes, organizations - subjects of the Russian economy, as well as citizens of the country who consume electrical energy for their own needs.
From the point of view of the modern structure of the industry, all consumers can be divided into consumers of retail markets (the largest group) and consumers of the wholesale market. Only large enterprises can become consumers of the wholesale market, having also carried out a number of necessary measures: installation of an AIMS KUE (automated information and measurement system for commercial metering of electrical energy), and completed a number of organizational measures to obtain the status of a subject of the Wholesale Electric Energy Market and obtain access to the trading system of the Wholesale Electric Energy Market. Since all these measures require financial investments, their effectiveness for each specific consumer should be checked separately.
Since the market for electrical energy and capacity in Russia began to function quite recently, and incentives for the active development of small power plants have not yet been created, small producers of electrical energy are represented mainly by industrial enterprises that own small (on the scale of the Wholesale Electric Power Market) thermal power plants. power plants, often thermal power plants, which were built during the existence of the USSR in order to meet their own production needs for energy resources (electricity and heat). Since production in many sectors of the economy has decreased significantly since the collapse of the USSR, such enterprises have the opportunity to sell excess generated electrical energy and power to other consumers. These enterprises become suppliers in retail markets. Due to changes to Federal Law No. 35-FZ, which were introduced in July 2010, starting from 2011, many of these manufacturers will be required to purchase and sell electrical energy and capacity on the Wholesale Electric Power Market. Thus, the number of retail manufacturers, which is still small, will be reduced to an insignificant number.

1.2 Structure of the Russian electric power industry

Main groups of companies and organizations:

1. Generation companies of the wholesale market

2. Electricity companies

3. Energy sales companies

4. Companies managing the regimes of the unified energy system of Russia

5. Companies responsible for the development and operation of the commercial market infrastructure (WECM and retail markets)

6. Organizations exercising control and regulation in the industry

7. Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy

Key characteristics of groups of companies and their composition:

1 group. Generating companies. Generating companies are large companies whose assets include power plants of various types. In total, 20 new thermal generating companies were established, as well as 1 generating company producing electrical energy and power at most hydroelectric power stations in Russia. In addition, there is 1 company that operates all nuclear power plants in the country. Thus, nuclear power plants are managed by Rosenergoatom, and almost all hydroelectric power plants are owned by RusHydro. Among the thermal power plants there are 6 wholesale generating companies (WGCs) that manage large thermal power plants - state district power plants, the total installed capacity of each of these companies is more than 8 GW. The power plants of each OGK are located in different regions of Russia. Also, 14 territorial generating companies have been created, which own medium-sized thermal power plants and combined heat and power plants. Power plants and thermal power plants owned by one TGC are located on the same territory (1 region or a number of neighboring regions of the country).

In addition to the above-mentioned generating companies, there are several more fairly large generating companies that were not controlled by RAO UES at the time of the start of the reform, and therefore did not change ownership. We are talking about four so-called “independent” joint-stock companies: Tatenergo, Bashkirenergo, Novosibirskenergo, Irkutskenergo. These companies only formally (by establishing their subsidiaries) fulfilled the law's requirement to separate competitive and monopolistic activities. For example, Tatenergo established a “generating company”, a “grid company” and Tatenergosbyt - as subsidiaries that manage, respectively, generating assets, network assets and energy sales activities in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Other companies from these four did the same.

Many of the remaining generating assets are controlled by the state, since they are located in the so-called territories of non-price zones (due to a serious imbalance in the volume of generating capacity and demand for electrical energy, or due to the isolation and small size of territorial energy systems). “Non-market” territories include territories remote from the central regions of the country that have a developed electrical power infrastructure: the territory of the Far East, Kamchatka, Chukotka, island. Sakhalin, most of the territory of Yakutia, the Kaliningrad region, as well as the territories of the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk region. True, the generating capacities of the last two regions are still in private hands - they belong to TGK-2, TGK-9, OGK-3.

2nd group. Electricity companies. Electric grid companies are represented, firstly, by a giant company: the Federal Grid Company (FGC), which owns the so-called backbone networks - that is, high-voltage power transmission lines (PLLs) (mainly 220 kV, 330 kV, 500 kV). Relatively speaking, these are transport arteries that connect various energy systems across a vast territory of the country, that is, providing the possibility of flowing significant volumes of electricity and power over long distances, between remote large energy systems. FSK, therefore, is of strategic importance not only for the electricity industry, but also for the economy of the entire country. Therefore, it is controlled by the state, which owns almost 80% of the company's shares.

Secondly, electric grid companies are represented by large interregional distribution grid companies (IDGCs), united into a single holding - IDGC Holding. From time to time there are speculations about the future merger of regional IDGCs, but for now the Holding has a complex corporate structure: regional IDGCs and the parent holding company itself, which owns large blocks of shares in regional subsidiaries. Such a complex structure is not the best form of organization from a management point of view; regional IDGCs have a certain degree of independence, and many procedures become more complicated due to the “multi-corporate nature” of an essentially single organization. The subsidiaries of IDGC Holding are:

IDGC of Center and Volga Region

IDGC of the South

IDGC of the North Caucasus

IDGC of Volga

IDGC of Urals

IDGC of Siberia

Tyumenenergo

· Moscow Electric Network Company

· Lenenergo

Yantarenergo

Due to weak control and low level of control over the activities of small TGOs on the part of municipal and regional authorities, other government bodies, as well as due to the weak motivation of the current owners to develop and maintain the power grids of their TGOs in the required condition, proposals for the takeover of small grid companies by companies of the structure are increasingly appearing IDGC. This, on the one hand, certainly runs counter to the ideas of industry reform (an increase in the number of participants and the development of competition), but on the other hand, in the conditions of Russian reality (the inefficiency of small owners who are determined to short-term use of the inherited asset with maximum short-term return to the detriment of investment development) may be effective.

3rd group. Energy sales companies. The main representatives of this group of companies in the industry are energy sales companies - the heirs of the RAO UES empire. These are “fragments” of vertically integrated joint-stock energos that have received a special status - the status of a supplier of last resort. Due to this specificity, the energy sales segment is perhaps the most unreformed segment of all today.

In addition to guaranteed suppliers, there are also independent energy sales companies. These are, first of all, companies that supply electric energy and power to large consumers directly from the wholesale electric energy and power market (WEM). In addition to such companies, there are also those that engage in the purchase and sale of electrical energy in retail markets. But there are significantly fewer such companies due to the peculiarities of market rules.

4th group. Companies that manage the regimes of the Unified Energy System of Russia This is, first of all, the System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia (SO UES), as well as its territorial divisions. The system operator bears an important “intellectual” load from a technological point of view. It controls electrical power regimes in the power system. His commands are mandatory for execution by subjects of operational dispatch control (primarily for generating and electric grid companies).

Within technologically isolated territorial power systems, mode control is carried out by a separate company, which is entrusted with the functions of operational dispatch control in the local power system. This could be a network organization. (This situation may occur in isolated energy regions, for example, in the northern territories, in Yakutia.)

Group 5. Companies responsible for the development and operation of the commercial market infrastructure (WECM and retail markets). Today, this is, firstly, the non-profit partnership "Market Council" (NP Market Council), and, secondly, its subsidiaries: OJSC "ATS" - also a commercial operator and CJSC "CFR" - a financial settlement center, carrying out calculations and offset of counter financial obligations and claims. NP Market Council, as is clear from its name, has the form of a non-profit partnership, the members of which are all participants in the wholesale electricity and capacity market (WEM). He develops and finalizes an agreement on joining the trading system of the wholesale market, which is mandatory for all participants in the Wholesale Electric Market. This agreement, taking into account the annexes - regulations of the WECM, determines the rules and procedure for the functioning of the WECM, describing in detail the various processes, payment procedures, etc. The accession agreement must comply with the Wholesale Market Rules approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as other regulatory legal acts. When changes are made to the WECM Rules, changes are also made to the connection agreement. Important decisions are made and approved by the Market Council Supervisory Board. The Market Council also develops rules for the functioning of retail markets (within its powers) and is responsible for the development of the industry based on a balance of interests of electricity industry entities.

OJSC "ATS" is a commercial operator of the wholesale market. It organizes the work of the market and the interaction of market participants.

ZA "CFR" carries out financial settlements on the market.

Group 6. Organizations exercising control and regulation in the industry. Control and regulation in the industry, within the limits of their powers, is carried out by various executive authorities: both of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The Ministry of Energy has a direct influence on processes in the industry. A significant role is played by the Federal Tariff Service (FTS), the Ministry of Economic Development, the Government of the Russian Federation itself, as well as Rostechnadzor, the state corporation Rosatom, etc. On the part of the federal subjects in the retail market, executive authorities in the field of tariff regulation (regional energy commissions, tariff committees, etc.).

Group 7. Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy. This is a multitude of enterprises of various sizes, organizations - subjects of the Russian economy, as well as citizens of the country who consume electrical energy for their own needs.

From the point of view of the modern structure of the industry, all consumers can be divided into consumers of retail markets (the largest group) and consumers of the wholesale market. Only large enterprises can become consumers of the wholesale market, having also carried out a number of necessary measures: installation of an AIMS KUE (automated information and measurement system for commercial metering of electrical energy), and completed a number of organizational measures to obtain the status of a subject of the Wholesale Electric Energy Market and obtain access to the trading system of the Wholesale Electric Energy Market. Since all these activities require financial investments, their effectiveness for each specific consumer should be checked separately.

The electric power industry deals with the production and transmission of electrical energy and is the most important basic industry in Russia. The entire national economy of the country depends on the level of its development...

The importance of the electric power industry in the economic complex of Russia

The Russian energy industry is going through a difficult period. A serious accident in the Moscow power grid in 2005, limited power supply during the exceptionally cold winter of 2005-2006...

The importance of the electric power industry in the economic complex of Russia

For a more economical, rational and comprehensive use of the total potential of our country’s power plants, the Unified Energy System (UES) was created...

Features of the development and location of sectors of the fuel and energy complex of Russia

Is the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation a complex system? a set of production facilities, processes, material devices for the extraction of fuel and energy resources (FER), their transformation, transportation...

The main directions of development of the electric power industry of the Autonomous Okrug are expected to be the construction and commissioning of new energy capacities and power grid facilities...

Problems and prospects for the development of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra

In general, the topic of industrial geography was largely outside the field of his scientific interests. But his erudition and scientific temperament served as an example and inspiration for many of his students, including the author of this report. 1...

Almost 90% of all-Russian gas production is concentrated in Western Siberia (West Siberian oil and gas pipeline) (Table 1), primarily in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - over 80%. The largest gas producing regions of the European part of the country...

Development of the Russian gas industry

In organizational terms, gas production in Russia is carried out by four main groups of producers (Fig. 4): - companies belonging to the Gazprom Group - the world's largest gas concern, owner of the UGSS and monopoly exporter of gas...

Current demographic situation in Russia

1) Population structure by gender. The sex ratio in the population is an important factor in nuptiality (i.e., the process of marriage) and the formation of the family structure of the population...

Specifics of the main forms of the country's regional economic complex

In the course of social development, differentiation of members of society occurs depending on their participation in divided labor. The essence of any division of labor is the specialization of the manufacturer in the production of any product in volumes...

Introduction

1 Branches of the Russian electric power industry

2 Structure of the Russian electric power industry

3 Unified Energy System

2 New trends in the spatial organization of the Russian electric power industry

3 Prospects for state innovation policy in the electric power industry

1 Alternative sources of electricity

2 Electric power industry of the world in perspective

3 Development prospects in Russia

Conclusion

List of sources used

Appendix A. Location of power plants in Russia

Appendix B. Location of nuclear power plants in Russia

INTRODUCTION

Electric power industry is a branch of industry that produces electricity at power plants and transmits it to consumers.

Energy is the basis for the development of production forces in any state. Energy ensures the uninterrupted operation of industry, agriculture, transport, and utilities. Stable economic development is impossible without constantly developing energy.

The energy industry is part of the fuel and energy industry and is inextricably linked with another component of this gigantic economic complex - the fuel industry.

Russian energy sector consists of 600 thermal, 100 hydraulic, 10 nuclear power plants. At the end of 2013, the total installed capacity of UES of Russia power plants was 226 GW. Fuel and energy complex products make up only about 10% of the country's GDP, but the share of the complex in exports is about 40% (mainly due to energy exports).

The most pressing issues in the electric power industry in Russia include:

the need to accompany changes in the wholesale electricity market with changes in the heat market. Otherwise, the most efficient cogeneration becomes uncompetitive;

the need to ensure real competition in the retail market, creating the basis for the market functioning of sales companies in parallel with strengthening regulation of the activities of guaranteeing suppliers. Established sales companies should be given the opportunity to conduct market business, and not just reduce monopoly earnings, while regulation of the activities of guaranteeing suppliers should ensure coverage of their costs and the necessary profitability. Otherwise, gaps in payments may occur;

the need to strengthen the fight against defaulters (primarily, housing and communal services structures - management companies and heat supply municipal unitary enterprises);

the need to strengthen the fight against cross-subsidization, which causes an increase in tariffs mainly for small and medium-sized businesses.

The presence of these problems determines the relevance of the topic of this work.

The object of this work is the development and placement of the Russian electric power industry.

The subject of the study is the principles and factors influencing the location of the Russian electric power industry.

The purpose of this course work is to study the location and development of the Russian electric power industry.

Research objectives:

analyze the structure of the electric power industry;
research industry groups and companies;
study the current position of the electric power industry in the industry;
study new trends in the spatial organization of the Russian electric power industry;
determine the prospects for state innovation policy in the electric power industry. .

The information base for the course work was journal articles, periodical publications, Internet resources and textbooks by such authors as G.A. Titorenko, A.N. Galyaev, T.A. Filosova.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY

1.1 Electric power industries in Russia

The leading position of the thermal power industry is a historically established and economically justified pattern of development of the Russian energy industry.

§diesel;

§gas turbine;

§steam-gas.

The most developed and widespread in Russia are thermal power plants for general use, operating on organic fuel (gas, coal), mainly steam turbine ones.

The largest thermal power plant in Russia is the largest on the Eurasian continent Surgutskaya GRES-2<#"338" src="doc_zip1.jpg" /> <#"justify">Electricity generation by Russian hydroelectric power plants provides annual savings of 50 million tons of standard fuel, the savings potential is 250 million tons; makes it possible to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by up to 60 million tons per year, which provides Russia with virtually unlimited potential for increasing energy capacity under the conditions of strict requirements for limiting greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to its direct purpose - the production of electricity using renewable resources - hydropower additionally solves a number of important problems for society and the state: the creation of drinking and industrial water supply systems, the development of navigation, the creation of irrigation systems for the benefit of agriculture, fish farming, regulation of river flows, allowing for the control of with floods and floods, ensuring the safety of the population.

Currently, there are 102 hydroelectric power stations operating in Russia with a capacity of over 100 MW. The total installed capacity of hydraulic units at hydroelectric power stations in Russia is approximately 46 GW (5th place in the world). In 2011, Russian hydroelectric power plants generated 153 billion kWh of electricity. In the total volume of electricity production in Russia, the share of hydroelectric power plants in 2011 was 15.2%.

During the reform of the electric power industry, the federal hydro-generating company JSC HydroOGK (current name - JSC RusHydro) was created, which united the bulk of the country's hydropower assets. Today the company manages 68 renewable energy facilities, including 9 stations of the Volga-Kama cascade with a total installed capacity of more than 10.2 GW, the first-born of large hydropower in the Far East - Zeyskaya HPP (1,330 MW), Bureyskaya HPP (2,010 MW), Novosibirskaya HPP (455 MW) and several dozen hydroelectric power stations in the North Caucasus, including the Kashkhatau HPP (65.1 MW), commissioned in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic at the end of 2010. RusHydro also includes geothermal stations in Kamchatka and the highly maneuverable capacities of the Zagorsk pumped storage power plant (PSPP) in the Moscow region, used to level out the daily unevenness of the electrical load schedule in the IPS Center.

Until recently, the largest Russian hydroelectric power station was considered the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP named after. P. S. Neporozhny<#"323" src="doc_zip2.jpg" /> <#"justify">electric power spatial alternative industry

In 2011, nuclear power plants generated a record amount of electricity in the entire history of the industry - 173 billion kWh, which was about 1.5% increase compared to 2010. In December 2007, in accordance with the decree of Russian President V.V. Putin, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom was formed, which manages all nuclear assets of Russia, including both the civilian part of the nuclear industry and the nuclear weapons complex. It is also entrusted with the tasks of fulfilling Russia’s international obligations in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the non-proliferation regime of nuclear materials.

The operator of Russian nuclear power plants is OJSC Rosenergoatom Concern<#"justify">Geothermal energy

One of the potential areas for the development of the electric power industry in Russia is geothermal energy. Currently, 56 thermal water deposits with a potential exceeding 300 thousand m/day have been explored in Russia. Commercial exploitation is underway at 20 fields, among them: Paratunskoye (Kamchatka), Kazminskoye and Cherkesskoye (Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Territory), Kizlyarskoye and Makhachkala (Dagestan), Mostovskoye and Voznesenskoye (Krasnodar Territory). At the same time, the total electric power potential of steam-water thermal baths, which is estimated at 1 GW of operating electrical power, is realized only in the amount of slightly more than 80 MW of installed capacity. All operating Russian geothermal power plants today are located in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

1.2 Structure of the Russian electric power industry

2.Electricity companies

.Energy sales companies

.Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy

Key characteristics of groups of companies and their composition:

group. Generating companies. Generating companies are large companies whose assets include power plants of various types. A total of 20 new thermal generating companies were established, as well as 1 generating company producing electricity and power at most hydroelectric power stations in Russia. In addition, there is 1 company that operates all nuclear power plants in the country. Thus, nuclear power plants are managed by Rosenergoatom, and almost all hydroelectric power plants are owned by RusHydro. Among the thermal power plants there are 6 wholesale generating companies (WGCs) that manage large thermal power plants - state district power plants, the total installed capacity of each of these companies is more than 8 GW. The power plants of each OGK are located in different regions of Russia. Also, 14 territorial generating companies have been created, which own medium-sized thermal power plants and combined heat and power plants. Power plants and thermal power plants owned by one TGC are located on the same territory (1 region or a number of neighboring regions of the country).

group. Electricity companies. Electric grid companies are represented, firstly, by a giant company: the Federal Grid Company (FGC), which owns the so-called backbone networks - that is, high-voltage power transmission lines (PLLs) (mainly 220 kV, 330 kV, 500 kV). Relatively speaking, these are transport arteries that connect various energy systems across a vast territory of the country, that is, providing the possibility of flowing significant volumes of electricity and power over long distances, between remote large energy systems. FSK, therefore, is of strategic importance not only for the electricity industry, but also for the economy of the entire country. Therefore, it is controlled by the state, which owns almost 80% of the company's shares.

· IDGC of Center and Volga Region

IDGC of the South

· IDGC of the North Caucasus

IDGC of Volga

IDGC of the Urals

IDGC of Siberia

Tyumenenergo

· Moscow Electric Grid Company

Lenenergo

Yantarenergo

group. Energy sales companies. The main representatives of this group of companies in the industry are energy sales companies - the heirs of the RAO UES empire. These are “fragments” of vertically integrated joint-stock energos that have received a special status - the status of a supplier of last resort. Due to this specificity, the energy sales segment is perhaps the most unreformed segment of all today.

group. Companies that manage the regimes of the Unified Energy System of Russia This is, first of all, the System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia (SO UES), as well as its territorial divisions. The system operator bears an important “intellectual” load from a technological point of view. It controls electrical power regimes in the power system. His commands are mandatory for execution by subjects of operational dispatch control (primarily for generating and electric grid companies).

OJSC "ATS" is a commercial operator of the wholesale market. It organizes the work of the market and the interaction of market participants.

ZA "CFR" carries out financial settlements on the market.

1.3 Unified Energy System

An objective feature of electric power industry products is the impossibility of storing or accumulating them, therefore the main task of the energy system is the most rational use of the industry’s products. Electrical energy, unlike other types of energy, can be converted into any other type of energy with minimal losses, and its production, transportation and subsequent conversion are much more profitable than the direct production of the required type of energy from an energy carrier. Industries that often do not use electricity directly for their technological processes are the largest consumers of electricity.

UES of Russia is a highly complex automated complex of power stations and networks, united by a common operating mode with a single dispatch control center (DC). The main networks of the UES of Russia with voltages from 330 to 1150 kV unite 65 regional power systems from the western border to Lake Baikal in parallel operation. The structure of the UES allows it to operate and manage at 3 levels: interregional (Central Dispatch Center in Moscow), interregional (united dispatch control departments) and regional (Local Dispatch Control Centers). This hierarchical structure, combined with emergency intelligent automation and the latest computer systems, makes it possible to quickly localize an accident without significant damage to the UES and often even to local consumers. The UES central control center in Moscow fully controls and manages the operation of all stations connected to it.

The Unified Energy System is distributed across 7 time zones and thus allows smoothing out load peaks in the electrical system due to pumping excess electricity to other areas where there is a shortage. The eastern regions produce much more electricity than they consume themselves. In the center of Russia there is a shortage of electricity, which cannot yet be covered by transferring energy from Siberia to the west. The convenience of the UES also includes the possibility of locating the power plant far from the consumer. Transportation of electricity is many times cheaper than transportation of gas, oil or coal, and at the same time it occurs instantly and does not require additional transportation costs.

If the UES did not exist, 15 million kW of additional capacity would be needed.

The Russian energy system is rightfully considered one of the most reliable in the world. Over the 35 years of operation of the system in Russia, unlike the USA (1965, 1977) and Canada (1989), not a single global power supply disruption occurred.

Despite the collapse of the Unified Energy System of the USSR, most of the energy systems of the now independent republics are still under the operational control of the Central Dispatch Office of the Russian Federation. Most independent states have a negative electricity trade balance with Russia. Thus, according to data from December 7, 1993, Kazakhstan owes Russia about 150 billion rubles, and Ukraine and Belarus together - about 170 billion, and not a single debtor currently has the financial capacity to pay these amounts to Russia.

ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA XXI century

2.1 Current situation in the industry. The concept of Russian energy policy in new economic conditions

Due to the decline in production, the country's economic needs for electricity have decreased, and since, according to experts, this situation will continue for at least another 2-3 years, it is important to prevent the destruction of the system by the time the demand for electricity begins to increase again. To maintain existing electrical capacities, it is necessary to commission 8-9 million kW annually, however, due to problems with financing and the collapse of economic ties, out of the 8 million kW planned for 1992, only a little more than 1 million kW of capacity was built and put into operation.

Currently, a paradoxical situation has arisen when, in the face of a decline in production, its energy intensity is increasing. According to various estimates, the energy saving potential in Russia ranges from 400 to 600 million tons of standard fuel. But that makes up more than a third of all energy resources consumed today.

These reserves are distributed across all stages from production, transportation, storage to the consumer. Thus, the total losses of the fuel and energy complex amount to 150-170 million tons of standard fuel. The consumption of low-distillation petroleum products as fuel in power plants is very high. Given the current shortage of motor fuel, such a policy is extremely unjustified. Taking into account the significant difference in prices between fuel oil and motor fuel, it is much more efficient to use gas or coal as fuel for boilers at thermal power plants, but when using the latter, environmental factors become of great importance. It is obvious that these areas should be developed equally, since the economic situation can change significantly even in the energy sector and the one-sided development of the industry cannot in any way contribute to its prosperity. It is much more efficient to use gas as a chemical fuel (now 50% of all gas produced in the country is burned) than to burn it at thermal power plants.

Taking into account the requirements of this program, several projects have already been prepared and dozens are under development. Thus, there is a project for Berezovskaya GRES-2 with 800 MW units and bag filters for collecting dust, a project for a combined heat and power plant with combined cycle gas plants with a capacity of 300 MW, and a project for the Rostov GRES, which includes many fundamentally new technical solutions.

The developments of teams of industry and academic institutions formed the basis of the Concept of Russian energy policy in new economic conditions. The concept was submitted for consideration to the Russian Government by a number of organizations - the Ministry of Fuel and Energy, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Science of Russia and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Government of the Russian Federation approved the main provisions of the concept at a government meeting on October 10, 1992 and, after finalization, the draft document was transferred to the Supreme Council of Russia

· National Energy Saving Program. The implementation of this program should result in annual savings of 50-70 million tons of standard fuel by 2010. The subprogram proposes several fundamentally new measures to save primary energy resources, but also to replace scarce types of energy resources with cheaper and more accessible ones. It is proposed, for example, to modernize oil refineries and improve natural gas processing. It is also proposed to fully use associated gas, which is currently simply flared. It is expected that these measures will give an effect commensurate with the annual rental payments of the fuel and energy sector.

· National program for improving the quality of energy supply. It provides for an increase in energy consumption in the household sector, gasification of entire regions, medium and small settlements in rural areas.

· National program for protecting the environment from the harmful effects of energy. The goal of the program is to reduce gas emissions into the atmosphere several times and stop the discharge of harmful substances into water bodies. The idea of flat hydroelectric power stations is also completely rejected here.

· National program to support industries supporting the fuel and energy sector. It provides for the development of energy construction and a subprogram to improve the training of specialists.

· Gas energy program Yamal . The program provides for the development of the gas industry, the growth of condensate production and the expansion of oil refining, the reconstruction of the electric power industry and the heat supply system.

· Development program for the East Siberian oil and gas province. It is planned to create a new oil and gas producing region with an annual production of 60-100 million tons of oil, 20-50 billion m3 of gas, and a powerful oil and gas processing industry. The development of the East Siberian oil and gas province will allow Russia to enter the Asia-Pacific energy market with the export of 10-20 million tons of oil and 15-20 billion m3 of natural gas to China, Korea, and Japan.

· Program for improving the safety and development of nuclear energy. It is envisaged to use components of nuclear weapons in the electric power industry and create safer reactors for nuclear power plants.

· The program for the creation of the Kansk-Achinsk coal-energy complex, focused on the environmentally acceptable and cost-effective use of brown coal for electricity production in a vast region of Russia: from the Urals and Volga region in the west to Primorye in the east.

· Alternative motor fuel program. A large-scale transfer of transport to reduced gas is envisaged.

· Program for the use of non-traditional renewable energy sources. With the introduction of world energy prices, independent energy supply to cottages, farms and even detached city houses becomes economically profitable. It is planned that the growth in the use of non-traditional renewable energy resources for local energy supply by 2000 will reach 10-15 million tons of standard fuel.

· Scientific and technical program Environmentally friendly energy for the period 1993-2000. It is envisaged to create technologies and equipment with the help of which safety, including environmental safety, must be ensured in the production of fuel, electrical and thermal energy.

2.2 New trends in the spatial organization of the Russian electric power industry

The country's modern electricity base has developed within the framework of an ideology unfamiliar to capitalism. To a large extent, it was formed over a long period of time under the influence of the ideology of the GOELRO plan. The reformers could not break this ideology for a long time after 1991. This was greatly facilitated by the famous Chagin accident in Moscow, which greatly frightened the authorities in the country. After this accident, it became clear that it was urgently necessary to determine which path of development this, one of the most important life-supporting industries in the country, would take.

There was a fundamental opportunity to choose one of several possible options: complete privatization or preservation of full state ownership, but subject to the creation of an effective and competent team of its managers. After much hesitation, an intermediate option was chosen, which, on the one hand, satisfied many in government and business, and on the other hand, does not allow solving the problems accumulated in the electric power industry after 1991 in real time.

By the time privatization began, incompetent management of the electric power industry and severe underfunding had brought generation and grid facilities to the limit. The share of equipment that is completely morally and physically obsolete has exceeded 50%. The ability of the national power engineering industry to produce new equipment, and in sufficient quantity, has been greatly reduced. The previously existing powerful specialized construction and installation organizations collapsed, special workers, engineering and design personnel and special construction equipment were completely lost.

In the electric power industry, private business has replaced the previous ideology of its construction and management - the maximum degree of reliability and efficiency of work with another - obtaining maximum profits by all possible means with the transfer of part of it to non-core funds. This principle is fundamental today in the work of private business and that is why what is happening in the country’s electric power industry is happening.

Centralized financial and banking, transport and energy systems are the most important levers for managing the country’s economy and the life of society. Centralized electricity is one of the most important economic and political instruments in the hands of the ruling system. Decentralization of these system-forming elements of the national economy greatly weakens central and regional authorities and at the same time strengthens the position of private capital. Naturally, the ideologists of the reform in the electric power industry did not emphasize this position, but they were clearly guided by it. In addition, the real value of fixed assets in the electric power industry was greatly underestimated in the country, and this alone promised significant profits to the privatization participants

Unfortunately for the privatizers, the reform of the electric power industry came at a time when the country was still in the process of “assembling” power into a vertical. Therefore, the ideologists of the authorities did not allow the reform to be implemented in its entirety. As a result, today the situation in the country's electric power industry is extremely confused.

Part of the generation and grassroots networks were privatized, but not completely. The electric power industry of the Far East was left behind. The state retained in its hands almost all hydraulic, all nuclear and part of the fuel generation. It retained control over the backbone high-voltage networks. The operating regulations of private companies included serious points of their state burden in terms of operating modes and especially in terms of investment policy. For example, federal dispatchers can interfere with the operating modes of private generation and change their load, and therefore the profit they receive. What does such interference lead to? can be illustrated by the example of the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Regional dispatchers, due to the prevailing circumstances in the region, independently and remotely (but do not have information about their technical condition) switched on several HPP power units, which could no longer bear such a load, to operate at increased capacity. According to the rules adopted in the country, the owner of a hydroelectric power station is not obliged to inform government authorities about the condition of the generating equipment he owns, but government officials can turn it on in emergency situations without informing the owner. It is known that in the electric power industry the process occurs instantly and the less time there is for long-term coordination of the actions of dispatchers and generation owners.

The system for selling electricity has changed and the system of resellers has remained, which inflate tariffs for end consumers who do not have the right to enter the wholesale electricity and capacity market.

In preparation for privatization, the cost of electric power assets was overestimated, and plans for future growth in regional energy consumption (the level of effective demand) were underestimated. This created an additional incentive for the growth of capitalization of the electric power industry. The authorities themselves fell for this, creating an unnecessary burden for future owners regarding the mandatory future commissioning of new generation. In the Russian economy of those years, there was great expectation of continuous economic growth - a kind of Russian economic miracle. And the miracle ended in 1998.

During all discussions of the reform project, its authors and ideologists vowed to lower energy tariffs in the future as soon as the market started working in this industry. As a result, there is a market, but tariffs continue to rise and this growth is projected for the long term.

Our country has been building the foundations of national capitalism for twenty years, and at this time the world is switching in the electric power industry to fundamentally new generation equipment, whose fuel efficiency is 1015 higher.

The main trend in the development of nuclear energy in the world remains the aggregate and plant concentration of power. Russia has temporarily lost the technological ability to produce similar equipment, but perhaps in the coming years it will restore it again. Mechanical engineering capacity has been lost and the country is unable to develop nuclear power plants at the proper pace, especially taking into account the export supplies of reactors. The decision taken by the management of Rosatomenergo to create a new center for the production of nuclear reactors on the basis of the Petrozavodsk Heavy Engineering Plant looks at least strange.

A crisis in uranium reserves is looming in the country, and yet it is being actively supplied to other countries.

In the field of hydroelectric generation, there is a clear weakness and inability to ensure the required pace of hydroelectric power plant construction. The reason for this is the loss of previously created regional bases for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The country does not have enough financial resources for the construction of hydroelectric power stations, and RusHydro purchases fixed assets in other countries in order to earn profits there.

The state company RusHydro has opened financing for the design of such specific projects as the cascade of Lower Yenisei hydroelectric power stations and the South Yakutsk energy complex.

The development of nuclear power in the European part of the country and the growth of electricity consumption in the non-productive sector of the economy require adequate commissioning of flexible and cheap capacities here. These are primarily hydroelectric power plants in the North Caucasus and Karelia, as well as pumped storage power plants near load centers.

The greatest changes have occurred in thermal generation. The transition to gas turbine and combined cycle units led to a decrease in the average power of installed equipment and the power of power plants. There is a new trend towards a decrease in the degree of aggregate and plant concentration. At the same time, there was a noticeable shift of new generation towards heat consumers and power-consuming units.

Old Soviet export-oriented projects have been revived and implementation has begun. - Belarusian and Kaliningrad nuclear power plants, NizhneBureinsky and NizhneZeysky hydroelectric power station cascades. All these projects have one common drawback - high risks associated with the foreign policy situation and a high degree of dependence on external partners. At the same time, for example, the project to create a powerful 1500 kV power transmission line system in the direction of ItatEkibastuzTambov, the need for which again arose as a result of the accident at the SayanoShushenskaya hydroelectric station, was abandoned.

The problem of the formation and geography of tariffs for electrical and thermal energy deserves special consideration. There is a high degree of politicization of energy tariff setting in the country. As we approach the elections, authorities begin to actively regulate tariffs, without trying to force companies to reveal the system of tariff setting and cost structure itself. As a result, all parties to this process are not happy. Energy workers complain about the lack of funds for renovation, and the end consumer is slowly but surely losing one of its competitive advantages - the relative cheapness of energy costs. This can be especially said about the population, for whom energy prices and inflation eat up the increase in welfare and effective demand, which is already not great. The supreme authorities in the country cannot decide on their policy in this regard, which creates great difficulties for real businesses, which cannot predict their energy costs for a sufficient period of years and therefore slows down the investment process. At the same time, we hear mantras about optimizing the investment climate in the country.

The Russian electric power industry faces a difficult choice:

· or remain in a stagnant state, when state investments will flow into it, like into a “black hole,” serving only to enrich the shareholders of the distribution system, but not to the proper development of the industry, which is necessary for the normal functioning of industry and other sectors of Russia;

· or be revived, which is possible only with a radical reorganization of the industry, transforming it from the current market-monopoly system, aimed at enriching shareholders, who by definition cannot be the owners of the country, into a high-tech state holding, which aims not at the income of those groups and people who managed get to the management of the industry, and the interests of the real owner - the Russian Federation, its fastest possible development, that is, the lowest possible price of electricity, equal to its cost, providing the best conditions for the development of all industries in Russia.

In the case of the introduction of ultra-long-distance power transmission technology<#"justify">2.3 Prospects for state innovation policy in the electric power industry

In the electric power industry, the most promising option for changes in the wholesale and retail electricity (capacity) markets seems to be:

-introduction of real and technologically quite simply implemented competition for consumers in the retail market among energy sales companies, including guarantee suppliers. At the same time, competition is created and developed both by new opportunities for retail consumers to purchase electrical energy not only from guarantee suppliers, and by the transparent and high-quality work of sales companies;

-The main way to trade electricity and capacity in both the wholesale and retail markets is to make bilateral contracts between suppliers and buyers, concluded primarily for a period of one year or more. At the same time, the basis of the market should be financial contracts for the supply of electricity with capacity as the most developed and effective way of trading;

-creation of infrastructure and trade rules for the development of all types of bilateral contracts: physical, financial, trading in derivatives - standardized contracts;

-replacement of centralized competitive selection of power as a way of centralized (almost state) guarantee in advance to suppliers of prices and purchase volumes of their power - bilateral relations for the purchase of power and electricity and post-factum payment for power in the amount of excess consumption over purchase under bilateral agreements;

-strengthening the involvement of consumers in the process of setting prices and terms of supply of electricity (power) both through the development of bilateral agreements and through the development of trade in controlled consumption (voluntary load limitation);

-changing the principles of operation and regulation of last resort suppliers, the main functionality of which will be the simplest translation of the results of purchasing electricity from suppliers to consumers, organizing effective billing and collection of payments, with long-term regulation of the required gross revenue and compliance with requirements for the reliability and quality of services provided;

-introduction of mechanisms that reduce or prevent non-payments along the entire chain of formation of supply and cost (price) of electricity for consumers.

It must be emphasized that the proposed changes in the wholesale and retail markets are strictly linked and must be implemented simultaneously. It is inappropriate to implement changes in the wholesale market without developing competition in the retail market and vice versa.

In the retail market, any retail consumer is given the right to leave guaranteed suppliers for service to competitive (unregulated) energy sales companies (hereinafter referred to as sales companies) subject to the following conditions:

-the presence of the simplest, meeting only the requirements of metrology and the mandatory requirements of legislation on technical regulation of hourly metering of electricity consumption with storage (memory)

-absence of debt to the guaranteeing supplier.

Consumers who meet these requirements are hereinafter referred to as qualified consumers.

A qualified consumer can leave the guaranteeing supplier with the following frequency: before the start of each quarter - at the start of the implementation of new rules, then - before the start of each month.

Qualified consumers and any sales companies in relation to such consumers (hereinafter - both - qualified buyers) are given the opportunity, without obtaining the status of a participant in the wholesale market, to enter into free (unregulated) bilateral agreements for the purchase and sale of electricity (capacity) (hereinafter - SD) with any suppliers of electricity (power) in the wholesale and retail markets. Such agreements can be concluded either through the same platforms as for buyers of the wholesale market (organized platform, information system), or directly between a qualified retail buyer and an electricity producer.

In this case, the remaining electricity (capacity), defined as the difference between actual consumption and the volumes purchased under the CD, is bought (sold) by qualified buyers through a guarantee supplier.

If the consumer goes to a sales company for service, then such a company supplies the consumer with all the electricity (power) in the amount of his actual consumption. At the same time, the sales company itself purchases part of the electricity (capacity) through SD, and the remainder - on the wholesale market, if it is a participant in the wholesale market, or from a guarantee supplier.

Features of agreements concluded between suppliers of the wholesale electricity market and qualified buyers of the retail market:

a) Accounting for such contracts on the wholesale market:

Registration of SD on the wholesale market by the Trading System Administrator (ATS) is carried out according to the simplest procedure possible. If contracts are concluded through an organized platform - registration directly: platform - ATS;

In such CDs, the qualified buyer indicates the supplier of last resort with whom he settles for the purchase/sale of remaining electricity (capacity);

ATS informs the relevant guaranteeing suppliers about the volumes of electricity (capacity) purchased by the qualified buyer under the CD before the start of the delivery month;

In trading on the day-ahead market, balancing market, capacity - the volumes of electricity and capacity in such contracts relate to the volumes of consumption of the guaranteeing supplier and are taken into account in the same way as CDs concluded by the guaranteeing supplier for itself.

b) For both parties, the CD has the “takeorpay” condition (that is, it is a financial agreement), which means the following:

If the volumes of electricity in the SD are not fully included in the production schedule of the corresponding generator based on the results of day-ahead planning (DAM), the supplier purchases the unincluded volumes from other suppliers through the DAM (or through other SDs). Thus, the supply of electricity volumes in the SD to the buyer is always ensured.

If the volumes of electricity in the SD are not fully included in the consumption schedule of the corresponding buyer based on the results of planning on the DAM, the supplier of last resort sells the unincluded volumes on the DAM. The amount received (minus the expenses of the supplier of last resort associated with such a sale, such as: distribution of negative value imbalance, infrastructure services, etc.) is returned by the supplier of last resort to a qualified buyer under a retail agreement regarding the purchase/sale of remaining electricity and capacity.

At the same time, the existing procedure for calculating volumes and prices on the wholesale market is maintained, i.e. along the boundaries of the service area of guaranteeing suppliers (according to the total volume of consumption in the territory, including consumption related to qualified buyers).

In addition, the existing procedure in the retail market (but with the minimum requirements for metering devices specified above) for collecting data on commercial consumption metering of qualified buyers for the purpose of their mutual settlements with the supplier of last resort and electric grid companies is maintained.

With the proposed competitive model of the retail market, some aspects of the activities of guarantee suppliers change.

3. PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR

3.1 Alternative sources of electricity

The question of alternative sources of electricity has been occupying the minds of leading experts in the field of development and creation of cheap energy systems of the future for many years. According to scientists, in the next 60-70 years, reserves of coal, natural gas and oil may be almost completely exhausted. The threat of an energy crisis is just around the corner, and therefore, today in many countries of the world the development of modern energy-saving technologies is being accelerated, as well as a continuous search for alternative (inexpensive) sources of electricity.

Alternative (free) sources of electricity usually include systems for converting natural energy into electrical voltage, such as solar power systems, wind power generators, and thermoelectric power sources.

Solar power plants use solar radiation for their work, transforming it into electrical energy. Solar energy systems can be built both according to a scheme with thermodynamic conversion of solar energy, and according to a scheme of direct conversion of the latter into electrical energy (using photocells). In the first case, solar radiation is first converted into thermal energy and only then (with the help of a heat generator) is converted into electrical energy. In the second option, the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy is carried out due to the electronic properties of photocells (through the use of the “photoelectric effect”), i.e. solar modules are used<#"justify">3.2 World power industry in perspective

The strategic goals for the development of the electric power industry in the future are:

· reliable energy supply to the country’s economy and population;

· maintaining the integrity and development of the country's Unified Energy System, its integration with other energy associations on the Eurasian continent;

· increasing operational efficiency and ensuring sustainable development of the electric power industry based on new modern technologies;

· reducing harmful impacts on the environment.

Energy-saving policy implies a radical improvement in the structure of energy consumption, saving fuel and energy in all sectors of the national economy and the transition to energy-saving technologies.

In the future, it is possible to reduce the share of fuel oil in the fuel balance of power plants due to the construction of nuclear power plants and thermal power plants operating on open-pit coal (Kansk-Achinsk). An increase in the importance of natural gas will have a positive impact on the environmental situation. Development of hydropower resources in the eastern regions of Russia and construction of large hydroelectric power stations there; increasing the share of nuclear power plants in the energy structure of the European part and increasing their reliability; The construction of pumped storage power plants on small rivers, as well as combined cycle gas turbines, gas turbine generators and MHD generators in regions with a tense energy balance can solve the problem of shortages and uneven distribution of electricity.

Also, the new energy program should take into account the possibilities of using non-traditional resources and secondary energy sources.

Thermal power plants will remain the basis of the electric power industry for the entire future under consideration, the share of which in the structure of the installed capacity of the industry will remain at the level of 60-70%. Electricity generation at thermal power plants will increase by 1.4 times by 2020 compared to 2000.

An important direction in the electric power industry in modern conditions is the development of distributed generation based on the construction of small power plants, primarily small thermal power plants with steam turbines, gas turbines and other modern technologies.

To implement the industry’s innovation program, it is necessary to carry out a complex of scientific research and development in the following areas:

· expanding the resource base of the electric power industry and increasing regional fuel supply through the development of effective environmentally friendly combustion of Kansk-Achinsk and low-grade coals from the eastern regions of Russia in boilers of steam tube power units for supercritical steam parameters, including with a “ring” furnace, in molten slag, in furnaces with circulating fluidized bed and under pressure;

· increasing the efficiency of environmental protection based on integrated gas purification and ash collection systems at power units;

· increasing the efficiency of the steam-gas cycle by choosing a heat recovery scheme;

· creation and development of production of new generation power plants based on solid oxide fuel cells for centralized energy supply, research into the possibility of using other types of fuel cells for these purposes;

· creation and implementation of reliable electrical switching equipment with gas and vacuum insulation;

· development of intersystem electrical transmissions with increased capacity;

· development of flexible electrical transmissions;

· introduction of a new generation of transformer equipment, surge protection systems and microprocessor systems of relay protection and emergency protection, fiber optic communication systems;

· creation and implementation of electrical equipment, including converter units, for variable-frequency electric drives for various purposes;

· increasing the reliability of heat supply by increasing the durability and corrosion resistance of heating network pipes with polyurethane foam insulation.

3.3 Development prospects in Russia

There are strategic goals for the development of the Russian electric power industry for the period until 2030.

These goals include:

ensuring energy security of the country and regions;

meeting the needs of the country's economy and population for electrical energy (power);

ensuring the reliability of the Russian power supply system;

innovative renewal of the industry aimed at ensuring high energy, economic and environmental efficiency of production, transport, distribution and use of electricity.

To achieve the strategic goals of the development of the electric power industry, it is necessary to solve the following main tasks:

ensuring the widespread introduction of new highly efficient technologies for the production, transport and distribution of electricity and, thereby, building the electric power industry at a qualitatively new technological level;

creation of an effective system for managing the functioning and development of the Unified Energy System and the country's electric power industry as a whole, ensuring cost minimization;

ensuring effective state policy in the electric power industry;

diversification of the resource base of the electric power industry by expanding the niche to increase the share of coal in the production of electricity at thermal power plants, expanding the use of nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and non-traditional renewable energy sources;

balanced development of generating capacities and electrical networks that ensure the required level of reliability of power supply to consumers;

further development of the UES of Russia;

development of small-scale energy in the zone of decentralized energy supply by increasing the efficiency of using local energy resources, developing the electrical grid, reducing the volume of consumption of imported light petroleum products;

development and implementation of a price containment mechanism through technological innovative development of the industry, reducing costs for the construction of generating and network capacities, and creating an effective management system;

reducing the negative impact of the electric power industry on the environment through the use of the best existing and promising technologies.

Ensuring the reliability of the Russian power supply system The analysis shows that the existing regulatory documents in Russia provide for less stringent requirements for ensuring both balance and operating reliability than is the case in power interconnections of the USA and Europe. The criterion of balance reliability, characterized in the most general form by the probability of deficit-free operation of energy systems, in the West, as a rule, is an order of magnitude higher than in Russia. As a criterion for operational reliability in the West, the n-1 criterion is usually used, and in some cases criteria of higher orders. At the same time, Russian energy systems provide for a wider use of emergency control means. With the transition to market relations, reliability becomes more and more an economic category, determined by the price that consumers are willing to pay for the declared level of reliability. This requires clarification of the regulatory criteria for balance and operational reliability, reflected in existing regulatory documents, in accordance with the reliability requirements of consumers, and these clarifications in the conditions of the electricity market will go towards tightening these criteria, in particular, towards increasing the balance indicator reliability - the probability of deficit-free operation of power systems - up to a value of the order of 0.9997 by the end of the period under consideration, as proposed, as well as the mandatory fulfillment of the n-1 criterion, and in some cases for particularly critical facilities - nuclear power plants, external power supply systems of megalopolises, large cities and some others - and criterion n-2. At the same time, it will be necessary to clarify the entire set of related reliability criteria, including power reserves of the UES of Russia, the Unified Energy System, regional energy systems, the capacity of intersystem connections, design disturbances under which dynamic stability must be ensured, etc. To ensure the reliability of the UES of Russia, it is necessary will:

create zones for effective management of regional energy systems, within which a balance of power will be ensured both in the process of operation and development of regional energy systems;

radically increase the reliability of external and internal energy supply schemes for large cities and megacities;

create a state system for monitoring reliability (annual reliability forecast for 10 years, development of national reliability standards, monitoring their implementation);

create an automated system - “consumer demand management”;

adopt reliability standards that meet the new conditions.

CONCLUSION

Thermal power plants (TPPs) operating in Russia can be classified according to the following criteria:

§ by sources of energy used - fossil fuel, geothermal energy, solar energy;

§ by type of energy supplied - condensation, heating;

§ on the use of installed electrical capacity and the participation of thermal power plants in covering the electrical load schedule - base (at least 5000 hours of use of installed electrical capacity per year), semi-peak or maneuverable (3000 and 4000 hours per year, respectively), peak (less than 1500-2000 hours per year ).

In turn, thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels differ in technological characteristics:

§ steam turbines (with steam power plants using all types of organic fuel: coal, fuel oil, gas, peat, shale, firewood and wood waste, energy fuel processing products, etc.);

§diesel;

§gas turbine;

§steam-gas.

The industry consists of several groups of companies and organizations, each of which performs a specific separate function assigned to it.
Main groups of companies and organizations: · Generating companies of the wholesale market

· Electricity companies

· Energy sales companies

· Companies managing the regimes of the unified energy system of Russia

· Companies responsible for the development and operation of the commercial market infrastructure (WECM and retail markets)

· Organizations exercising control and regulation in the industry

· Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy.

An energy system is a group of power plants of different types and capacities, united by power lines and controlled from a single center.

The UES is a single control object; the power plants of the system operate in parallel.

The release of harmful substances into the environment per unit of production is 6-10 times higher than in the West. The extensive development of production and the accelerated build-up of huge capacities have led to the fact that the environmental factor for a long time was taken into account very little or not at all. Coal thermal power plants are the most environmentally unfriendly; the radiation level near them is several times higher than the radiation level in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant. The use of gas in thermal power plants is much more efficient than fuel oil or coal: when burning 1 ton of standard fuel, 1.7 tons of CO2 are formed versus 2.7 tons when burning fuel oil or coal. The environmental parameters previously established did not ensure complete environmental cleanliness; most power plants were built in accordance with them. New standards of environmental cleanliness have been included in a special state program Environmentally friendly energy . Taking into account the requirements of this program, several projects have already been prepared and dozens are under development. Thus, there is a project for Berezovskaya GRES-2 with 800 MW units and bag filters for collecting dust, a project for a combined heat and power plant with combined cycle gas plants with a capacity of 300 MW, and a project for the Rostov GRES, which includes many fundamentally new technical solutions.

To implement Russia's energy policy within the framework of a comprehensive energy program, several specific federal, intersectoral and scientific and technical programs were proposed. Among the main programs offered are the following:

o National Energy Saving Program;

o National program for improving the quality of energy supply;

o National program for protecting the environment from the harmful effects of energy;

o National program to support industries supporting the fuel and energy sector;

o Yamal gas energy program ;

o Development program for the East Siberian oil and gas province;

o Program for improving safety and development of nuclear engineering;

o Program for the creation of the Kansk-Achinsk coal-energy complex.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1.Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 526 of July 11, 2001 “On reforming the electric power industry of the Russian Federation”

2.Energy strategy of Russia for the period until 2030. Approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 13, 2009 No. 1715-r.

3.Electrical engineering news “In 2009, the output of Russian hydroelectric power stations increased by 5%” dated April 8, 2011.

4.Volkov, E.P. Issues of improving the management system for the development and functioning of the electric power industry in the conditions of its reform [Text]: article // E.P. Volkov, A.A. Barinov - M.: Controlling, 2010.

.Galyaev, A.N. Problems of increasing energy efficiency in the electric power industry [Text]: A.N. Galyaev // Russian entrepreneurship. - 2010. - No. 5 Issue. 2 (159). - c. 138-143.

.Galyaev, A.N. Increasing energy efficiency in the Russian electric power industry during the crisis and post-crisis periods [Text]: Investment projects - M.: Marketing Research -2010-No. 12 Vol. 9 - c. 58-74.

7.Reisberg, B.A. Modern economic dictionary [Text]: dictionary / B.A. Raizberg, L.Sh. Lozovsky, E.B. Starodubtseva. 6th ed., revised. - INFRA-M., 2010

8.Socio-economic geography: history, theory, methods, practice [Text]: Collection of scientific articles. - M.: Smolensk: Universum 2011

.Economic geography of Russia [Text]: textbook / edited by V. I. Vidyapina, M. V. Stepanova. - ed. reworked and additional - M.: Infra-M, 2007. - 568 p.

.Titorenko, G.A. Information technologies of management [Text]: textbook. allowance / G.A. Titorenko- M.: UNITI, Publishing house: Unity-Dana, 2012 - 591 p.

11. Filosofova, T. G. Competition, innovation, competitiveness [Text]: textbook. Manual / T. G. Filosofova<#"justify">Internet resources:

.www.gov. ru (Server of public authorities)

.www.gks. ru (Federal State Statistics Service)

3.www.igu-net.org<#"justify">5.www.libertarium.ru (Moscow Libertarium 1994-2014)

6.www.e-college.ru<#"justify">Appendix A

Location of power plants in Russia

Appendix B

Location of nuclear power plants in Russia

The information for this section was prepared based on data from SO UES JSC.

The energy system of the Russian Federation consists of the UES of Russia (seven integrated energy systems (IES) - IES of the Center, Middle Volga, Urals, North-West, South and Siberia) and territorially isolated energy systems (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka Territory, Sakhalin and Magadan Regions, Norilsk- Taimyr and Nikolaev energy districts, energy systems of the northern part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)).

Electrical energy consumption

Actual electricity consumption in the Russian Federation in 2018 amounted to 1076.2 billion kWh (according to the Unified Energy System of Russia 1055.6 billion kWh), which is 1.6% higher than the actual figure for 2017 (according to the Unified Energy System of Russia - by 1 ,5%).

In 2018, the increase in the annual volume of electricity consumption of the Unified Energy System of Russia due to the influence of the temperature factor (against the background of a decrease in the average annual temperature by 0.6°C compared to last year) is estimated at about 5.0 billion kWh. The most significant effect of temperature on changes in power consumption dynamics was observed in March, October and December 2018.
when the corresponding deviations of average monthly temperatures reached their maximum values.

In addition to the temperature factor, the positive dynamics of changes in electricity consumption in the Unified Energy System of Russia in 2018 was influenced by an increase in electricity consumption by industrial enterprises. To a greater extent, this increase was achieved at metallurgical enterprises, wood processing enterprises, oil and gas pipeline and railway transport facilities.

During 2018, a significant increase in electricity consumption at large metallurgical enterprises, which influenced the overall positive dynamics of changes in the volume of electricity consumption in the corresponding territorial energy systems, was observed:

in the energy system of the Vologda region (consumption increase of 2.7% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Severstal PJSC;
in the energy system of the Lipetsk region (consumption increase of 3.7% by 2017) - increase in consumption of NLMK PJSC;
in the energy system of the Orenburg region (consumption increase of 2.5% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Ural Steel JSC;
in the energy system of the Kemerovo region (consumption increase of 2.0% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Kuznetsk Ferroalloys JSC.

Among the large industrial enterprises in the woodworking industry that increased their electricity consumption in the reporting year:

in the energy system of the Perm region (consumption increase of 2.5% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Solikamskbumprom JSC;
in the energy system of the Komi Republic (consumption increase of 0.9% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Mondi SYPC JSC.

Among the industrial oil pipeline transport enterprises that increased their annual electricity consumption in 2018:

in the energy systems of the Astrakhan region (consumption increase (1.2% compared to 2017) and the Republic of Kalmykia (consumption increase 23.1% compared to 2017) - increase in consumption of CPC-R JSC (Caspian Pipeline Consortium);
in the energy systems of the Irkutsk (consumption increase of 3.3% by 2017), Tomsk (consumption increase of 2.4% by 2017), Amur regions (consumption increase of 1.5% by 2017) and the South Yakutsk energy district of the energy system Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (consumption increase of 14.9% compared to 2017) - increase in consumption by main oil pipelines in the territories of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

An increase in electricity consumption by gas transportation system enterprises in 2018 was noted at industrial enterprises:

in the energy system of the Nizhny Novgorod region (consumption increase of 0.4% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Gazprom Transgaz Nizhny Novgorod LLC;
in the energy system of the Samara region (consumption increase of 2.3% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Gazprom Transgaz Samara LLC;
in the energy systems of the Orenburg (consumption increase of 2.5% by 2017) and Chelyabinsk regions (consumption increase of 0.8% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Gazprom Transgaz Yekaterinburg LLC;
in the energy system of the Sverdlovsk region (consumption increase of 1.4% by 2017) - increase in consumption of Gazprom Transgaz Yugorsk LLC.

In 2018, the most significant increase in the volume of railway transportation and, along with it, an increase in the annual volume of electricity consumption by railway transport enterprises was observed in the IPS of Siberia in the power systems of the Irkutsk region, Trans-Baikal and Krasnoyarsk territories and the Republic of Tyva, as well as within the boundaries of the territories of the power systems of Moscow and Moscow region and the city of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region.

When assessing the positive dynamics of changes in the volume of electricity consumption, it should be noted that throughout 2018, the increase in electricity consumption at the enterprise JSC SUAL, branch of the Volgograd Aluminum Smelter.

In 2018, with an increase in the volume of electricity production at thermal and nuclear power plants, there was an increase in electricity consumption for the power plants’ own, production and economic needs. For nuclear power plants, this manifested itself to a large extent with the commissioning of new power units No. 5 at the Leningrad NPP and No. 4 at the Rostov NPP in 2018.

Electrical energy production

In 2018, electricity generation by power plants in Russia, including electricity production at power plants of industrial enterprises, amounted to 1091.7 billion kWh (according to the Unified Energy System of Russia - 1070.9 billion kWh) (Table 1, Table 2).

The increase in the volume of electricity production in 2018 was 1.7%, including:

Thermal power plants - 630.7 billion kWh (a drop of 1.3%);
HPP - 193.7 billion kWh (increase by 3.3%);
Nuclear power plants - 204.3 billion kWh (increase by 0.7%);
power plants of industrial enterprises - 62.0 billion kWh (an increase of 2.9%).
SPP - 0.8 billion kWh (increase by 35.7%).
WPP - 0.2 billion kWh (increase by 69.2%).

Table 1 Balance of electrical energy for 2018, billion kWh

			Change, % compared to 2017
Electricity generation, total





Industrial power plants
Electricity consumption
Balance of electricity flows, “+” - reception, “-” - output

Table 2 Electricity production in Russia by IPS and energy zones in 2018, billion kWh

			Change, % compared to 2017
Energy zone of the European part and the Urals, including:
EPS Center
IPS of the North-West
UPS of the Middle Volga

UPS of the Urals
Energy zone of Siberia,including:
UPS of Siberia

Energy zone of the East,including:
UPS East
Isolated energy districts
Total for Russia

* - Norilsk-Taimyr energy complex

Structure and indicators of installed capacity use

The number of hours of use of the installed capacity of power plants in general across the UES of Russia in 2018 amounted to 4411 hours or 50.4% of calendar time (installed capacity utilization factor) (Table 3, Table 4).

In 2018, the number of hours and installed capacity utilization factor (share of calendar time) by generation type are as follows:

TPP - about 4,075 hours (46.5% of calendar time);
NPP - 6,869 hours (78.4% of calendar time);
Hydroelectric power station - 3,791 hours (43.3% of calendar time);
Wind farm - 1,602 hours (18.3% of calendar time);
SES - 1,283 hours (14.6% of calendar time).

Compared to 2017, the use of installed capacity at thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants increased by 20 and 84 hours, respectively, and decreased at solar power plants by 2 hours.

Significantly, the use of installed capacity of nuclear power plants decreased by 409 hours, and the use of installed capacity of wind farms, on the contrary, increased by 304 hours.

Table 3 Structure of installed capacity of power plants of the united energy systems and UES of Russia as of 01/01/2019

	Total, MW	INES
	Total, MW
UES of RUSSIA	243 243,2
EPS Center	52 447,3
UPS of the Middle Volga	27 591,8
UPS of the Urals	53 614,3
IPS of the North-West	24 551,8
	23 535,9
UPS of Siberia	51 861,1
UPS East

Table 4 Factors of installed capacity utilization of power plants for the UES of Russia and individual UES in 2017 and 2018, %


	INES	INES
UES of Russia
EPS Center
UPS of the Middle Volga
UPS of the Urals
IPS of the North-West

UPS of Siberia
UPS East

Table 5 Changes in the installed capacity of power plants of integrated energy systems, including the UES of Russia in 2018

	01/01/2018, MW	Enter	Decommissioning (dismantling, long-term preservation)	Relabeling	Other changes (clarification, etc.)	As of 01/01/2019, MW
	01/01/2018, MW	Enter	Decommissioning (dismantling, long-term preservation)		Other changes (clarification, etc.)	As of 01/01/2019, MW
RUSSIA	246 867,6					250 442,0
UES of RUSSIA	239 812,2					243 243,2
EPS Center	53 077,1					52 447,3
UPS of the Middle Volga	27 203,8					27 591,8
UPS of the Urals	52 714,9					53 614,3
IPS of the North-West	23 865,2					24 551,8
	21 538,5					23 535,9
UPS of Siberia	51 911,2					51 861,1
UPS East
Technologically isolated territorial energy systems:

Before the 2008 reform, most of the energy complex of the Russian Federation was under the control of RAO UES of Russia. This company was created in 1992 and by the beginning of the 2000s it had become a virtual monopolist of the Russian generation and energy transportation market.

The reform of the industry was due to the fact that RAO UES of Russia was repeatedly criticized for improper distribution of investments, as a result of which the accident rate at electric power facilities increased significantly. One of the reasons for the disbandment was an accident in the power system on May 25, 2005 in Moscow, as a result of which the activities of many enterprises, commercial and government organizations were paralyzed, and the work of the metro was stopped. In addition, RAO UES of Russia was often accused of selling electricity at obviously inflated tariffs in order to increase its own profits.

As a result of the dissolution of RAO UES of Russia, natural state monopolies in network, distribution and dispatch activities were created. The private one was involved in the generation and sale of electricity.

Today the structure of the energy complex is as follows:

OJSC "System Operator of the Unified Energy System" (SO UES) - carries out centralized operational dispatch management of the Unified Energy System of the Russian Federation.
Non-profit partnership “Market Council for organizing an effective system of wholesale and retail trade in electrical energy and power” - brings together sellers and buyers of the wholesale electricity market.
Electricity generating companies. Including state-owned ones - RusHydro, Rosenergoatom, managed jointly by the state and private capital OGK (wholesale generating companies) and TGK (territorial generating companies), as well as representing completely private capital.
OJSC "Russian Grids" - management of the distribution network complex.
Energy sales companies. Including JSC Inter RAO UES, a company owned by government agencies and organizations. Inter RAO UES is a monopolist in the import and export of electricity to the Russian Federation.

In addition to the division of organizations by type of activity, there is a division of the Unified Energy System of Russia into technological systems operating on a territorial basis. Integrated energy systems (IES) do not have one owner, but unite energy companies of a particular region and have a single dispatch control, which is carried out by SO UES branches. Today there are 7 IPS operating in Russia:

IPS Center (Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula, Yaroslavl energy systems);
IPS of the North-West (Arkhangelsk, Karelian, Kola, Komi, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Kaliningrad energy systems);
IPS of the South (Astrakhan, Volgograd, Dagestan, Ingush, Kalmyk, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, Kuban, Rostov, North Ossetian, Stavropol, Chechen energy systems);
IPS of the Middle Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Mari, Mordovian, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Tatar, Ulyanovsk, Chuvash energy systems);
IPS of the Urals (Bashkir, Kirov, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Udmurt, Chelyabinsk energy systems);
Unified Energy System of Siberia (Altai, Buryat, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuzbass, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Khakassia, Transbaikal power systems);
UES of the East (Amur, Primorsk, Khabarovsk and South Yakut energy systems).

Key performance indicators

Key performance indicators of the energy system are: installed capacity of power plants, electricity generation and electricity consumption.

The installed capacity of a power plant is the sum of the nameplate capacities of all generators of the power plant, which may change during the process of reconstruction of existing generators or installation of new equipment. At the beginning of 2015, the installed capacity of the Unified Energy System (UES) of Russia was 232.45 thousand MW.

As of January 1, 2015, the installed capacity of Russian power plants increased by 5,981 MW compared to January 1, 2014. The growth was 2.6%, and this was achieved through the introduction of new capacities with a capacity of 7,296 MW and an increase in the capacity of existing equipment by re-labeling by 411 MW. At the same time, generators with a capacity of 1,726 MW were taken out of service. In general, for the industry, compared to 2010, the growth in production capacity was 8.9%.

The distribution of capacities across the interconnected energy systems is as follows:

IPS Center - 52.89 thousand MW;
IPS North-West - 23.28 thousand MW;
IPS South – 20.17 thousand MW;
IPS of the Middle Volga – 26.94 thousand MW;
IPS of the Urals - 49.16 thousand MW;
IPS of Siberia – 50.95 thousand MW;
IPS East – 9.06 thousand MW.

The installed capacity of the UES of the Urals increased the most in 2014 – by 2,347 MW, as well as the IPS of Siberia – by 1,547 MW and the IPS of the Center by 1,465 MW.

At the end of 2014, 1,025 billion kWh of electricity was produced in the Russian Federation. According to this indicator, Russia ranks 4th in the world, behind China by 5 times, and the United States by 4 times.

Compared to 2013, electricity generation in the Russian Federation increased by 0.1%. And in relation to 2009, the growth was 6.6%, which in quantitative terms amounts to 67 billion kWh.

The most electricity in 2014 in Russia was produced by thermal power plants - 677.3 billion kWh, hydroelectric power plants produced - 167.1 billion kWh, and nuclear power plants - 180.6 billion kWh. Electricity production via interconnected energy systems:

IPS Center -239.24 billion kWh;
IPS North-West – 102.47 billion kWh;
IPS South –84.77 billion kWh;
IPS of the Middle Volga – 105.04 billion kWh;
IPS of the Urals – 259.76 billion kWh;
IPS of Siberia – 198.34 billion kWh;
IPS East – 35.36 billion kWh.

Compared to 2013, the largest increase in electricity generation was recorded in the IPS of the South - (+2.3%), and the smallest in the IPS of the Middle Volga - (- 7.4%).

Electricity consumption in Russia in 2014 amounted to 1,014 billion kWh. Thus, the balance amounted to (+ 11 billion kWh). And the largest consumer of electricity in the world at the end of 2014 is China - 4,600 billion kWh, the second place is occupied by the USA - 3,820 billion kWh.

Compared to 2013, electricity consumption in Russia increased by 4 billion kWh. But in general, consumption dynamics over the past 4 years have remained approximately at the same level. The difference between electricity consumption for 2010 and 2014 is 2.5%, in favor of the latter.

Based on the results of 2014, electricity consumption by integrated energy systems is as follows:

IPS Center -232.97 billion kWh;
IPS North-West –90.77 billion kWh;
IPS South – 86.94 billion kWh;
IPS of the Middle Volga – 106.68 billion kWh;
IPS of the Urals – 260.77 billion kWh;
IPS of Siberia – 204.06 billion kWh;
IPS East – 31.8 billion kWh.

In 2014, 3 IPS had a positive difference between produced and generated electricity. The best indicator is for the IPS of the North-West - 11.7 billion kWh, which is 11.4% of the electricity produced, and the worst is for the IPS of Siberia (- 2.9%). The balance of electricity for the Unified Energy System of the Russian Federation looks like this:

IPS Center – 6.27 billion kWh;
IPS North-West – 11.7 billion kWh;
IPS South – (- 2.17) billion kWh;
IPS of the Middle Volga – (- 1.64) billion kWh;
IPS of the Urals – (- 1.01) billion kWh;
IPS of Siberia – (- 5.72) billion kWh;

IPS East – 3.56 billion kWh.

The cost of 1 kWh of electricity, based on the results of 2014 in Russia, is 3 times lower than European prices. The average annual European figure is 8.4 Russian rubles, while in the Russian Federation the average cost of 1 kWh is 2.7 rubles. The leader in the cost of electricity is Denmark - 17.2 rubles per 1 kWh, Germany takes second place - 16.9 rubles. Such expensive tariffs are primarily due to the fact that the governments of these countries have abandoned the use of nuclear power plants in favor of alternative energy sources.

If we compare the cost of 1 kWh and the average salary, then among European countries the residents of Norway can buy the most kilowatt/hour per month - 23,969, second place is occupied by Luxembourg - 17,945 kWh, the third is the Netherlands - 15,154 kWh. The average Russian can buy 9,674 kWh per month.

All Russian energy systems, as well as the energy systems of neighboring countries, are interconnected by power lines. To transmit energy over long distances, high-voltage power lines with a capacity of 220 kV and higher are used. They form the basis of the Russian energy system and are operated by intersystem power grids. The total length of power lines of this class is 153.4 thousand km, and in general, 2,647.8 thousand km of power lines of various capacities are operated in the Russian Federation.

Nuclear power

Nuclear energy is an energy branch that generates electricity through the conversion of nuclear energy. Nuclear power plants have two significant advantages over their competitors - environmental friendliness and efficiency. If all operating standards are observed, the nuclear power plant practically does not pollute the environment, and nuclear fuel is burned in disproportionately smaller quantities than other types and fuels, and this allows saving on logistics and delivery.

But despite these advantages, many countries do not want to develop nuclear energy. This is primarily due to the fear of an environmental disaster that could occur as a result of a nuclear power plant accident. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, nuclear energy facilities around the world attracted close attention from the world community. Therefore, nuclear power plants are operated mainly in technically and economically developed countries.

According to 2014 data, nuclear energy provides about 3% of global electricity consumption. Today, power plants with nuclear reactors operate in 31 countries around the world. In total, there are 192 nuclear power plants with 438 power units in the world. The total capacity of all nuclear power plants in the world is about 380 thousand MW. The largest number of nuclear power plants is located in the United States - 62, second place is occupied by France - 19, third by Japan - 17. There are 10 nuclear power plants in operation in the Russian Federation and this is the 5th indicator in the world.

Nuclear power plants in the United States of America produce a total of 798.6 billion kWh, this is the best figure in the world, but in the structure of electricity generated by all US power plants, nuclear power accounts for about 20%. The largest share in electricity generation is from nuclear power plants in France; nuclear power plants in this country generate 77% of all electricity. The output of French nuclear power plants is 481 billion kWh per year.

At the end of 2014, Russian nuclear power plants generated 180.26 billion kWh of electricity, which is 8.2 billion kWh more than in 2013, a percentage difference of 4.8%. Electricity production by nuclear power plants in Russia accounts for more than 17.5% of the total amount of electricity produced in the Russian Federation.

As for the generation of electricity by nuclear power plants in integrated energy systems, the largest amount was generated by the Center NPP - 94.47 billion kWh - this is slightly more than half of the country’s total output. And the share of nuclear energy in this unified energy system is the largest - about 40%.

IPS Center – 94.47 billion kWh (39.8% of all generated electricity);
IPS of the North-West – 35.73 billion kWh (35% of all energy);
IPS South – 18.87 billion kWh (22.26% of all energy);
IPS of the Middle Volga -29.8 billion kWh (28.3% of all energy);
IPS of the Urals - 4.5 billion kWh (1.7% of all energy).

This uneven distribution of output is due to the location of Russian nuclear power plants. Most of the nuclear power plant capacity is concentrated in the European part of the country, while it is completely absent in Siberia and the Far East.

The largest nuclear power plant in the world is the Japanese Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, its capacity is 7,965 MW, and the largest European nuclear power plant is Zaporozhye, whose capacity is about 6,000 MW. It is located in the Ukrainian city of Energodar. In the Russian Federation, the largest nuclear power plants have a capacity of 4,000 MW, the rest from 48 to 3,000 MW. List of Russian nuclear power plants:

Balakovo NPP – capacity 4,000 MW. Located in the Saratov region, it has been repeatedly recognized as the best nuclear power plant in Russia. It has 4 power units and was put into operation in 1985.
Leningrad NPP – capacity 4,000 MW. The largest nuclear power plant in the North-West Unified Energy System. It has 4 power units and was put into operation in 1973.
Kursk NPP – capacity 4,000 MW. Consists of 4 power units, began operation in 1976.
Kalinin NPP – capacity 4,000 MW. Located in the north of the Tver region, it has 4 power units. Opened in 1984.
Smolensk NPP – capacity 3,000 MW. Recognized as the best nuclear power plant in Russia in 1991, 1992, 2006, 2011. It has 3 power units, the first one was put into operation in 1982.
Rostov NPP – capacity 2,000 MW. The largest power plant in the south of Russia. The station put into operation 2 power units, the first in 2001, the second in 2010.
Novovoronezh NPP – capacity 1880 MW. Provides electricity to about 80% of consumers in the Voronezh region. The first power unit was launched in September 1964. Currently there are 3 power units in operation.
Kola Nuclear Power Plant – capacity 1760 MW. The first nuclear power plant in Russia built beyond the Arctic Circle provides about 60% of the electricity consumption of the Murmansk region. It has 4 power units and was opened in 1973.
Beloyarsk NPP – capacity 600 MW. Located in the Sverdlovsk region. It was put into operation in April 1964. It is the oldest currently operating nuclear power plant in Russia. Currently, only 1 power unit out of three provided by the project is operational.
Bilibino NPP – capacity 48 MW. It is part of the isolated Chaun-Bilibino energy system, generating about 75% of the electricity it consumes. It was opened in 1974 and consists of 4 power units.

In addition to the existing nuclear power plants, 8 more power units are being built in Russia, as well as a low-power floating nuclear power plant.

Hydropower

Hydroelectric power plants provide a fairly low cost per kWh of energy generated. Compared to thermal power plants, the production of 1 kWh at hydroelectric power plants is 2 times cheaper. This is due to the rather simple operating principle of hydroelectric power plants. Special hydraulic structures are being built that provide the necessary water pressure. Water falling on the turbine blades sets it in motion, which in turn powers generators that produce electricity.

But widespread use of hydroelectric power plants is impossible, since a necessary condition for operation is the presence of a powerful moving water flow. Therefore, hydroelectric power plants are built on large, deep rivers. Another significant disadvantage of hydroelectric power stations is the blocking of river beds, which makes it difficult for fish to spawn and flood large volumes of land resources.

But despite the negative consequences for the environment, hydroelectric power plants continue to operate and are built on the world's largest rivers. In total, hydroelectric power stations with a total capacity of about 780 thousand MW operate in the world. It is difficult to calculate the total number of hydroelectric power stations, since there are many small hydroelectric power stations in the world that work for the needs of an individual city, enterprise, or even private enterprise. On average, hydropower produces about 20% of the world's electricity.

Of all the countries in the world, Paraguay is the most dependent on hydropower. In the country, 100% of electricity is generated from hydroelectric power plants. In addition to this country, Norway, Brazil, and Colombia are very dependent on hydropower.

The largest hydroelectric power plants are located in South America and China. The world's largest hydroelectric power station is Sanxia on the Yangtze River, its capacity reaches 22,500 MW, the second place is occupied by the hydroelectric power station on the Parana River - Itaipu, with a capacity of 14,000 MW. The largest hydroelectric power station in Russia is Sayano-Shushenskaya, its capacity is about 6,400 MW.

In addition to the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, there are another 101 hydroelectric power stations in Russia with a capacity of more than 100 MW. The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia:

Sayano-Shushenskaya - Capacity - 6,400 MW, average annual electricity production - 19.7 billion kWh. Commissioning date: 1985. The hydroelectric power station is located on the Yenisei.
Krasnoyarsk - Capacity 6,000 MW, average annual electricity production - about 20 billion kWh, put into operation in 1972, also located on the Yenisei.
Bratskaya – Capacity 4,500 MW, located on the Angara. On average, it produces about 22.6 billion kWh per year. Commissioned in 1961.
Ust-Ilimskaya – Capacity 3,840 MW, located on the Angara. Average annual productivity 21.7 billion kWh. It was built in 1985.
Boguchanskaya HPP – Capacity of about 3,000 MW, was built on the Angara in 2012. Produces about 17.6 billion kWh per year.
Volzhskaya HPP – Capacity 2,640 MW. Built in 1961 in the Volgograd region, average annual productivity 10.43 kWh.
Zhigulevskaya HPP – Capacity is about 2,400 MW. It was built in 1955 on the Volga River in the Samara region. Produces about 11.7 kWh of electricity per year.

As for integrated energy systems, the largest share in electricity generation using hydroelectric power plants belongs to the IPS of Siberia and the East. In these IPS, hydroelectric power plants account for 47.5 and 35.3% of the total electricity generated, respectively. This is explained by the presence in these regions of large, full-flowing rivers of the Yenisei and Amur basins.

At the end of 2014, Russian hydroelectric power plants produced more than 167 billion kWh of electricity. Compared to 2013, this figure decreased by 4.4%. The largest contribution to the generation of electricity using hydroelectric power stations was made by the Unified Energy System of Siberia - about 57% of the all-Russian total.

Thermal power engineering

Thermal power engineering is the basis of the energy complex of the vast majority of countries in the world. Despite the fact that thermal power plants have a lot of disadvantages associated with environmental pollution and the high cost of electricity, they are used everywhere. The reason for this popularity is the versatility of TPP. Thermal power plants can operate on various types of fuel, and when designing, it is necessary to take into account which energy resources are optimal for a given region.

Thermal power plants produce about 90% of the world's electricity. At the same time, thermal power plants using petroleum products as fuel account for the production of 39% of all global energy, thermal power plants running on coal – 27%, and gas thermal power plants – 24% of the generated electricity. In some countries, thermal power plants are highly dependent on one type of fuel. For example, the vast majority of Polish thermal power plants run on coal, and the situation is the same in South Africa. But most thermal power plants in the Netherlands use natural gas as fuel.

In the Russian Federation, the main types of fuel for thermal power plants are natural and associated petroleum gas and coal. Moreover, the majority of thermal power plants in the European part of Russia operate on gas, while coal thermal power plants predominate in southern Siberia and the Far East. The share of power plants using fuel oil as the main fuel is insignificant. In addition, many thermal power plants in Russia use several types of fuel. For example, the Novocherkassk State District Power Plant in the Rostov region uses all three main types of fuel. The share of fuel oil is 17%, gas – 9%, and coal – 74%.

In terms of the amount of electricity produced in the Russian Federation in 2014, thermal power plants firmly hold the leading position. In total, over the past year, thermal power plants produced 621.1 billion kWh, which is 0.2% less than in 2013. In general, electricity generation by thermal power plants in the Russian Federation decreased to the 2010 level.

If we consider the generation of electricity in the context of the IPS, then in each energy system the share of thermal power plants is the largest production of electricity. The largest share of thermal power plants is in the UES of the Urals - 86.8%, and the smallest in the UES of the North-West - 45.4%. As for the quantitative production of electricity, in the context of the UES it looks like this:

IPS of the Urals – 225.35 billion kWh;
IPS Center – 131.13 billion kWh;
IPS of Siberia – 94.79 billion kWh;
IPS of the Middle Volga – 51.39 billion kWh;
IPS South – 49.04 billion kWh;
IPS North-West – 46.55 billion kWh;
IPS of the Far East – 22.87 billion kWh.

Thermal power plants in Russia are divided into two types: thermal power plants and state district power plants. A combined heat and power plant (CHP) is a power plant with the ability to extract thermal energy. Thus, the CHP produces not only electricity, but also thermal energy used for hot water supply and space heating. GRES is a thermal power plant that produces only electricity. The abbreviation GRES remained from Soviet times and meant state district power plant.

Today, there are about 370 thermal power plants operating in the Russian Federation. Of these, 7 have a capacity of over 2,500 MW:

Surgutskaya GRES - 2 - capacity 5,600 MW, fuel types - natural and associated petroleum gas - 100%.
Reftinskaya GRES - capacity 3,800 MW, fuel types - coal - 100%.
Kostroma State District Power Plant - capacity 3,600 MW, fuel types - natural gas -87%, coal - 13%.
Surgutskaya GRES – 1 – capacity 3,270 MW, fuel types – natural and associated petroleum gas – 100%.
Ryazanskaya GRES - capacity 3070 MW, fuel types - fuel oil - 4%, gas - 62%, coal - 34%.
Kirishskaya GRES - capacity 2,600 MW, fuel types - fuel oil - 100%.
Konakovskaya GRES - capacity 2,520 MW, fuel types - fuel oil - 19%, gas - 81%.

Industry development prospects

Over the past few years, the Russian energy complex has maintained a positive balance between generated and consumed electricity. As a rule, the total amount of energy consumed is 98-99% of the energy generated. Thus, we can say that the existing production capacities completely cover the country’s electricity needs.

The main activities of Russian power engineers are aimed at increasing the electrification of remote areas of the country, as well as updating and reconstructing existing capacities.

It should be noted that the cost of electricity in Russia is significantly lower than in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, so the development and implementation of new alternative energy sources is not given due attention. The share of wind energy, geothermal energy and solar energy in the total electricity production in Russia does not exceed 0.15% of the total. But if geothermal energy is very limited territorially, and solar energy in Russia is not developing on an industrial scale, then neglecting wind energy is unacceptable.

Today in the world, the power of wind generators is 369 thousand MW, which is only 11 thousand MW less than the power of the power units of all nuclear power plants in the world. The economic potential of Russian wind energy is about 250 billion kWh per year, which is equal to approximately a quarter of all electricity consumed in the country. Today, electricity production using wind generators does not exceed 50 million kWh per year.

It is also necessary to note the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies in all types of economic activities, which has been observed in recent years. In factories and households, various devices are used to reduce energy consumption, and in modern construction, thermal insulation materials are actively used. But, unfortunately, even despite the Federal Law “On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency in the Russian Federation” adopted in 2009, in terms of energy savings and energy efficiency, the Russian Federation lags far behind European countries and the USA.

Stay up to date with all the important events of United Traders - subscribe to our